Zhou Hongyi talks about the "epic" vulnerability of blockchain: the real security problem has not yet come out.

On May 29, 360 released a report on high-risk security vulnerabilities involving EOS, calling it "an epic vulnerability in blockchain", which can completely control virtual currency transactions. Zhou Hongyi sent Weibo to claim that this loophole is worth more than "billions of dollars". If it is illegally exploited, EOS and even the entire virtual currency market will encounter waterloo in serious cases.
After the release of the report, the price of EOS in digital currency, which ranks fifth in the world market value, fell by about 10% a day, and then rose again.
Screenshot of Zhou Hongyi Weibo
Is this loophole really so widespread? Let’s first understand three questions.
What is EOS?
EOS is a new blockchain platform called "Blockchain 3.0", which aims to provide the underlying blockchain platform services for high-performance distributed applications. Its goal is to realize a blockchain architecture that supports distributed applications similar to an operating system.
If you make an analogy, EOS is like the Windows operating system, except that this operating system supports distributed applications (DAPP) and can support thousands of distributed applications (DAPP) running on the platform at the same time.
The architecture of EOS can provide accounts, authentication, database, asynchronous communication and program scheduling and parallel operation on tens of thousands of CPU/GPU clusters. EOS can eventually support the execution of millions of transactions per second, while ordinary users do not have to pay for the use of smart contracts. At present, the market value of its token EOS is as high as 69 billion RMB, ranking fifth in the global market value.
What’s the leak?
According to the report of 360, this vulnerability is a buffer out-of-bounds writing vulnerability, which belongs to the program vulnerability of malicious smart contracts at the bottom of EOS. Through this vulnerability, an attacker can upload a malicious smart contract to the node server, and then the node server will analyze the malicious contract, and then the malicious contract will be executed on the server and then control the node server.
After controlling the node server, the attacker can steal the private key of the super node, package the malicious contract into a new block, and then further control all nodes in the EOS network.
How was the leak discovered?
Zheng Wenbin, chief security engineer at 360 on the afternoon of 29th, said that as early as May 11th this year, there was a vulnerability of remote code execution in EOS. At 1 pm on May 28th, 360 completed the demonstration of controlling the whole EOS network by using the vulnerability, which verified the operability of this vulnerability. Late at night on the 28th, 360 synchronized the details of the vulnerability to the EOS project. On May 29th, the vendor fixed the vulnerability on GitHub, an open source software project hosting platform, and solved the problem.
Today, Zhou Hongyi, China Maker’s mentor, founder, chairman and CEO of 360 Company, initiated a dialogue with Wang Feng, founder of Blueport Interactive and founder of Mars Finance, in the "3 o’clock Mars Finance Founding Learning Group", and described in detail the process of 360 disclosing serious security vulnerabilities in EOS and his views on blockchain security issues.
Zhou Hongyi/vision china
"It is no exaggeration that this loophole is worth tens of billions of dollars."
Q: On May 29th, 360 broke the news about the serious security vulnerability of EOS, and then 360 announced the cooperation with projects such as Coin ‘an, Eurochain, EOS LaoMao and Dbank in one day. Why?
Zhou Hongyi: We are experts in security, so we began to pay attention to blockchain security at the end of last year and the beginning of this year. Although many blockchain and digital currency designs are advertised as very safe, any software system, as long as it is very complex, will bring bugs and loopholes, and once it is used, it will bring risks and security problems.
Before, everyone was concerned about the business opportunities brought by the blockchain, but few people paid attention to the security of the blockchain. We have recently discovered that many blockchain systems, exchange systems and wallet systems have security problems. EOS is ready to go online, which is very representative in the blockchain industry. We found EOS vulnerabilities this time and submitted them to the other party, hoping to urge them to fix the system.
Many people cooperate with us, which shows that people are beginning to pay attention to safety.
We are very open and have no position. We are willing to help all players protect users’ safety and hope to develop the security ecology of the blockchain industry.
Q: Before 360 announced the #3498 EOS vulnerability, 3497 EOS bugs had been submitted on Github, but few people paid attention to its impact. What do you think of the severity of the security breach disclosed yesterday? Why do 360 security guards call it an "epic" vulnerability on Weibo?
Zhou Hongyi: If the vulnerability is exploited, it can control every node and every server in the EOS network, which not only takes over the virtual currency, various transactions and applications in the network, but also all the participating servers in the node. Once you get the server permission, you can do whatever you want.
If someone makes a malicious smart contract, they can take away all the digital currency in it directly.
For blockchain networks, the seriousness of this vulnerability can be imagined.
Let’s talk about "epic". Everyone must know the importance of EOS in the history of blockchain development. If we didn’t put forward this vulnerability, EOS didn’t fix it. When the vulnerability was discovered and exploited by malicious hackers on the main online line of EOS, then EOS would be destroyed overnight. We can’t say.
EOS is now valued at at least $10 billion, so I don’t think it’s an exaggeration that this loophole is worth $10 billion.
In addition, "Epic level" is a term in the security circle. Translated from "epic", foreign security communities often use "Epic bug" or "Epic fail" to describe major security vulnerabilities.
Q: In the early morning of 30th, BM, the founder of EOS, responded to the EOS security vulnerability disclosed by 360 in the telegraph group, saying that the vulnerability mentioned in the 360 report had already been fixed by EOS, and it was earlier than the time when 360 released the report, and the vulnerability could not rewrite the executable memory. It implies that 360 creates panic, and declares that any behavior that provokes market panic will be disqualified. What do you think of this?
Zhou Hongyi: Our security team first contacted the BM team directly on May 28th. Specifically, we contacted BM privately first, and informed them of the EOS vulnerability, hoping that they would fix it first. There were screenshots of chat records, and we will release this vulnerability announcement after the fix.
The vulnerabilities disclosed by our security vendors to the public must be communicated with each other first, submitted to each other for repair, and then we will make them public after they confirm the repair.
Because if EOS is not fixed, we will publish it, and there will definitely be a wave of hackers attacking it immediately, so of course, we will publish the report later than the repair time.
This is the same for all security vulnerabilities of Microsoft, Google, Apple, etc. We first dig the vulnerabilities, and then we will study how they will be exploited by hackers. Thoroughly study these studies, and then report to the relevant manufacturers, such as this EOS, that is, report how to use the video and the detailed code involved to the other party; However, we will not announce it until the other party confirms the repair.
The vulnerabilities we submitted are confirmed to be true and effective by EOS officials, and we have been communicating with EOS officials and BM about the submission and characterization of vulnerabilities. Moreover, when communicating with BM this morning, they still agreed with our achievements and technical strength.
Zhou Hongyi/vision china
"The real security problem in the blockchain field has not yet come out."
Q: The release of the EOS vulnerability event made the Vulcan team famous in World War I, can you tell us more about them? Rumor has it that you and EOS will soon have cooperation to announce. Is it convenient for you to disclose it?
Zhou Hongyi: Team 360 Vulcan was originally the attack and defense research team of our 360 security guards. One year, they were going to participate in Pwn2Own, a relatively powerful world hacking competition, so they formed a group, namely Team Vulcan.
At present, we have no direct cooperation with EOS. Blockchain security is an issue that we have been paying attention to. In addition, 360 is also an Internet technology enterprise. For major public chains like EOS, we have been investing in technical research. Since the beginning of this year, we have had exchanges and discussions with some partners on EOS ecological construction, safety protection, competition of main nodes and so on.
Q: There are rumors in the workshop. Yesterday, 360 exposed security vulnerabilities, which triggered all kinds of speculations and heckles. It was said that 360 and some organizations were shorting EOS. What do you think?
Zhou Hongyi: You should know from the time when we disclosed the loophole that we are definitely not shorting.
If I really want to maliciously short, I can completely cover it and wait for the EOS main online line to explode directly.
What we are doing now is the standard vulnerability notification mechanism in the security industry. We first contact the EOS team and submit the details of the vulnerability, and then we will announce it to the public after they have fixed it. This is a very responsible approach. We hope that EOS and even the entire blockchain industry will develop better.
Q: Apart from EOS, I have noticed that there have been several serious security incidents in Ethereum. For other blockchain projects, we need to be extra alert to security risks. What measures do you think blockchain enterprises themselves should take to strengthen the security of blockchain?
Zhou Hongyi: I think the real security problem in the blockchain field has not come out yet.
Through this disclosure of EOS vulnerabilities, we hope that everyone can pay attention to blockchain security issues.
Two situations in the network security industry are the most terrible. One is to be an ostrich in the desert and know not to change; There is also a kind of knowledge that does not explode and is finally used.
I’m bringing up a concept recently, which is called "great security". To put it simply, the influence of network security has evolved from the initial simple information security to the threat of network attacks from online to offline, and there are more and more new threats. As a new technology in the past two years, the blockchain has encountered security threats, and I also classified it as a new threat.
In this case, it is definitely limited to rely on an enterprise’s own security protection ability, and conversely, it is not enough to rely on a security company like 360, so the whole security industry needs to be developed. In addition, some vulnerability reward programs can be made, so that the whole security community can help solve security problems. We help Google, Microsoft and Apple solve many problems every year. They all have their own vulnerability reward programs to reward teams that submit vulnerabilities.
Q: If 360 enters the blockchain industry, where are the opportunities for 360?
Zhou Hongyi: When we look at the blockchain and set foot in the blockchain, we will definitely focus on security. In the future, there will be more security problems in the blockchain industry. The security problems encountered in the traditional Internet field will definitely be encountered in the blockchain industry.
This is our opportunity. Of course, we also have the confidence and strength to take responsibility in it and protect the healthy, stable and safe development of the blockchain industry.
Q: Can you introduce the layout and scheme of 360 in blockchain security, such as how to do exchange security? How to do mine pool safety? What about smart contract security?
Zhou Hongyi: We will launch three systems based on blockchain security ecology in the future, mainly including digital currency wallet security audit system, blockchain security situational awareness system and blockchain node security solutions.
In digital currency wallet security audit system, some audit points will be listed in detail, and how to make a safer digital wallet will be expounded, so as to ensure the property safety of users.
Blockchain security situational awareness system is a system based on 360 security brain, which can automatically monitor abnormal blocks, abnormal transactions, abnormal addresses and smart contracts, which can not only minimize transaction risks, but also trace illegal digital currency; Blockchain node security solutions are currently mainly aimed at EOS.
360 released blockchain security situational awareness system.
"The code is written by people, and there will definitely be loopholes."
Q: What is the boundary of security business defined by 360?
Zhou Hongyi: We are concerned about the security of artificial intelligence or blockchain, and they all have one thing in common, and they all need to be implemented by writing code. And the code is written by people, and there will definitely be loopholes.
For new things, while seeing the bright side, I will unconsciously see their potential security risks. People who engage in security are more like a "gatekeeper", and they should always be suspicious and guarded.
Regarding the border, we are now entering a big security era. I don’t think we can block the border of security business. In the network security industry, more and more security problems will appear. This is a challenge for 360, but it is also our opportunity.
As an entrepreneur’s point of view, or from the point of view of enterprise operators, enterprises should not be locked in one thing. Our core is the safety gene. Based on this, our boundary is a limited and infinite boundary.
Q: Unlike the first-Mover advantage in the PC Internet era, the 360 advantage in the mobile Internet era is not obvious. Will this make you feel lost? You are an indomitable person. Will this be the driving force for 360 to enter the blockchain one day?
Zhou Hongyi: In the security industry, the excitement is also very exciting. Whether it was the ransomware in May last year or the EOS vulnerability yesterday, the whole industry immediately paid attention to you.
At the same time, safety is also a thing that needs to endure loneliness and long-term efforts.
In recent years, we have accumulated a lot of original core technologies. For example, the cyberspace big data of 360 security brain is currently the largest in the world. Because of these big data and data centers, 360 security brain’s situational awareness, intelligent killing, attack and defense and traceability, including emergency response, are now very competitive all over the world.
I don’t admit defeat, not that I have to enter the blockchain, but I hope to continue to play the role of 360 security guardian in the new era of great security. After the application of blockchain, it is possible to go deep into many aspects of life and production. Of course, 360 hopes to act as a "guardian" to escort the application of blockchain.
Reporting/feedback

What should I do if a cardiovascular patient is infected with COVID-19 (famous doctor lecture hall)

  Many friends suffering from cardiovascular diseases are very worried about the aggravation of their illness after being infected with Covid-19. For patients with cardiovascular diseases, especially those with hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure and after interventional therapy, prevention is the first priority. If there are no contraindications, COVID-19 vaccine should be actively inoculated.

  What should patients with cardiovascular diseases do if they are infected with Covid-19?

  First of all, don’t panic. At present, the symptoms of infection caused by Covid-19 Omicron mutant are relatively mild, so it is enough to deal with them actively. If you have persistent discomfort, you should go to the hospital for examination and treatment in time.

  Some patients with coronary heart disease usually take lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensive drugs or antiplatelet drugs step by step, and consider stopping taking these drugs after infection to "concentrate" on fighting Covid-19. This kind of practice is absolutely unacceptable. Blood coagulation tendency may occur after human body is infected with Covid-19. For patients with coronary heart disease, if the use of antithrombotic drugs is suddenly suspended, it is easy to form thrombus in a short time and induce myocardial infarction. If statins suddenly stop taking lipid-lowering drugs, blood lipids will also rise rapidly.

  From the current clinical experience, only a high fever may have a certain impact on the treatment of a small number of patients with heart disease, and other treatment methods are relatively safe, such as commonly used drugs for clearing away heat and toxic materials and relieving muscle soreness, and no adverse reactions have been found after being combined with cardiovascular treatment drugs.

  If infection occurs, patients with coronary heart disease can deal with various discomforts caused by COVID-19 infection. If you have fever symptoms, in addition to taking antipyretics carefully (for example, taking them staggered with other drugs, starting from a small dose when using antipyretics, etc.), you should also replenish plenty of water or choose physical cooling; If you have sore throat, avoid spicy food in your diet and use some buccal tablets to relieve discomfort; If you lose appetite or taste, you can eat more sour food. Daily advice is to eat more fresh fruits and vegetables.

  Many hypertensive patients have increased blood pressure after being infected with Covid-19, fearing that this is caused by the virus attacking the cardiovascular system. In fact, there may be many reasons for blood pressure fluctuation, which may not be directly related to Covid-19.

  After being infected with Covid-19, especially in the acute phase, the human body will have a stress reaction, and the heart beat will increase, thus pushing up blood pressure. Generally speaking, after the acute phase, this stress blood pressure increase will gradually ease. After infection, many people say that they are sore all over, have sore throat, and even feel uncomfortable and can’t sleep. These symptoms are also common causes of hypertension.

  Finally, I would like to remind you that once patients with cardiovascular diseases have obvious chest tightness, chest pain and other symptoms, especially if they are not sure whether it is caused by Covid-19, they should go to the hospital as soon as possible without delay.

  (The author is the chief physician of the Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital)

Running smoothly Jinling police build a safe track for South Malaysia

This year's Nanma Muyan scenery belt track. Nanjing Daily/Purple Mountain News reporter Feng Wei Sun Zhongyuan photoThis year’s Nanma Muyan scenery belt track. Nanjing Daily/Purple Mountain News reporter Feng Wei Sun Zhongyuan photo

□ Nanjing Daily/Zijinshan News reporter Zhu Jing

Correspondent Ning Gongxin

More than 8,000 security personnel ensure the safety of the event.

The reporter learned from the press conference that in order to do a good job in the security of the 2023 Nanjing Marathon, the Nanjing police set up a special class for South Malaysia three months in advance, formulated and issued a general security plan, and started various preparatory work. Set up a field headquarters, and the public security, traffic police and other departments will work with the organizing committee of the tournament to carry out many field surveys to demonstrate, refine and improve the plan. On the day of the competition, the police will invest more than 8,000 security personnel at the starting point, the finishing point and along the route to undertake the security and traffic diversion tasks of the competition. The guardrail, hard enclosure and other facilities will be used for closed-loop control along the 42.195-kilometer track to ensure the smooth running of the competition.

In view of the temporary control of the race section during the marathon, in order to reduce the impact on citizens’ travel, Nanjing police combined with previous years’ security work experience to optimize and adjust the track. Li Peng, member of the Party Committee and deputy director of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, said, firstly, the track was controlled by sections, and the whole track was temporarily controlled and released by sections, which not only ensured the smooth running of the race, but also resumed the road traffic as soon as the stage was over. The second is to ensure public transportation. Elevations, tunnels and river-crossing passages in the city are basically unblocked, and the entire subway line runs normally, ensuring that people leaving the city, crossing the river and going to airports and stations are not affected. The third is to set up crossing points on the track, and set up transverse crossing points at 76 light-controlled intersections along the track, with an average of 550 meters. According to the density of athletes in the track, pedestrians and non-motor vehicles on both sides of the track will be organized in an orderly manner. The fourth is to provide consulting services. The traffic control department will announce the event hotline, provide peer-to-peer consulting services to citizens with travel needs, help plan travel routes, avoid the control sections during the event, and minimize the impact of event security on urban operation.

No drones are allowed to fly across the track.

On the day of the race, the public can enjoy the style of marathon runners along the track. The police advised the public to avoid crowded areas such as the finish line, obey the management of on-site duty personnel and watch the race in a civilized manner. No social vehicles are allowed to park along the track, no social vehicles are allowed to park along the elevated roads and pedestrian overpasses, and no pedestrians are allowed to stay and watch the game. On the premise of not affecting the safety of athletes, security personnel at some intersections will organize pedestrians and non-motor vehicles to cross the track in an orderly manner according to the situation of on-site events, and ask the general public to consciously obey the command and management of on-site duty personnel to prevent the occurrence of forced entry into the track.

On the morning of November 5, Nanjing police took the lead in conducting security drills. "On the day of the 12th race, the roads passing by the track will be blocked section by section. Please listen to the instructions of the police on duty to ensure the safety of the participants and themselves. At the beginning, end and along the track, drones are prohibited from flying, and they will be investigated as soon as they are found. " Kong Lingzhao, deputy head of the Public Security Detachment of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, said.

The reporter learned from the press conference that this year’s South Malaysia race will be held from 7:30 to 14:00 on November 12, with a long time span. The police advised the public to plan their trips in advance, avoid the time and sections of the competition control, and try to travel by subway and other means of transportation. Duan Ninghui, deputy head of the Traffic Police Detachment of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, said that during the competition, motor vehicles, special work vehicles, construction machinery vehicles and hazardous chemicals transport vehicles were prohibited from passing in the area south of the Yangtze River and around the city highway (excluding this road) in Nanjing, and the original traffic policy was maintained around the city highway.

At the same time, vehicles that originally held the truck restricted area pass were suspended from driving in the above-mentioned restricted areas and sections. The following six types of vehicles, after reporting to the traffic control department, enter and leave the restricted area according to the specified time and route: the people in this city are in urgent need of life that day; Marathon events must be used; It must be used to maintain the public order of marathon events; Used for emergency rescue and disaster relief; Involving national, provincial and municipal key projects that really need to be used that day; Involving national political, military, diplomatic and other needs.

People with special needs should plan their trip in advance.

Jin Qingyi, deputy detachment leader of the Traffic Police Detachment of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, said that citizens with special needs such as marriage, classes, exams and urgent important activities on that day can plan their trips in advance according to the bypass route announced by the police to avoid the road of competition control. On the day of the competition, citizens who plan to drive to the Great Hoonji Ruins Park, the Presidential Palace, Xuanwu Lake and other scenic spots try to avoid the morning time. The traffic control department will open the 12123 Nanma consultation hotline from November 6 to 10 (Monday to Friday) to answer questions about public transportation on the day of the competition. The working hours are 9: 00-11: 30 and 14: 30-17: 30 every day.

This year, South Malaysia set up a standard marathon track and a mini-healthy running track, with separate starting and finishing points, and there is no large parking lot around the starting point. The police suggested that the majority of the contestants take the subway to the starting point, and the subway will run at 5:30 in advance on the day of the competition. Participants can take the bus and subway for free with their directory. Tang Bin, a member of the Party Committee of the Public Security Detachment of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, said that in order to better cope with the sudden physical discomfort of athletes, the police recruited 100 policemen with good physical fitness and work experience to protect the runners, and the runners were closely connected with the medical staff in the track, so that all kinds of emergencies could be handled in time.

How to achieve zero energy consumption and zero carbon? Exploring the first "double zero" building in China

  Original title: How to achieve zero energy consumption and zero carbon? The reporter walked into the planning exhibition hall of the sub-center to explore the first "double zero" building in China.

At the intersection of the five rivers in the city sub-center, the planning exhibition hall of the sub-center, the first "double zero" building with steel structure and full curtain wall system in China, is in full swing.

At the intersection of the five rivers in the city sub-center, the planning exhibition hall of the sub-center, the first "double zero" building with steel structure and full curtain wall system in China, is in full swing.

  "Double zero" means zero energy consumption and zero carbon. The building area of the museum is 7583.78 square meters, with an annual energy consumption of 315,000 kWh, an annual power generation of 900,000 kWh, and a comprehensive energy-saving rate of 100%. The annual carbon emission is about 370.73 tons, and the annual total carbon reduction is 724 tons (about equal to the annual carbon sequestration of 1811 mu of forest), and the whole building is "carbon neutral". So, what kind of technology ensures the realization of the "double zero" goal?

  There is a "super charging treasure" on the roof.

  The sloping roof of the planning exhibition hall is not paved with traditional pottery tiles, but with photovoltaic tiles with a frosted dark brown texture like ancient bronzes, while the flat roof is provided with grid-like brown glass-based photovoltaic panels. Photovoltaic building integration is the first key word to realize "double zero" building.

  "Photovoltaic tiles are not only easy to install, but also can be used for heat preservation, heat insulation and power generation. At the same time, they have good low-temperature impact resistance and excellent corrosion resistance." Xu Youyue, project manager of plot 160 of the Urban Sub-center of China Construction First Bureau, introduced that about 6,000 square meters of photovoltaic equipment have been laid in the 160 plots where the exhibition hall is located, and the annual power generation can reach 150 kWh/square meter. Photovoltaic power generation technology is like a "super charging treasure", which continuously converts solar energy into electric energy. The electric energy generated by photovoltaic tiles adopts the mode of "spontaneous self-use+surplus electricity online", thus achieving the goal of "zero-carbon exhibition hall and low-carbon office area" as a whole. At present, photovoltaic roofs have concentrated on welding and hanging tiles.

  At the same time of external "charging", high-performance thermal insulation materials and high-performance green waterproof gas barrier with air tightness of 8 and water tightness of 6 put a "collar" on the planned exhibition hall, making the exhibition hall "frozen in winter and not hot in summer". "The thickness of the external wall insulation material is generally 100 mm to 130 mm, and we have made the thickness of the rock wool board of the exhibition hall 210 mm, which has better thermal insulation effect and can reduce the annual energy consumption of the exhibition hall from 613,800 kWh to 315,000 kWh. Compared with the annual energy consumption of the benchmark building of 670,000 kWh, the energy saving rate of the building itself is 53%." Tang Jinqi, production manager, said that under the joint action of photovoltaic "super charging treasure" and "collar", the comprehensive energy-saving rate of the exhibition hall reached 100%, filling a gap in the domestic zero-energy building system.

  "Building blocks" type building is green and environmentally friendly.

  In the construction site of the planned exhibition hall, the assembled curtain wall glass and stone are piled up orderly on the green dust-proof net on the ground, and the construction site is clean and tidy. There are no sparks of material cutting and piles of construction waste, which is completely different from the traditional impression of the construction site. Xu Youyue said: "The exhibition hall adopts assembled building technology, which effectively reduces the waste of materials and garbage on site."

  Assembled building technology is the second key word to realize "double zero" building.

  The prefabricated building technology is modular and customized cutting in the factory in advance, and then transported to the construction site for "building blocks" combined installation. The technology is simple, green and environmentally friendly, but the error of prefabricated components and the precision of on-site construction are very high. "The construction error of cast-in-place concrete structures is often measured in centimeters, and our prefabricated building technology has improved the precision control from millimeter level to meter level."

  "Double Zero" construction technology can be copied.

  "Smart brain" is the third key word to realize "double zero" architecture. The innovation of the sub-center planning exhibition hall project adopts a series of hard-core intelligent technologies such as big data and cloud computing, which empowers the building with intelligence and creates a "super brain" of intelligent construction, ensuring the "double zero" operation of the museum in the whole life cycle of design, construction, maintenance and operation.

  "In order to efficiently manage workflow and data storage, we independently developed and applied a fine chemical engineering information management system based on blockchain, and achieved a’ zero’ breakthrough in’ building+blockchain’." Xu Youyue introduced that in the blockchain management system, all data and project files collected and uploaded through intelligent devices such as the Internet of Things, 3d scanner and lofting robots have their own "ID cards", which cannot be tampered with once stored, ensuring the safety, truthfulness and reliability of project data; The expert database embedded in the system can form a special solution for the project. In-building Internet of Things technology and smart energy flexible management mode can realize the intelligent linkage of temperature and humidity control and weather environment, and the intelligent linkage of building environment and humanized demand, which embodies the innovative concept of intelligent building adapting to and utilizing nature. Moreover, technicians deeply develop and continuously optimize AI intelligent algorithms, and AI gradually has the ability of "continuous learning", and the quality and efficiency of system review will continue to improve.

  At present, the facade curtain wall of the project has been completed, and this "double zero" building with three floors above ground and underground has taken shape. “

  Sub-center planning exhibitionThe museum shows the cultural background and characteristics of the sub-center in the form of square, elegant and simple architecture. This’ Double Zero’ exhibition hall is world-class, and shows the world a brand-new zero-carbon building form! Tang Jinqi said that with the continuous deepening of construction, the construction technology and experience of "double zero" buildings have been accumulated and have strong reproducibility, which can provide more possibilities for "double zero" construction projects to blossom everywhere in the country. (Yan Yazhen)

Wang Jianer: Develop new works such as China Qitan 2 and New Sloppy King.


Special feature of 1905 film network In 2022, the victory of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China drew a grand blueprint for building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization, which sounded the horn of the new journey.


Cultural self-confidence is the core mission of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the vanguard force of the cultural development of contemporary literary artists. As an important part of national cultural soft power, film culture has a long way to go. Previously, the "14th Five-Year Plan for China Film Development" issued by the State Film Bureau laid out the layout of China’s film development in the next five years, and put forward the development goal of building China into a film power in 2035.



In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and let the people of the whole country know the latest development trend of the film industry, on the occasion of the convening of the two sessions of the National People’s Congress, the film channel will launch "Blue Feather Meeting Room" at 22:00 every night. — In "Dialogue Spring", the host Lan Yu will talk to ten heads of China film leading enterprises about the new development, new pattern and new journey of the industry.


This program,LanyuDialogue with Party Secretary and Chairman of Shanghai Film (Group) Co., Ltd.Focus on the new goals and plans of Shanghai Film Group.


"Spirit" Becomes the Motive Force of Shanghai Film Group.

Market-oriented assessment mechanism to shape a new look of the team


China film market has entered the "spring" ahead of schedule.


According to the preliminary statistics of the National Film Office, as of March 5, the box office of national city cinemas in 2023 has exceeded 14.1 billion yuan, better than the same period last year. Among them, the total box office of six new films in the Spring Festival in 2023 exceeded 12.1 billion yuan.


"The box office of the Spring Festival file is good, and the number of people watching movies has increased greatly. Sometimes it is hard to find a ticket. We have been waiting for this moment for more than two years, so after the opening of the Spring Festival this year, it really gave us all the employees in the film industry great excitement. "Wang Jianer said frankly that the popularity of this Spring Festival file made him too excited to sleep.



In the past three years, Shanghai Film Group has been working hard for the accelerated recovery of China film market. According to statistics, during the period from 2020 to 2022, the company participated in the production of many well-received and blockbuster domestic films, with a total box office of 12.506 billion yuan.


This achievement has condensed the efforts of many filmmakers.



"These three years are unforgettable for us filmmakers, for Shanghai Film, and for myself. I want to sum it up with three words — — Usually, people may think that under the epidemic, people will lie flat and be discouraged; But for Shangying, these three years are just the opposite. " Wang Jianer bluntly said that "spirit" is the strategic guiding ideology of Shanghai Film Group.


The so-called "essence" refers to "Excellence". During the epidemic,Shanghai Film Group discussed the "14th Five-Year Plan" strategy, and finally determined the three core strategies of "fine content, big IP development and digital transformation", making "Excellence" an important creative standard in the development process of Shanghai Film Group in the next five to ten years.



"Qi" refers to the momentum and style of filmmakers — — If China film industry wants to maintain high quality and high speed development, it must have a vibrant film talent team. This is also the overall requirement of Shanghai Film Group for the construction of the company’s talent team. And "God" refers to the energetic mental outlook of film practitioners.


In order to let the team gather more "spirits", Shanghai Film Group has continuously strengthened its efforts in personnel training and talent exchange since the epidemic. The market-oriented assessment mechanism for all employees is being promoted in the group, and every employee must finally be able to determine his own goal, thus forming an accelerated development situation in Shanghai.


China film market will not live up to good content, nor will it live up to every creator who makes content attentively. In the future, this "spirit" will also be accompanied by the accelerated growth of Shanghai Film Group.


Development in the second quarter

Projects such as "New Snow Child" and "New Sloppy King" have been started.


2022 is the centenary of the birth of China animation. Throughout the century in history of animation, China, many works are still regarded as classics today. Animated works produced by Shanghai Animation Film Studio, a subsidiary of Shanghai Film Group, are collective memories of several generations.


At the beginning of 2023, Shanghai Animation Film Studio’s animated short film series "China Qitan" received constant praise once it was broadcast. At present, the score of douban is as high as 8.9 points.



"The China Qitan project lasted more than two years. Our group and its affiliated film studio are working together to study the quality projects during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period, and "China Qitan" is one of them. " Wang Jianer said that the success of the film has increased the confidence of Shanghai Film Co., Ltd. in trying to create with the production Committee model.


At present, Shanghai Film Group has decided to develop the second season of China Qitan. In the future, a number of independent IPS, such as "Summer of the Little Devil", will hopefully be developed into big movies to meet the audience again.This is also the concrete project embodiment of the group’s core strategy of "big IP development".



In addition, Shanghai Film Group also sorts out the classic IP works of Shanghai Film Factory and Meiying Factory, looking for the best IP development scheme for the big screen, and attracting more outstanding creative talents to join them.At present, The New Snow Child and The New Sloppy KingThe cinema film project has been started and is expected to be completed within two years.These projects are also the animated film part of the "14th Five-Year Plan" of Shanghai Film Group.



In terms of live-action movies, excellent works have been shown to the audience. Starring,,, etc., will also meet the audience on March 24. The film focuses on Chen Wangdao, the first Chinese translator of the communist party Declaration, and shows his unswerving and legendary life.



According to Wang Jianer, Shanghai Film Group will launch a long film list in the future."In particular, such a big production as" A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains "has been included in the plan of filming."As the "helm" of Shanghai Film Group, Wang Jianer believes that only by producing the best works can Shanghai Film Group reproduce its glorious moments in history.



Shanghai Studios will build the third Dolby Theater in the world.

500 million to buy base supportshoot


As one of the main organizers of Shanghai International Film Festival, Shanghai Film Group has also upgraded its hardware facilities to provide better audio-visual enjoyment for audiences from all corners of the country.


"During the Spring Festival, several of our key projects (all) did not stop working, including the renovation of Shanghai Cinema, which was under construction throughout the Spring Festival — — We must take back the loss of three years and take back the time we lost. " Wang Jianer said that as one of the main venues of the Shanghai International Film Festival, SFC Shanghai Studios is an important place for cultural exchanges between Chinese and foreign films. In the architectural coordinates of the whole city of Shanghai, it also exists like a postcard.


Since its establishment in the early 1990s, SFC Shanghai Studios has been the main venue of Shanghai International Film Festival for a long time, and it is a movie shrine in the hearts of fans in Shanghai and even the whole country. Today, this cinema is over 30 years old and needs to be updated and upgraded urgently.



It is reported that the renovation of SFC Shanghai Studios started around August 2022, and it is expected that the main renovation project will be fully completed by the end of April 2023.According to Wang Jianer, the reconstructed Hall 1 will become the third Dolby Theater in the world. In addition, a giant LED canopy with a length of 29 meters and a width of 6 meters was specially designed in the Studio Hall. In the future, it will become an important information display window for the film premiere.


In addition,In order to support filming in Blossoms Shanghai, Shanghai Film Group also spent 500 million yuan to acquire a film and television shooting base. At present, the filming has entered the final stage, and it is expected to meet the audience this year.



"Movies can’t rely on the box office. They should cross the border and form a mode of film and television IP+ new consumption+new scenes, which will feed back the production of movies. It is not the competition between single films, but the competition of various formats to expand the value of films and form a benign industrial investment environment. " At the theme forum of the 24th Shanghai International Film Festival in 2021, Wang Jianer once admitted that the current China film market should fully tap the potential of film IP. Now, Shanghai Film Group has been at the forefront of the industry.


"Let a hundred flowers blossom, and a hundred schools of thought contend for the current" became the key word of Wang Jianer’s expression when he mentioned the "spring" scenery of China film industry.He hopes that more young filmmakers will release their talents and charm on the stage in the future.



"Jiangshan generation talented people out. The film industry requires us to do it one after another. Only by cultivating the younger generation can our cause last forever. "


All the past is a preface, and all the future is hopeful. With the joint efforts of many new and old filmmakers, China has embarked on a new journey from a big movie country to a powerful movie country.


What engine is used in Kaiyi Xuanjie? Kai yi Xuan Jie size

Kaiyi Xuanjie, a compact SUV, is equipped with an eye-catching 1.5-liter naturally aspirated four-cylinder engine, which is driven at a maximum power of 85kw and can output a maximum torque of 143 Nm when the speed reaches 6150 rpm.

This engine adopts multipoint injection technology, and skillfully combines the design of aluminum alloy cylinder head and cast iron cylinder block, in which the use of cast iron cylinder block enhances the durability and reliability of the engine and can withstand the challenges of high temperature and pressure.

The engine is matched with two transmission options: 5-speed manual or cvt gearbox. Cvt gearbox is praised for its smooth shifting experience and improved fuel economy.

Its internal structure is simple, consisting of two tapered wheels and a steel chain, and its cost is relatively low, which can help reduce the price of vehicles.

In terms of suspension system, the front suspension of Kaiyi Xuanjie adopts McPherson independent suspension to provide drivers with comfortable handling feeling;

The rear suspension uses a torsion beam dependent suspension to optimize the seating space and trunk space. As a compact SUV, the spatial layout is very important for home users.

凯翼炫界

It is worth noting that all parts of Kaiyi Xuanjie are equipped with this 1.5-liter naturally aspirated engine, and there is no turbocharging option. This power configuration aims to balance performance and economy and meet the needs of different users.

Under the global trade counter-current, G7 is facing extreme pressure test. With Trump around, can Macron still control the market?

  If the G7 summit does not issue a communique, it will be the first time since the G7 summit was held in 1975 that a joint communique cannot be issued.

  Today (24th), French President Mark Long will face a rather tricky extreme stress test in his presidency: the global trade countercurrent, the uncertain prospect of Brexit, the Trump administration’s promotion of the "American model", the disagreement between France and the United States on the "digital service tax" and the debate on climate change issues, all of which will appear at the G7 summit in biarritz. If not handled properly, a grand event aimed at showing France’s strength globally may be posted.

  The biggest concern of the outside world is whether the G7 Summit will repeat the same mistakes and end awkwardly as the 2018 G7 Summit in Quebec, Canada. With US President Trump present, can Macron still control the audience?

  Before the G7 summit, Macron had an hour-long conversation with Trump, and then Macron told the outside world at a press conference that this summit might not be able to issue a joint communique. "Let’s be honest, no one reads those joint communiques." He said.

  If this happens, it will be the first time since the G7 Summit was held in 1975 that a joint communique cannot be issued.

  Zhao Yongsheng, director of the French Center for Economic Research in university of international business and economics and professor of finance, who is currently doing research in France, told the First Financial Reporter: "For western European countries, the most fundamental issue is trade and climate, but both of them will turn Europe and America against each other. I communicated with some of these officials and thought that the joint communique should not be issued this time because the parties could not reach a consensus. "

Trump visited Paris, France in 2018 Source: Xinhua News Agency

  Trump brings stress tests to G7.

  Judging from the current advance notice given by the US to Trump in France, the topics he wants to discuss have certain conflicts with other countries in the G7.

  Specifically, according to foreign media reports, senior US government officials said anonymously that Trump will attend the G7 summit in France from 24th to 26th, and will discuss the economic model promoted by the Trump administration through tax reduction and deregulation.

  The aforementioned US government officials said that Trump will discuss the US economic policy and the economic growth rate achieved, and compare it with Europe, where the current economic growth is stagnant.

  At the same time, Trump will also discuss with Europe, Japan and Canada how to open the market and increase the channels for American companies to sell goods and services.

  The official also said that Trump would also express his dissatisfaction with the French digital service tax to Macron and hold bilateral talks with the new British Prime Minister Johnson to discuss the US-UK trade agreement and the issue of Brexit.

  In this case, as mentioned earlier, Macron has reduced its willingness to issue a joint communique.

  He said that he himself had stayed up all night to catch up with the publication of the joint communique, but the wasted time could have been better used to formulate strategies. He will hold more "useful" and informal "closed-door meetings" so that leaders can discuss key issues more closely.

  At the same time, France has also set the theme of this session as "Combating Inequality".

  Judging from the agenda of this meeting, France has tried its best to avoid contradictions. Etien, foreign affairs adviser to the French President, said in an interview with China Business News: "Our work should focus on the achievement of concrete results, such as the work in some specific areas, such as environmental equality, gender equality, Africa policy, basic medical services, equality in schooling, tax equality and cyber security."

  In this regard, Zhao Yongsheng commented to the First Financial Reporter: "As far as the theme of the conference is concerned, the French color is too strong. The most serious problem in the world today is trade, such as the trade friction between Japan, South Korea and Europe and the United States. As the group of the most developed countries in the West, G7 should take trade as the theme of the meeting. Now France does not discuss the most important things, but finds an anodyne theme. "

  Zhao Yongsheng analyzed: "the French is more tactful, for example, the theme should have been ’ Combating trade friction ’ , now changed to ’ Combating inequality ’ The theme itself is to reach some consensus. "

  "This summit is a good exhibition opportunity for Macron, and if it ends in discord, it will be very unfavorable for France," Zhao Yongsheng added, "because ’ Yellow vest ’ The movement has basically subsided, and the French economy is also improving. In the second quarter of this year, only France has achieved positive growth in several major European economies, so the G7 (for Macron) must succeed. "

  On the other hand, Trump’s behavior is still unknown. Su Qingyi, deputy director and associate researcher of the International Trade Research Office of the Institute of World Economics and Politics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told the First Financial Reporter that Trump would not change his style at this French summit. He said: "Trump will only consider the interests of the United States and target all countries with a tough stance."

  From trade to digital tax, there are many differences between Europe and America in G7.

  Under the theme of tepid conference, great differences between Europe and America on trade, digital tax, climate, Iran and other issues are surging.

  In terms of trade, Trump once again mentioned the car tax recently, and accused the EU of always charging high prices to the United States, which made it difficult to deal with it. However, if the United States only levies a car tax on it, the EU will "give us anything we want. After all, they want to sell a lot of cars in the United States."

  At present, in the "232 investigation" report on imported cars and spare parts, the United States has determined that imported cars and spare parts threaten to damage US national security, and will start the next action around November 14.

  The EU is preparing for a low profile. Cecilia Malmstrom, the outgoing Commissioner of the EU Trade Commission, pointed out at a hearing at the end of July that if the US introduced punitive tariffs on European cars, the total value of US products involved in the counter-measures list prepared by the EU would reach 35 billion euros.

  Her statement this time nearly doubled the "20 billion euro scale list" revealed by the EU in February this year. She later explained to the media that this new counter-measure scale reflects the latest trade data. Mamstrom also admitted that the negotiations between the EU and the United States "have not made any progress."

  Digital service tariff is a thorny thorn between France and the United States. At present, Trump has threatened to impose tariffs on French wines. However, Macron has not backed down in this regard. At the press conference on the 21st, he continued to urge Washington to help reform the existing global corporate tax law, saying that American technology giants pay very low taxes, which is unfair and makes no contribution to common interests.

  "(Most of the technology companies operating in Europe) are registered in Ireland because of their geographical proximity. The tax rate levied by Irish companies is low, but the key point is that G7 is not sure about this issue, and Ireland is not a member of G7." Zhao Yongsheng explained to the First Financial Reporter, "Second, for the United States, Trump was not very happy last time. This time France can only mention digital tax."

  Zhao Yongsheng believes that the issue of minimum corporate tax rate and digital tax will not make much progress at this G7 meeting, because this issue is mainly aimed at Ireland and the United States.

  In addition, on the climate issue, Trump’s resistance attitude is also very clear. Not only did he withdraw from the Paris Agreement in 2017, but he simply did not attend the meeting on climate issues at the G7 Summit in Canada last year.

  Macron also admitted that he knew where the differences with the United States were. If a communique containing the Paris Agreement was written, President Trump would definitely not agree, which was meaningless.

  "Climate issues are the lifeblood of France and Western European countries, but the United States does not take this seriously at all." Zhao Yongsheng compared the attitude of Europe and the United States and said, "Why did the United States withdraw from the Paris Agreement? If we follow the European practice, the United States will not survive. Trump wants to reopen the coal mine because he wants to work. "

The Academic Salon of Beijing Film Academy was officially launched during the Asian Film and Television Week.

1905 movie network news On the evening of May 14th, the first "Film Screening and Academic Exchange Directed by Chen Yingxiong" was held in the second screening hall of Beijing Film Academy during the Asian Film and Television Week.

This activity is one of the contents of the "Asian Civilization Dialogue Conference", which aims to spread the excellent Asian films, conduct in-depth academic discussions and exchanges, and play the role of a bridge between film and television.

 

This academic salon was hosted by Li Heng, Dean of the School of International Exchange of Beijing Film Academy, and Professor Sun Lijun, Vice President of Beijing Film Academy, delivered a speech. It was mentioned in the speech that the Beijing Film Academy, as a first-class film academy in Asia, has the responsibility and obligation to contribute to cultivating outstanding film talents in Asia and promoting exchanges and mutual learning among Asian civilizations.

Director Chen Yingxiong, known as modern movie master, has wonCannes International Film Festival Golden Camera Awardvenice international film festivalThe Golden Lion Award and many other international awards, includingWait. 

Before the exchange activities began, Chen Yingxiong’s new work "Love is Eternal" was shown.

The film tells the life course of three generations of French women in an aesthetic and poetic way, and composes a romantic epic that spans a hundred years.


Please check that these social security benefits have been "received"!

12.69 million new jobs were created in cities and towns, the number of social security card holders reached 1.352 billion, 95 services were provided online and offline, and the fund operation was generally stable … … The recent press conference of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security in the fourth quarter of 2021 introduced the progress of human resources and social security in 2021. What measures will bring more benefits this year?

There were 12.69 million new jobs in cities and towns nationwide.

In 2021, 12.69 million new jobs were created in cities and towns nationwide, exceeding the target of 11 million. The national urban survey unemployment rate averaged 5.1% in the whole year, which was 0.5 percentage points lower than the average of the previous year.

In 2021, China continued to implement some policies of reducing burdens, stabilizing posts and expanding employment. In the whole year, unemployment and work-related injury insurance premiums were reduced by more than 150 billion yuan, employment subsidy funds were spent by nearly 100 billion yuan, and unemployment insurance was paid back by 23.1 billion yuan.

The next step to stabilize employment will be to achieve more full and higher quality employment, to implement the "14 th Five-Year Plan" as the guide, to implement the preferential employment policy as the starting point, to focus on key points and make precise policies, and to strive to ensure the overall stability of employment.

First, focus on stabilizing market players and strengthening employment priority policies. We will adjust and optimize the combination of the policy of "reducing subsidies", continue to implement the policy of returning unemployment insurance to stable posts, and at the same time implement policies such as tax incentives, guaranteed loans and employment subsidies that support enterprises to absorb employment.

The second is to focus on expanding employment space and strengthening entrepreneurship to drive employment. We will improve policies such as business guarantee loans and strengthen the construction of business incubation bases. Support the healthy development of flexible employment and launch a number of standardized odd jobs markets.

The third is to focus on stabilizing key groups and strengthening accurate employment assistance. Take the employment of young people such as college graduates as the top priority, and increase the employment support measures for small and medium-sized enterprises to absorb graduates. Stabilize the scale of migrant workers, especially those out of poverty.

The fourth is to focus on promoting the matching between supply and demand and strengthening the quality of training services. Continue to implement vocational skills upgrading actions, aim at market demand, and improve the training effect. Coordinate and carry out the "10+N" employment service special activities, and strive to alleviate the difficulty of recruiting workers.

95 services online and offline "one card office"

The number of social security card holders nationwide reached 1.352 billion, with a penetration rate of 95.7%, including 138 million third-generation social security cards. The number of recipients of electronic social security cards exceeded 500 million, with a penetration rate of 35.4%.

Social security cards have generally opened 95 applications in the field of human society, and people can enjoy them quickly by holding cards or scanning codes. For example, young people can register for insurance and enjoy employment services, transfer social security relations, and the elderly can qualify for social security benefits. Online and offline "one card". The electronic social security card has opened 62 national services and more than 1,000 local services in various provinces and cities, providing 11.25 billion online services in the whole year … …

Next work arrangement

The first is to further strengthen the construction of social security cards. Continue to expand the integrated application of "full-service card" in the field of human society, and realize full coverage of identity authentication, payment settlement and treatment. Accelerate the "one card" service for residents in the Yangtze River Delta. Do a good job in the issuance of third-generation social security cards and the simultaneous application of electronic social security cards.

The second is to improve the service management functions of the national people’s social government service platform and social insurance public service platform, and continue to promote "one network to run" and "cross-provincial to run". We launched the "electronic map" of the national people’s social government service, and implemented the "no meeting" people’s social service.

National overall planning of endowment insurance was launched.

The national co-ordination of basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees was officially implemented on January 1, 2022. By the end of 2021, the number of people participating in the basic old-age insurance nationwide reached 1.03 billion, an increase of 30.07 million over the same period of last year.

As the "big head" of social security fund, the operation of endowment insurance fund is particularly concerned. According to preliminary statistics, at present, the accumulated balance of the national social security fund is 4.8 trillion yuan, which can be paid for more than 14 months. As a whole, the fund’s income exceeds its expenditure, and it is guaranteed that pensions will be paid in full and on time.

After the implementation of the national overall planning system, the current surplus and deficiency of the inter-regional pension insurance fund will be adjusted nationwide, which will solve the structural contradiction of the fund in the system and make the pension payment in difficult areas more secure.

After the implementation of the national overall planning system, a sharing mechanism of expenditure responsibility between the central and local governments will be established, and the subsidy of the central government for endowment insurance will not be reduced, the expenditure responsibility of local governments will be more clear, and the responsibilities of governments at all levels will be further compacted.

In addition to accelerating the national overall planning of pension insurance, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security also revealed that the next step will be to formulate personal pension documents and supporting policies to promote the implementation of the personal pension system; Interim measures for disability allowance of basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees were introduced. (Workers’ Daily)

Mao Keji: The most difficult thing for Chinese to understand about India is the caste system.

[Text/Mao Keji]

I used to have an Indian roommate who bombarded me with Indian music and Indian food every day. I just listened to Indian songs and walked around with the smell of Indian curry. It was amazing. I became very interested in India. Later, I found that from a rational point of view, I should also be interested in India.

India, as a world power and an important civilized country, is highly interested in it, but it is often full of prejudice and misunderstanding.

After I have done some research, I found that there are many misunderstandings and there are many things that we need to continue to explore.

First, the origin of caste

Many Chinese think that the biggest problem in India is caste, so they are stuck here and can’t get through this hurdle any more. Many of my friends asked me, you said that India has a caste problem, can it still develop? Can it still become a modern country?

In the history textbooks of junior and senior high schools in China, caste is regarded as an example of class society, which is such evidence that the superstructure hinders the economic foundation. But in fact, caste is very interesting, far more than what the textbook says. I believe that with the development of India’s economy and the continuous evolution of society in the future, the caste system will also undergo a very great evolution.

As we usually know, there are four castes in India: Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra. And untouchables outside the four major castes. But in fact, in the real life of India, the division of the four castes is not so practical. In the daily life of India, it is the sub-caste that really plays a key role. Caste is called Varna in Hindi, while sub-caste is Jati, and it is the sub-caste that really plays a key role.

When we talk about the four castes, it is actually not a structure with decreasing classes, but it is composed of many dichotomies, to be exact.

The first is the dichotomy between Dalits and the four castes. According to Hindu classics, the four castes are four parts of primitive people. "yuan ren" is not the "Yuan Man" in Science and Technology Yuan Man, but a primitive man, a primitive man. According to Hindu classics, primitive people are the constitution of the universe, which is the first dichotomy. Dalits and the other four are the first layer.

What is the second floor? Regenerative caste and non-regenerative caste. Feet, because it is in contact with filthy things, it is too unclean, so it cannot be regenerated. But the thighs, hands and mouth are relatively pure, and they can all be regenerated, so they are called regenerative castes. This is the second dichotomy, regeneration and non-regeneration, sudra and the other three.

What is it further down? That’s the Vedas, which were separated, and then the Brahmins and the Khrushchev were separated on the other side. Brahman and Khrushchev are more pure than Vedas, so they constitute a special caste that rules other castes. This is the third dichotomy.

The last dichotomy separates Khrushchev from Brahman again. Brahman, because it is the mouth, it is the most sacred. It has the functions of thinking, being a priest and accepting offerings. However, because it has to shoulder the responsibility of protecting Brahmins, Khrushchev will kill, and it will definitely engage in violent activities. Therefore, it does not have this spiritual quality, and its spirit is not as good as that of Brahmins, so it is divided again.

So in the end, you will find that it is a pattern of difference order formed by continuous dichotomy. Of course, this is all theoretical.

In real life, we will find that the four divisions of caste, or the five divisions, are actually of no great value, because caste covers too many people. A caste can be divided into many small castes and sub-castes according to its cleanliness, and sub-castes can be divided into more clans according to their different places.

So in this sense, caste, you say, is very important, yes, it is indeed important, and it is very important in theory. But in real life, people of the same caste come from different places, and the caste from one place may be different clans, so they don’t have such a strong sense of identity with each other.

Therefore, in India’s political life, we will find that the sub-caste or clan is the most important identity for his political mobilization and social mobilization. So if you want to meet an Indian, you ask him, what caste are you? He may be able to tell you reluctantly, "I seem to be from Khrushchev", but in fact he may not know it himself. Because there are too many divisions between sub-castes and clans, their concept of caste is not so exact.

Many people say that it is impossible to intermarry between castes. The same reason may come from the highest Brahmins and Dalits. Because they are too far apart from each other and their occupations are too divided, there is little possibility of intermarriage. However, due to the vague division of clan and sub-caste, the middle castes, namely, Khrushchev, Veshe and sudra, are more likely to intermarry.