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　　[PConline cross review]2019 is coming to an end. For the majority of DIYer, the first half of 19 years belongs to Intel；; In the second half of 19 years, it belonged to AMD.

In the first half of 2019:

　　Intel can still stably suppress AMD’s market share in the first half of the year only by relying on the toothpaste left by Skylake. It can be said that in the DIY market in the first half of the year, Intel still didn’t take AMD as an opponent.One thing said, Intel is really good at playing games.

In the second half of 2019:

　　The first two generations of Ruilong made AMD’s CPU department slightly better. In July, the three generations of Ruilong were AMD’s challenge to Intel:Don’t treat us like ants, the times have changed since today!

　　On the day of summing up at the end of this year, I will send you the annual popular A/I CPU cross-evaluation, which will be used as PConline’s 2019 CPU ranking.

　　This time, only the popular processors were selected as the horizontal selection. If you want to see a more complete ranking, you can click here to enter the 2019 CPU ladder diagram.

Six popular CPUs on e-commerce platform

　　This review is not in ceiling price. In recent years, in addition to the students who installed machines for cost performance, they also installed machines for the pursuit of ultimate performance. Therefore, the sales of high-end CPU are relatively high this year, which is of reference value for adding statistics. However, when the total score is evaluated horizontally, the price will still be added to the scoring item.

　　Based on the sales statistics of multi-e-commerce platforms, we selected six CPU models that sell well every year:

I. Intel i5-9600KF/　i5-9400F

　　“The middle-end main force that takes advantage of the right time and the right place."

　　The first place in sales volume is often occupied by Core i5, but this year’s Ruilong 3600X is also very competitive. In addition, the ninth generation Core i5 came out much earlier than the 3600X, and the accumulated sales volume is more reasonable than the latter.

　　Both CPUs are i5 of the ninth generation, and the sales volume is relatively hot. Here, I choose i5-9600KF as the representative of Intel.

Second, AMD Ryzen 5 3600X

　　"Sales champion in the second half of 2019"

　　During the period when the third-generation Ruilong CPU was just launched, apart from the eye-catching Ryzen 9 3900X and Ryzen 7 3700X, what attracted people more was the Ryzen 5 3600X with 6 cores and 12 threads. Everyone could count the boxes.

Iii. Intel i7-9700K

　　"The most cost-effective game artifact in the high end"

　　If you want to play games, you have to look at Intel. Compared with the situation that game optimization stopped at 4 cores a few years ago, the game’s support for 8-core CPU is not good now, but at least it has been done. Some large 3A masterpieces can really enjoy the performance bonus brought by multi-core, and Intel’s high-frequency and high-energy characteristics are very suitable for game scenes. Cutting the hyper-threading function that has zero effect on games, the i7-9700K is indeed the most cost-effective high-end CPU suitable for playing games this year.

Iv. AMD Ryzen 7 3800X/Ryzen 7 3700X

　　"showstopper that impacts the high-end CPU market"

　　It is also two high-end CPUs that big game players pay attention to, both of which are 8-core and 16-thread specifications. Ryzen 7 3800X can be regarded as a better Ryzen 7 3700X.

　　Although the game is not as good as i7-9700K and i9-9900K, the performance-price ratio and comprehensive performance are weighed together, and they are more worthy of purchase than two Intel high-end CPUs. Here, Ryzen 7 3800X, which is slightly stronger, is selected for comparative test.

V. AMD Ryzen 9 3900X

　　"miracle of 7nm, I/O die and glue MCM packaging"

　　In fact, in terms of miracles, its eldest brother Ryzen 9 3950X is more suitable, but because Ryzen 9 3950X keeps jumping tickets and has been in a "snap-up — — "Out of stock" status, as of the time of our statistics, we have not accumulated much sales, so we can’t be on the list.

　　The CPU of AM4 interface can be packed into 12 cores or even 16 cores, which is closely related to AMD’s newly designed core architecture. CCD+I/O die is more flexible than the big core route that Intel has always adhered to.

VI. Intel i9-9900KF

　　"Can it be used without exceeding 5GHz?"

　　Perhaps because i9-9900K is the flagship CPU launched at the end of 2018, itI lost to the low nuclear display version i9-9900KF.

　　After thinking about it, the value of this CPU should be that it will exceed 5GHz immediately after being bought back, and then it will be used to brush bilibili and visit Weibo, at least in the view of supercontinent. (Manual dog head)

▼Comparison of six CPU specifications: AMD is confident.

　　The CPU parameters are listed here. On the whole, the CPU specifications of AMD seem to be more bright: 7nm+ multi-core+super large three-buffer +PCIe 4.0, and the frequency span between different CPUs is not large. Intel dominates the high-frequency direction, and the frequency span between the mid-range and high-end CPU is large.

Test platform construction

　　Let’s introduce our evaluation platform first.

　　The hardware of the evaluation has been used all the time. The first thing to ensure is that the platform is stable and reliable.

　　As for the motherboard, both Z390 chipset and X570 chipset use ROG HERO series, with the same positioning, which reduces the performance impact caused by different motherboard specifications.

　　The radiator is GI-CX360 water-cooled with overclocking triple mirror. Because the specification span of CPU in this test is large, it will be safer to use 360 water-cooled.

　　The memory is pulled out from four Kiki royal halberds, and the combination of double 8GB is enough to give full play to their performance.

performance test

Theoretical performance test▼

　　The theoretical performance test project will test a variety of traditional running software, and whoever scores high will be powerful, simple and rude.

▍　CPU-Z v1.90

　　CPU-Z test items are divided into single-thread and multi-thread. It can be seen that i7-9700K and i9-9900KF with higher frequency have completely outperformed AMD’s three participating CPUs in single-thread performance, which should be a predictable result without testing.

　　In terms of multithreading performance, Ryzen 9 3900X has no suspense, and the 12-core 24-thread specification crushes the other five participating CPUs. Being both 8-core and 16-thread, Ryzen 7 3800X multi-threaded performance is higher than i9-9900KF with stronger single-core performance.

　　Ryzen 5 3600X with 6 cores and 12 threads is basically the same as i7-9700K with 8 cores and 8 threads, so i5-9600KF can only be a younger brother among them.

▍　CineBench R15

▍　CineBench R20

　　CineBench is a running score software that scores by testing the rendering speed. No matter whether this pile of CPU is in R15 or R20, the multi-thread performance ranking is the same. The multi-threaded performance of Ryzen 9 3900X still surpasses the other five CPUs, and in R20, the single-threaded performance of AMD processor actually surpasses the high-frequency i9-9900KF.

▍　wPrime 2.10 1024M

　　WPrime is a software that tests the computing power of CPU by calculating prime numbers, and it is also very direct and violent. The multi-core Ryzen 9 3900X is still popular, and the testing time is nearly half that of i9-9900KF. The slowest is i5-9600KF, because the number of core threads is relatively small, and Ryzen 5 3600X, which is located close to it, is much faster than it, only 60% of the time.

3DMark Time Spy Extreme physical score▼

　　3DMark’s TSE project is also a software with multi-threading performance. Ryzen 9 3900X is still in the lead, while i9-9900KF with stronger high-frequency single-core performance is about 400 points away from Ryzen 7 3800X of the same specification.

Compressed file performance test▼

　　Compression software is often used by people. Because the compression software algorithms are different, the speed of compressing files among different compression softwares will be different. Here, two compression softwares are selected for testing: WinRAR, which is used by many people, and 7Zip, which comes with Benchmark.

▍　7-Zip benchmark score

　　In the 7-Zip test, the distance between AMD processor and Intel processor is very large. The score of Ryzen 7 3800X is 11.3% higher than that of i9-9900KF with the same core specification, and Ryzen 9 3900X continues to lead.

▍　WinRAR compressed file speed

　　WinRAR, the result here is reversed. Ryzen 9 3900X is 4.3% slower than i9-9900KF, and i5-9600KF is still stable at the bottom. Let’s click on the big picture to compare the other figures.

Performance test of office scenario simulation application▼

　　Most of the test items of PCMark are aimed at daily office applications, such as web browsing and document editing. Ryzen 9 3900X still doesn’t have much advantage, only 1.8% higher than i9-9900KF, which shows that CPU with high frequency and strong single core will be better used in this kind of project.

Professional software application performance test▼

　　Compared with the daily office work above, professional applications will test the performance of CPU more, among which multi-threaded applications are the majority. In theory, Ryzen 9 3900X with more cores will have more advantages.

▍　POV-Ray Benchmark

　　POV-Ray Benchmark is a software for testing the rendering performance of CPU. It can achieve results by rendering a large picture and calculating the average rendering pixels per second.

　　Ryzen 9 3900X outshines others, i9-9900KF is similar to AMD 3800X, while i5-9600KF, which has lost the number of threads, has fallen into the sewer and can’t get out.

▍　FHD X264 Benchmark

　　FHD X264 Benchmark tests and records the rendered frames by exporting the video. Ryzen 9 3900X here is not much different from i9-9900KF, only 6.4%.

▍　ArcTime Pro video compression and export

　　ArcTime Pro is the normal process of exporting video. Here, the performance of Ryzen 9 3900X with more cores is relatively normal, and the distance between i9-9900KF is a little bit.

　　This shows that if you do video work, it will be more popular with more cores/threads. Ryzen 9 3900X has the best performance in these products and is more suitable for video workers. The performance of i9-9900KF is also good. Although the number of cores suffers, the actual performance gap is not as big as the proportion of core numbers.

　　Summary of theoretical performance test:There’s nothing to say about small projects. The core specifications and performance of the processor are here. We can know what’s going on by comparing them. What Supercontinental wants to talk about here is the problem that AMD’s multi-thread performance surpasses Intel’s when its single-thread performance is slightly weak.

　　To put it simply, the SMT technology of Ryzen CPU is a little more powerful than the HT technology of Core I series, and the multi-core utilization rate is higher, which is why the single-thread performance of Ryzen 7 3800X is not as good as that of i9-9900KF in many of the above projects, but the multi-thread performance is reversed.

　　"Multi-frame" is bound to be the trend of future development.Win10 system is a good example. You won’t see the scene of Win7 "one core is in trouble, and N cores are watching" in Win10 system. AMD has made a better decision than Intel on how to optimize the performance of "multi-frame".

Game performance test

　　The number of game masterpieces this year is also dizzying, and the two processor manufacturers are also keen to use game performance as their selling point.

　　Here, six popular online games and 3A masterpieces are selected for testing, and the image quality is uniformly set to 1080P resolution, with the lowest image quality. The reason for this setting is to reduce the influence of graphics card bottleneck and maximize the performance difference of CPU.

▍　Tomb Raider: Shadow

▍　DOTA2

▍　GTA5

▍　Total War: Three Kingdoms

▍　Assassin’s Creed: Odyssey.

▍　Jedi survival: the great escape

　　Game test summary:All six CPUs can make the game run at more than 100 frames, but in Tomb Raider: Shadow, Total War: The Three Kingdoms and The Great Escape of the Jedi, the performance of Intel’s two high-end CPU games has obviously abandoned the rest of the processors.Take the position of the first brother of Intel Games..

　　The "extreme game performance" that Intel has been boasting is indeed well founded.However, the game running at such a high number of frames, except for some e-sports big brothers who use 240Hz screens, can actually ignore this frame gap to some extent.

　　Moreover, our test is based on the setting of 1080P resolution and the lowest image quality. If the image quality is properly raised, the graphics card and CPU will tend to be performance bottlenecks, then the gap between them will be narrowed.

Temperature and power consumption test

　　Because it is impossible to test the power consumption of a single hardware, there have been data errors when the software reads the hardware power consumption information. Here, Nortel instrument power consumption meter is used to test the power consumption of the whole platform, and Tomb Raider Benchmark is used to test the full load of the game.

　　I9-9900KF showed the phenomenon of frequency reduction during the test, and the power consumption was lower when the game was fully loaded and tested by Prime 95 than that of i7-9700K. Combined with the above Tomb Raider game test, the frame number of i9-9900KF in the game was not as good as that of i7-9700K, which can explain this phenomenon.

　　On AMD’s side, the power consumption of three generations of Ryzen processor can be effectively controlled by the 7nm process. The power consumption of Ryzen 9 3900X single baked FPU is only 278W, which is nearly 30W lower than that of i7-9700K, which has the highest power consumption. The former is a "miracle species" with four more cores than the latter.

　　As a result of opening PBO, three generations of Ryzen processor hit a temperature wall of 95°C together when baking FPU to reduce the frequency.

　　Intel processors have much lower power consumption and lower frequency at low frequency. The baked FPU of i5-9600KF with few cores is only 68°C, while the 8-core i7-9700K and i9-9900KF have reached the 90°C mark due to more cores and higher frequency, but the temperature is still lower than that of AMD processors.

Summary of PConline evaluation room

▼Comparison of comprehensive performance of six popular CPUs：

　　Hard to do the test, and finally for this comprehensive comparison table, which is the essence of the whole test.

　　The comprehensive performance gap table is the data obtained by synthesizing all the above test items except temperature and power consumption. Because many items will eat multithreading performance, Ryzen 9 3900X undoubtedly won the comprehensive performance championship.

　　Look at the other contestants, i9-9900KF and Ryzen 7 3800X with the same specifications. Although the latter is blessed by SMT technology, some multithreaded scenes will perform slightly better than the former.However, the game is the strong point of i9-9900KF, which lags far behind Ryzen 7 3800X, and wins by high-frequency performance..

　　Because i7-9700K has no hyper-threading function, even if the game is strong, the multi-threading scene drops too many points, and its comprehensive performance is even worse than that of Ryzen 7 3800X, and even it is almost caught up by Ryzen 5 3600X with fewer cores.

　　There is nothing to say about the i5-9600KF. Except for games, other projects are basically at the bottom, but U is actually a good U, but it just happens to be the cheapest and lowest specification one in this horizontal review.

　　Comparing Intel’s game strengths, there is no suspense, but in fact AMD is not too far behind Intel, which is worthy of surprise.

　　Because our game tests are all set to the lowest quality special effects to enlarge the game performance gap between CPUs, the gap will be even smaller if the high quality special effects are turned on.

　　Cost-effectiveness is also a concern for everyone to buy a processor, but there is no more scientific measurement method, so here is a simple and rude one.CPU price ÷ comprehensive performance percentage, get the unit price per percentage of performance. As a result of this calculation,Ruilong 3600X has the highest cost performance and i5-9600KF has the second highest cost performance..

　　Anyway, the smaller the number, the higher the cost performance.Overall, AMD Ruilong will be slightly more cost-effective than Intel Core..

　　As for the unscientific comparison method, I can tell you responsibly: it is good for everyone to have fun, and everyone has his own scale in his heart.

　　Because the higher the performance, the more difficult it is to improve the performance, so how to calculate here will be that the middle/low-end processors have higher cost performance: because the cost of realizing their performance is very low. High-end processors are expensive, and it takes hundreds or thousands of RMB to improve the performance of 10%. Whether it is worth it or not is a matter of opinion.

▼Summary time for expressing personal opinions — —

　　At the end of 2019, Supercontinental believes that it is meaningless to discuss the issue of "whether the processor performance is excessive".

　　As for the reasons, I don’t need to be embarrassed. Everyone is from the era of the media.The demand for creative CPU has soared., playing games to buy less core high-frequency CPU. For those creators and big UP owners, their demand for CPU performance can be said to be bottomless.

　　Therefore, regardless of the use requirements, all those who say that the CPU performance is excessive should be treated as hooligans.

　　Undeniably, in this year’s CPU market, Intel is still firmly on the throne of the game boss.I also changed my computer for playing games to i7-9700K.In some games with high demand for the stability of game frames, it is indeed better than AMD. (It’s not that I’m black, sometimes I really get stuck playing games with AMD processors.)

Sometimes I just get stuck suddenly and then I get disconnected.

　　On the comprehensive ability, AMD with "excess performance" will be even more brilliant.,In other words, AMD’s processors have become "all-powerful"Ryzen 9 3950X, which has the largest number of consumer platforms, has a higher acceleration frequency than any other Ryzen processor. What’s the concept? Not only do you have multi-core advantages at work, but you can also enjoy high-frequency advantages when playing games.

　　Coupled with the rest of AMD’s product lines, the "ceiling" EPYC Rome CPU with servers, and the weakness is the thread ripper of the fever platform. APU more suitable for the low-end platform will also come, and everyone can find their own heart water products in AMD.

　　This year is the flowering and fruiting period of AMD Ruilong.

　　It’s always good to have competition. AMD’s ZEN architecture has given people renewed confidence in Moore’s Law. In order to continue to consolidate its own market, Intel will also speed up the pace of new products, and ultimately, users will benefit. This year’s new CPU products are worthy of our happiness.

▼Guide for purchasing 6 processors (recommended) — —

▍　I5-9600KF 1399 yuan

　　Like i5-9400F, it is stillThis year, there is a high purchase value of CPU.In office, online games and most 3A masterpieces, it will have better performance, and the owner of Internet cafes should like this CPU better.

　　If the game you play is biased towards Tencent online games and the budget is not much, it will be a better choice.

▍　Ryzen 5 3600X 1499 yuan

　　Compared with the above two i5s, this processor has no price advantage.But the comprehensive performance will be stronger.. With the SMT hyper-threading function, I think it is more suitable for users who usually work and play games moderately, and they can also play games by editing pictures and repairing drawings. Professional performance is better than i5, and the game loses a little bit, but it’s not too bad.

▍　I7-9700K 2899 yuan

　　Subjective opinion:If you want me to recommend the CPU in 2019, I think this is the most fragrant CPU. After exceeding 5GHz, the game performance is off the charts, and it has experienced the latest wave of price reduction, which is very affordable.

　　Objective opinion:The 8-core specification is just right for most games, but it doesn’t have hyper-threading. It may not be as good as AMD’s Ryzen 7 series when dealing with work. It belongs to a processor made for games. After the price reduction, the price/performance ratio is really high. It is recommended for game enthusiasts with little budget.

▍　I9-9900kf3,499 yuan

　　The strongest game processor ordered by Intel, but there is also an i9-9900KS in this series, which is the complete body of the 9900K series.

　　Compared with i7-9700K, it has more hyper-threading function, and it has good performance in both games and work. Personally, it is suitable for game anchors — — Turn off Hyper-Threading when playing the game live, turn on Hyper-Threading when editing the essence live, and release the film quickly.

▍　Ryzen 7 3800X 2599 yuan

　　Ruilong 7Their positioning is equivalent to i9-9900K, but the game is obviously not as good as the latter.

　　Because they all have hyper-threading function, their comprehensive performance is stronger than Intel’s, and they are more suitable for working machines. It is recommended that users with low budget should buy them with good working performance and strong game performance.

▍　Ryzen 9 3900X 3999 yuan

　　4,000 yuan, I don’t think I’ll even know if I don’t have a mine at home.

　　The game is still inferior to Intel.But the comprehensive performance is the strongest here.,Those who pursue extreme productivity can consider it.,Or even more extreme, its eldest brother Ryzen 9 3950X.If you have a gold mine at home, you can also choose a higher-end thread ripper series.

　　That’s the end of this article. It’s not easy to test+code words, more than 5,000 words. If you approve PConline evaluation, please give us a coin-operated attention.

Original chestnuts guoke

People with normal vision read by light. The white paper is brighter and the black words are darker, so the naked eye can distinguish the words between light and dark.

What does the visually impaired read? One is by touch, and there are blind documents to touch. One is hearing. When some books are not translated into Braille, maybe you can find audio books.

If you can’t find a ready-made audio book, how can the blind read an ordinary printed book?

As early as 1913, Edmund Fournier d’Albe, a physicist at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, showed a scanner to help the blind listen to books, named "Optophone" (photoelectric reading device). A few years later, the equipment was transformed into a more practical version by a scientific instrument manufacturer.

In 1920, the magazine reported Scientific American.

When the machine sweeps a line of words from left to right, there will be a sound in the user’s headphones. However, the sound is not speech, but a combination of some notes.

Write the word "write" with notes.

Different note combinations represent different glyphs. For example, the letter T has a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, the horizontal direction is represented by a monosyllabic elongation, and the vertical direction is represented by a chord. The notes used here are the highest to SOH and the lowest to the lowest octave SOH.

The note corresponding to the letter t, Tiffany Chan

The height of the notes reflects the position of the ink on the paper: one horizontal of the T is at the top, just lengthen the highest note SOH, while one vertical of the T has ink from top to bottom, so you can play the five notes of SOH, FAH, MI, ME and DOH at the same time, which is a chord.

Then, when the letter T appears, the earphone should first emit a continuous SOH, with a short chord in the middle, and finally return to the continuous SOH. A letter, a word or a paragraph can be "written" with a string of notes:

The note combination corresponding to the word "Type" is Tiffany Chan.

As long as you are familiar with the correspondence between letters and note strings in advance, the blind can hear the contents of a book.

Translating glyphs into notes is not complicated in terms of rules, but it is only part of the work of this machine. Before that, it must first see what font is printed on the book before it can begin to translate.

Therefore, automatically scanning text is the most important thing.

Selenium can see black and white.

At the beginning, the naked eye can distinguish the words on the paper by light. The light returning from black letters is very weak, not as strong as the reflection of white paper. But how does the machine achieve similar perception?

Scientists thought of selenium, and the resistance of this substance will change with the intensity of light. Connect batteries on both sides of selenium. When the light hits the ink mark and then reflects to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be larger, and the current passing through it will be smaller. When light is reflected from the blank of the paper to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be smaller, and the current passing through it will be stronger.

The two sides of selenium are connected with a power supply, and the current is different with or without lighting [1]

Different lighting conditions will transform different electrical signals, so selenium can be used as a photodetector. When it sweeps a line of words from left to right, the signal strength will change with the alternation of black and white, which is not difficult to understand. The question is, how does the machine know whether the ink position is high or low, such as whether T is above or below?

Use different beams to scan different positions. If you divide a line of words into five layers, you need five different beams of light to scan it. The so-called different light means that each beam of light hits the surface of selenium to produce a unique electrical signal, which is different from other beams of light. Only in this way can we tell how high the light is calling from.

Divide a line of words into five layers [1]

So how do you divide a beam of light into five different beams?

Here is a porous disk with five holes. When the disc rotates at a speed of 30 revolutions per second, a beam of light is knocked over, and the light passing through the disc is divided into five beams, which are five intermittent (or fast flashing) lights.

Porous disc, Wikimedia Commons, reference [1]

When light is reflected to the surface of selenium intermittently, the current passing through selenium will fluctuate. The current fluctuation caused by these five beams of light is different: because the number of holes in five circles is different, the more holes, the more frequently the light is cut off and the higher the frequency of current fluctuation.

So there were five different beams of light. If they are hit at different positions, we can judge whether the light is reflected from a high place or a low place according to the frequency of current fluctuation. It’s not difficult to tell the difference between a horizontal T and a horizontal T.

The disc divides the light into five different beams.

The notes that users hear are also distributed according to the frequency of current fluctuation.

As for what tools to use to sense the fluctuation of current, the sensor in the telephone receiver can be competent. With the technology at that time, current fluctuations as small as 10-6 amps can be detected.

Is it black or white?

Wit, you may find that according to the principle described above, the strong current signal is the blank, and the weak signal is the ink mark. So, the notes that users hear represent not the ink, but the gaps around the ink?

This was the case with the original products in 1913, and those notes that the user did not hear indicated the location of the ink. When the spaces between words are scanned, all the notes will play together. Therefore, the inventor called it "White-Sounding Optophone".

The combination of notes it plays is so complicated that Mary Jameson, the best user, is trained to read only one word a minute on average. But she still became the first blind person to read ordinary printed books.

In 1918, Barr & Stroud, a manufacturer of scientific instruments, improved the equipment and added a second photosensitive element made of selenium to the photoelectric detector. After the light passes through the disc, part of the light still scans the text and reflects to the first photosensitive element; The other part of the light is directly turned to the second photosensitive element without scanning the text.

Add one more photosensitive element. Popular Science

By combining the signals of the two photosensitive elements, the signal of the blank part can be cancelled. In this way, the notes played by headphones represent ink and letter shapes, while the blank parts are muted. This version is also called "Black-Sounding Optophone".

Of course, its advantage is not only that the combination of notes becomes simple. The structure of the original equipment is fragile. Even if someone walks by heavily, some components may slide to the wrong position, which will affect the normal scanning. The improved equipment is much more stable.

In addition, the improved version also adds the function of adjusting the scanning speed, which can scan a line at the fastest time of 5 seconds and at the slowest time of 5 minutes. Users can choose the speed according to their proficiency in recognizing notes.

Mary jameson is reading Walden Lake.

Mary jameson also used an improved version of this "black voice". Later, her reading speed reached 60 words per minute. Mary became a heavy user of photoelectric reading devices from her school days to her later years.

But for most people, the combination of notes may still sound too complicated. Moreover, some letters with similar shapes, such as "u" and "n", are easily confused. In addition to using the threshold, the price is also prohibitive. 35 pounds in 1920 is about 1,500 pounds (about 13,000 RMB) or more today.

In 1920, the average price of a house in London was about 320 pounds.

In addition, the British Association for the Blind was trying to popularize Braille resources to the whole country, and the photoelectric reading device may pose a threat to the promotion of Braille, and it will not be supported by the association, and the sales volume has been pitiful.

However, commercial failure does not necessarily mean technical failure.

Technology that anyone may need.

In 1949, the engineers of RCA borrowed the principle of photoelectric reading device to create a new reading machine for the blind.

RCA reading machine, which can play the pronunciation of letters, such as "A-"[5]

It also needs to strike the light on the paper and then reflect it on the photoelectric element, thus distinguishing the shapes of letters; It also has a horn, which is responsible for shouting the corresponding sound.

However, the light-emitting device is no longer a lamp with a porous disk, but a cathode ray tube; The photoelectric element is no longer selenium, but photocell; What the trumpet calls out is no longer a note representing a glyph, but a real letter.

Most importantly, there is an additional component in the middle called "electronic analyzer". After receiving the signal from the photoelectric element, it has to pick out the letter that matches the signal from 26 letters before it can command the speaker to read it.

A mainstream view holds that this is the first device in the world that can complete the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) task.

Photo translation AFP

Later, with the development of computer technology, OCR algorithm became more and more sophisticated. Nowadays, artificial intelligence/machine learning has injected a handful of souls into OCR.

Nowadays, OCR serves more than blind people. There may be a moment when everyone needs to copy a large paragraph of text in a picture, or take pictures of foreign characters and throw them directly to translation software. People even think that it is a matter of course to use such technology.

But the first person who made the concept of OCR possible may be Dr Edmund Founier Dalbet, who invented the photoelectric reading device more than 100 years ago.

references

[1] d’Albe, E. E. F. (1924). The Moon-element: An Introduction to the Wonders of Selenium. TF Unwin.

[2] Thomas, E. (2021, June 23). A Century Ago, the Optophone Allowed Blind People to Hear the Printed Word. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/ a-century-ago-the-optophone-allowed-blind-people-to-hear-the-printed-word

[3] d’Albe, E. F. (1914). On a type-reading optophone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 90(619), 373-375.

[4] Jameson, M. (1966). The Optophone: Its beginning and development. Bulletin of prosthetics research, 5, 25.

[5] Mann, M. (1949). Reading machine spells out loud. Popular Science, 154(2), 125-7.

[6] Chan, T., Mills, M., & Sayers, J. (2018). Optophonic reading, prototyping optophones. Amodern, (8).

[7] Cooper, F. S., Gaitenby, J. H., & Nye, P. W. (1984). Evolution of reading machines for the blind: Haskins Laboratories’ research as a case history. Veterans Administration, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rehabilitation R & D Service.

作者：栗子

原标题：《100年前的盲人，怎样读完一本普通印刷书？》

阅读原文

Each city has its own main cuisine. Speaking of traditional Shaoxing cuisine, I believe that the first reaction in most local people’s minds is stinky tofu, moldy vegetable stalks, braised pork with dried plums and other dishes. For Lihai Street in Yuecheng District, the unique geographical location and natural conditions provide rich seafood ingredients for the local area because the sea head is located at the mouth of Qiantang River. Because this kind of local small sea is tender, delicious and affordable, it has gradually attracted diners from Xiaoshan, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and even Shanghai to come to Lihai to buy and try early, and gradually formed an industry featuring little seafood’s wholesale, retail and catering, which is well-known both inside and outside the city.

Jubilant vendors in Lihai comprehensive market. Correspondent Feng Yanni photo

A morning market gathers customers from all directions.

"Today’s Xiaomei fish has a good head, and the steamed taste is very delicious." Walking from Haidong Road to Lihai Comprehensive Market, the enthusiastic stall owner sipped all kinds of seafood from the booth to reporters. Walking in front of the lined seafood stalls, there are all kinds of aquatic products such as Xiaomei fish, white jade crab, swordfish, horizontal crab and mud clam. In addition to fresh food, pickled products such as mackerel, dried fish and dried shrimp marinated with distiller’s grains are also readily available.

"Customers are here, and all they buy are little seafood caught by fishermen on the same day to ensure freshness." Gao Baijiang, the person in charge of Lihai Comprehensive Market, told the reporter that with the gradual recognition of Lihai little seafood by diners, from 7: 00 a.m. every day, the market was crowded with people who came from Shangyu and Yuecheng City to buy food early, and most of them came specially for little seafood. "Especially on weekends, some popular seafood varieties even have to be booked in advance to buy them." Gao Baijiang said.

There are nearly 140 stalls in Lihai Comprehensive Market, but there are only 17 stalls for aquatic products and seafood, because they have high requirements on electricity consumption, drainage and cleaning. In 2020, the market underwent a major renovation, upgrading facilities and equipment such as electricity and sewage, providing a better business environment for merchants and giving customers a good experience when shopping in the market.

The owners of aquatic products and seafood stalls No.5-15 are He Xinjuan and his wife. Her husband is in charge of fishing and her wife sells them in the market. "Whether you can go fishing and catch more or less is closely related to the tide and the weather." He Xinjuan told reporters that if the weather is bad and they can’t go out to sea, they won’t come to the booth for sales that day. "In business, especially seafood products, quality is the top priority." In He Xinjuan’s view, the popularity of Lihai little seafood is largely due to its characteristics: it grows in salty and light waters, and the change of salinity improves the composition of fatty acids in aquatic products and makes them more delicious.

Yidao seafood diners smell fresh and come

When they first arrive in Lihai, many people will choose to go for a walk in Lihai Old Street, in addition to catching crabs in Haitu. In ancient times, seawalls were rich in beaches, and "the tide retreats and people advance, and the tide retreats" summarized the life of fishermen in Lihai from generation to generation. Nowadays, after continuous construction and transformation, this street with a long history and culture is transforming into new beauty, which makes little seafood, the most local flavor, continue to be popular.

Wang Zengqi has such a statement in The Doctor of Fishing: The fish cooked out of the water is delicious, which is called "fresh from the water". In Lihai, the main thing to eat little seafood is "fresh water". The fish is tight, the crab is fresh and sweet, and the clams are sand-free. With the help of strong fire and simple and homely ingredients, the freshness of the ingredients is preserved to the greatest extent, which attracts the diners’ forefinger to move, and the crack of cold beer or various drinks during the dinner constitutes the "wonderful seafood" of this Lihai. During holidays, in a restaurant featuring little seafood on Haidong Road, many Shanghai and Hangzhou gourmets drove for an hour or two to punch in.

Abo Seafood Restaurant is located on Yu Haidong Road. As soon as customers enter the door, they will choose their own little seafood and cooking method through what you see is what you get. "little seafood is directly transferred to the kitchen for production after weighing, and the fresh experience from the sea to the tip of the tongue can be felt in less than 12 hours." Zhao Qin, the 42-year-old director of Abo Seafood, introduced.

Zhao Qin, a native of Lihai, has been running a seafood restaurant with her husband for nearly 20 years. "The main store is Lihai little seafood, and the dishes are affordable, which can ensure that diners can eat fresh and delicious little seafood." Zhao Qin said that in little seafood, the restaurant has special local fishermen to deliver goods every morning, and the restaurant will select the fish received to ensure the quality.

"Watching kites and eating seafood, today’s parent-child time should give full marks." At noon on April 21, with all the dishes served, Shen Yiping, who was eating at Suntory Restaurant, took out his mobile phone to take photos and sent a circle of friends in Jiugongge. "I took a break today, just to take my children out for a walk." Shen Yiping told reporters that his family lived in Tashan Street, Yuecheng District, and it was the first time to come to Lihai that day. At the kite festival, local people recommended this restaurant to them, and they chose to eat here. The reporter at Suntory Restaurant saw that although the day was a working day, there were still many diners dining, and the business was quite good.

An opportunity to undertake the Bay Area dividend

Walking on the streets of Lihai, you can still see some special place names, such as Qiliuqiu, Qiyiqiu, Qiqiqiu, etc., which were the historical imprint of the "Great Wai Tu" in that year. However, the former beaches have already become fertile soil. Lihai, a small town at the mouth of Qiantang River, has become a provincial-level economic town. "The Greater Bay Area era has given Lihai a new opportunity to leapfrog development." The relevant person in charge of Lihai Street said.

In 2019, Shaoxing Binhai New Area, one of the four strategic platforms at the provincial level, settled in Binhai, undertaking the historical mission of connecting with Greater Bay Area and serving big industries. Lihai, located in the "hub of the Bay Area", has also stepped onto the stage center of urban development.

With the gathering of more and more new industrial enterprises, the population increases. To some extent, this has promoted the development of the local catering industry, mainly in Lihai and little seafood. "There are more customers coming to eat, and there are higher requirements for the capacity, service and dishes of the restaurant." Chen Fei, the person in charge of Lihai Jiulonghai private cuisine, one of the provincial-level "Hundred Counties and Thousand Bowls" experience stores in Zhejiang Province, told the reporter that taking his own store as an example, repeat customers accounted for a large part, and many of them came to eat once and then brought their family and friends to eat again.

A blueprint for making large and small seafood

Little seafood is a traditional characteristic industry in Lihai Street. It is an important content of the construction and development of Lihai City to create a special catering culture in little seafood and enrich the business service industry in Lihai. On September 2, 2022, Lihai Street issued the Implementation Plan for the Construction of little seafood Street in Lihai, aiming at creating a strong cultural atmosphere with the theme of little seafood in Lihai through various measures and comprehensive policies.

After preliminary investigation, the street will be rebuilt and upgraded from the following aspects: defining the support policies for staying merchants, improving the supporting construction of public transportation, and standardizing the management of mobile vendors. "The street will further enhance the popularity of little seafood in Lihai, and strive to make little seafood Street in Haidong Road a model of’ eating, living, traveling and playing in Lihai’ and a key link in the construction of scenic spots and modern and beautiful towns in Lihai Street." Zhou Ganbin, deputy secretary of the Party Working Committee of Lihai Street and director of the office, said.

At the same time, the street will also open up a green channel for government services, provide smooth channels for little seafood characteristic catering enterprises in license handling, government consultation, personnel recruitment and other aspects, provide relevant policy consulting services, and optimize the cash flow of support policies. On the basis of strict control, support funds will be cashed quickly.

At present, facing the vast ocean, Lihai is striving to expand the open space and lead the industrial transformation and upgrading and the high-quality development of the city. As a traditional industry with a long history, Lihai little seafood is striving to build its brand and become a bigger industry.

　　On February 24th, a netizen nicknamed "Love is God" posted a video on the online platform, saying that his Mercedes-Benz Maibakh S680 was violently driven and tested by Zunjie without knowing it, resulting in multiple damages to the hub and body. Since then, the netizen has published a number of vehicle driving data, and the vehicle may be "violently driven".

　　Zunjie S800, photo by Times Weekly reporter

　　On the evening of February 25, Zunjie automobile manufacturer AnhuiGroup Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Jiangqi Group") issued a statement saying that the test vehicles were obtained through regular third-party leasing channels, and the use was clearly defined to the leasing channels in advance. "The whole test follows strict industry norms and standards, and all the data are true and reliable."

　　On February 20th, HarmonyOS Zhixing, an automobile alliance led by Huawei, held a conference on Zunjie technology. In many aspects, Zunjie S800 was compared with Mercedes-Benz Maibakh S680, and Zunjie S800 was more outstanding. According to the plan, Zunjie S800 will be officially listed in May.

　　Maibakh of 3 million yuan was violently tested?

　　Zunjie is the fourth brand launched by HarmonyOS Zhixing, an ecological alliance of Huawei smart cars, which was jointly built by Huawei and Jiangqi Group. At the Guangzhou Auto Show in 2024, Zunjie S800, the first model of Zunjie, was exhibited on a small scale. At the end of 2024, Zunjie S800 made its public appearance, with a pre-sale price of 1 million-1.5 million yuan, making it the best in HarmonyOS.

　　Maibakh S680 is the flagship product of Mercedes-Benz’s high-end series.It is famous for its administration, and it is equipped with the top V12 engine in civilian vehicles, starting at 3.327 million yuan. Maibakh S680 is also one of the best-selling executive cars in China.

　　At the Zunjie technology conference, Yu Chengdong, managing director of Huawei, chairman of BG, and chairman of BU, a smart car solution, showed a number of special functions of Zunjie S800, such as snow anti-skid test, snow climbing test and bumpy road passing test.

　　In the process, the official selected Maibakh S680 for comparison, and tested that the probability of vehicle skidding in the snow was higher, the snow climbing failed, and the tire on the rough road was flat. Zunjie S800 has no skidding when driving in the snow, successfully climbs in the snow, and can also achieve "crossing the sand without lifting" on rough roads.

　　Officially, the outstanding performance of Zunjie S800 is due to its unique global integration architecture with Huawei Turing Dragon Platform. The platform relies on the fusion perception prediction network to perceive real-time information such as road information, vehicle information and driver’s intention information, and has four characteristics: active perception, central control, intelligent reasoning and autonomous learning.

　　Turing Dragon Platform can cope with complicated snow and ice road conditions without running off or swinging its tail, climbing in snow without stalling or slipping, and it has stable tire burst control that supports 120km/h road surface before tire burst. In addition, this platform can also achieve a crab walking angle of 16, which is conducive to dealing with extreme scenes such as narrow roads and narrow parking spaces.

　　Jiangqi groupscreenshot

　　However, on February 24th after the press conference, a netizen who claimed to be the "owner" of Maibakh S680 who lost control at the Zunjie S800 press conference posted a video saying that his car was taken for violent driving and testing without being informed or informed. On January 21, the vehicle was towed back and sent to the 4S shop for inspection. The "owner" found that the front of the car and the wheel hub were damaged.

　　Since then, the "owner" has voiced again, and disclosed his ID card, driving license and other documents, as well as the driving record of Maibakh S680. According to the driving records, the car was driven to yakeshi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xiangyang National Automobile Quality Supervision and Inspection Center in Hubei Province for dozens of tests in January this year.

　　Jiang qi responded late at night

　　On the evening of February 25, Jiangqi Group responded, saying that "the relevant test videos show the excellent performance of vehicles under extreme conditions in a rigorous and professional way. The whole test process follows strict industry norms and standards, and all data are true and reliable. "

　　At the same time, Jiangqi Group said that the test vehicles were obtained through regular third-party leasing channels, and the use was clearly defined to the leasing channels in advance. In this process, the troubles brought to relevant parties are being actively communicated and resolved through consultation.

　　Times Weekly reporter asked the "owner" about the follow-up matters and the communication between the enterprise and it, and has not received a reply so far.

　　At the press conference, HarmonyOS Zhixing exhibited several test fragments of Zunjie S800 and Maibakh S680, and Zunjie S800 performed better. However, Yu Chengdong has repeatedly said that Maibakh S680 has also performed very well in many aspects and is worth learning.

　　On February 21st, the day after the launch, at the 25th Annual Meeting of Yabuli China Entrepreneur Forum 2025, Duan Jianjun, President and CEO of Beijing Mercedes-Benz Sales & Service Co., Ltd., said that many brands took Mercedes-Benz models as the targets of benchmarking and comparison at the new car launch, and Mercedes-Benz did not reject or fear being benchmarked and compared.

　　"Whether in product technology or service, reasonable benchmarking is actually to promote the progress of the industry with Mercedes-Benz standards and bring positive promotion to the whole industry." Duan Jianjun said: "For unreasonable and wrong benchmarking, Mercedes-Benz will not give up making solemn representations, or even using legal weapons to defend the rights and interests of the brand."

　　Jiangqi Group is a car enterprise group mainly engaged in commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks. It is controlled by Anhui Group Holding Co., Ltd., which is a joint venture between the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Anhui Province and Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd., and belongs to a state-owned legal person enterprise.

　　existWith the rapid development of automobile industry, Jiangqi Group is in urgent need of transformation: in 2024, Jiangqi Group sold a total of 403,094 vehicles, a year-on-year decrease of 7.4%. Among them, there are 166,763 passenger cars and 236,331 commercial vehicles, and passenger cars account for only 41% of the total.

　　The passenger car business of Jiangqi Group is more limited. In 2024, it only sold 31,183 cars, accounting for 8% of the total sales.

　　The operating conditions of Jiangqi Group are also under pressure. It is estimated that the net loss in 2024 will be about 1.77 billion yuan, and the net profit attributable to the owners of the parent company in the same period in 2023 will be 150 million yuan.

　　CCTV News:The flow of people during the National Day holiday will inevitably increase, which will lead to the risk of epidemic spread. So what are the safety tips for people who really need to travel across regions in terms of travel and epidemic prevention?

　　Lei Zheng Long, Director of the Department of Communication and Prevention of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, first-class inspector:If you really need to travel, you should know the epidemic situation of the destination and don’t go to the county where the middle and high risk areas are located. Personal health monitoring should be done before going out. If suspicious symptoms appear, it is recommended to cancel the travel plan in time and seek medical advice as soon as possible.

　　Secondly, according to the regulations, hold the negative certificate of nucleic acid test within 48 hours and take the plane, high-speed rail, train, inter-provincial long-distance passenger bus, inter-provincial passenger ship and other means of transportation to try to stagger the peak; Personal protection should be done during the journey, a safe distance should be kept, masks should be worn, and hand hygiene should be done to reduce people gathering and walking around in the vehicle.

　　Finally, when arriving at the destination, actively cooperate with the local government to do a "landing inspection". In accordance with the relevant requirements of hotels, hotels and crowded places such as tourist attractions, take the initiative to scan the code and register, and show negative proof of nucleic acid testing that meets the time requirements. Once an epidemic situation occurs in a tourist destination or a passing place or it is listed as a medium-high risk area, it is necessary to implement local prevention and control regulations, and those who have returned to their place of residence should take the initiative to report to their communities.

Announcement of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Pre-tax Deduction Certificates of Enterprise Income Tax State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China Announcement No.28 of 2018 In order to strengthen the administration of pre-tax deduction certificates of enterprise income tax, standardize tax law enforcement and optimize the business environment, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China has formulated the Measures for the Administration of Pre-tax Deduction Certificates of Enterprise Income Tax, which are hereby promulgated. It is hereby announced. State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, June 6, 2018 Measures for the Administration of Pre-tax Deduction Vouchers of Enterprise Income Tax Article 1 In order to standardize the administration of pre-tax deduction vouchers of enterprise income tax (hereinafter referred to as "pre-tax deduction vouchers"), these measures are formulated in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as "Enterprise Income Tax Law") and its implementing regulations, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Administration of Tax Collection and its implementing rules, and the Measures for the Administration of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Invoices and its implementing rules. Article 2 The "pre-tax deduction vouchers" as mentioned in these Measures refer to all kinds of vouchers that an enterprise proves that reasonable expenses related to income acquisition actually occurred when calculating the taxable income of enterprise income tax, and based on which pre-tax deduction is made. Article 3 Enterprises mentioned in these Measures refer to resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises as stipulated in the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing regulations. Article 4 Pre-tax deduction vouchers shall follow the principles of authenticity, legality and relevance in management. Authenticity refers to the authenticity of the economic business reflected by the pre-tax deduction certificate, and the expenditure has actually occurred;Legality means that the form and source of the pre-tax deduction certificate comply with the relevant provisions of national laws and regulations; Relevance means that the pre-tax deduction voucher is related to the expenditure it reflects and has probative force. Article 5 When an enterprise incurs expenses, it shall obtain a pre-tax deduction certificate as the basis for deducting relevant expenses when calculating the taxable income of enterprise income tax. Article 6 An enterprise shall obtain a pre-tax deduction certificate before the end of the final settlement period stipulated in the enterprise income tax law of the current year. Article 7 An enterprise shall keep the information related to the pre-tax deduction voucher, including the contract agreement, expenditure basis and payment voucher, for future reference, so as to verify the authenticity of the pre-tax deduction voucher. Article 8 Pre-tax deduction vouchers are divided into internal vouchers and external vouchers according to their sources. Internal vouchers refer to the original accounting vouchers made by enterprises for the accounting of costs, expenses, losses and other expenses. The filling and use of internal vouchers shall comply with the relevant provisions of national accounting laws and regulations. External vouchers refer to the vouchers obtained by enterprises from other units and individuals to prove the occurrence of their expenses when they have business activities and other matters, including but not limited to invoices (including paper invoices and electronic invoices), financial bills, tax payment vouchers, payment vouchers, split sheets, etc. Article 9 If the expenditure items incurred by an enterprise in China belong to VAT taxable items (hereinafter referred to as "taxable items"), the other party is a VAT taxpayer who has gone through tax registration, and its expenditure is based on invoices (including invoices issued by tax authorities according to regulations) as pre-tax deduction vouchers;The other party is a unit that does not need to apply for tax registration according to law or an individual engaged in small-scale sporadic business, and its expenses are deducted before tax with the invoices or receipts and internal vouchers issued by the tax authorities. The receipts should contain the name of the payee, personal name and ID number, expenditure items, collection amount and other related information. The judgment standard of small-scale sporadic business is that the sales of individuals engaged in taxable items do not exceed the threshold stipulated by the relevant VAT policies. Where the State Administration of Taxation has other provisions on invoicing taxable items, the prescribed invoices or bills shall be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 10 If the expenses incurred by an enterprise in China are not taxable items, if the other party is the unit, other external vouchers other than invoices issued by the other party shall be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers; If the other party is an individual, the internal voucher shall be used as the pre-tax deduction voucher. Although the expenditure items incurred by enterprises in China are not taxable items, invoices can be issued according to the provisions of the State Administration of Taxation, which can be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 11 For the expenses incurred by an enterprise in purchasing goods or services from abroad, the invoice issued by the other party, receipt voucher with invoice nature and relevant tax payment voucher shall be used as the pre-tax deduction voucher. Article 12 An enterprise obtains invoices that are printed privately, forged, altered, invalidated, illegally obtained by the drawer, falsely made out and filled out irregularly (hereinafter referred to as "non-compliant invoices"), and other external vouchers that are not in compliance with national laws, regulations and other relevant provisions (hereinafter referred to as "non-compliant invoices""Non-compliant other external vouchers") shall not be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 13 If an enterprise should have obtained invoices and other external vouchers, or has obtained non-compliant invoices and other external vouchers, if the expenditure is true and has actually occurred, it should ask the other party to reissue and issue invoices and other external vouchers before the end of the annual settlement period. Invoices and other external vouchers that have been reissued or exchanged meet the requirements can be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 14 If an enterprise is unable to reissue or exchange invoices or other external vouchers due to special reasons such as cancellation, cancellation, revocation of business license in accordance with the law, and being recognized as an abnormal household by the tax authorities, the expenses can be deducted before tax after the authenticity of the expenses is confirmed by the following materials: (1) Proof of the reasons for the failure to reissue or exchange invoices or other external vouchers (including industrial and commercial cancellation and institutions) (2) Contracts or agreements on related business activities; (3) Payment vouchers paid by non-cash means; (4) Proof materials of cargo transportation; (5) Internal vouchers for goods warehousing and warehousing; (6) Accounting records and other materials of the enterprise. Items 1 to 3 of the preceding paragraph are necessary information. Article 15 After the end of the settlement period, if the tax authorities find that the enterprise should have obtained invoices and other external vouchers, or obtained non-compliant invoices and other external vouchers and informed the enterprise,The enterprise shall, within 60 days from the date of being informed, reissue or exchange invoices and other external vouchers that meet the requirements. Among them, if the other party is unable to reissue or exchange invoices or other external vouchers due to special reasons, the enterprise shall provide relevant information that can confirm the authenticity of its expenditures within 60 days from the date of being informed in accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of these Measures. Article 16 If an enterprise fails to reissue or exchange invoices and other external vouchers that meet the requirements within the prescribed time limit, and fails to provide relevant information to confirm the authenticity of its expenditures in accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of these Measures, the corresponding expenditures shall not be deducted before tax in the year in which they occur. Article 17 Except for the circumstances specified in Article 15 of these Measures, if an enterprise should have obtained invoices and other external vouchers in the previous year, and the corresponding expenses were not deducted before tax in that year, it will obtain invoices and other external vouchers that meet the requirements in the following year or provide relevant information to prove the authenticity of its expenses in accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of these Measures. The corresponding expenses can be retroactive to the pre-tax deduction in the year in which the expenses occurred, but the retroactive period shall not exceed five years. Article 18 If an enterprise and other enterprises (including affiliated enterprises) and individuals jointly accept the payable value-added tax services (hereinafter referred to as "taxable services") in China, they shall share the expenses according to the principle of independent transaction. The enterprise takes the invoice and the split sheet as the pre-tax deduction voucher, and other enterprises that jointly accept taxable services take the split sheet issued by the enterprise as the pre-tax deduction voucher.If the expenses incurred by enterprises and other enterprises and individuals in accepting non-taxable services in China are shared, the enterprises will use other external vouchers and split sheets other than invoices as pre-tax deduction vouchers, and other enterprises that jointly accept non-taxable services will use split sheets issued by enterprises as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 19 If the lessor issues invoices as taxable items for expenses such as water, electricity, gas, air conditioning, heating, communication lines, cable TV, internet, etc. incurred by an enterprise in renting (including the enterprise as a single lessee) office and production premises, the enterprise shall use the invoices as pre-tax deduction vouchers; If the lessor adopts the sharing method, the enterprise shall take other external vouchers issued by the lessor as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 20 These Measures shall come into force as of July 1, 2018.

　　On Monday, Tesla (TSLA.US) rose 6.14% to $463.02, a record high, with a total market value of $1.49 trillion. Musk’s worth soared by $19.2 billion overnight. According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as of Monday’s close, Musk’s net worth reached $474 billion, which has soared by $245 billion year-to-date. The day before, Dan Ives, an analyst at Wade Bush Securities, raised Tesla’s target price from $400 to $515, making it the highest target price on Wall Street. He also gave a target price of $650 under the "optimistic scenario", which will make Tesla’s market value reach about $2.1 trillion.

　　CCTV News:On October 23, 2017, the Ministry of Commerce issued Announcement No.61 of 2017, imposing anti-dumping duties on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. After a name change review, this measure will expire on October 23, 2022. At present, the corporate tax rate in Korea is 6.2%-30.4%, that in Thailand is 18.5%-34.9%, and that in Malaysia is 8.0%-9.5%.

　　On July 12, 2022, the Ministry of Commerce received the application for final review of anti-dumping measures submitted by Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd., Ningxia Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Kaifeng Yu Long Chemical Co., Ltd., Yankuang Lunan Chemical Co., Ltd., Tangshan Zhonghao Chemical Co., Ltd. and CNOOC Amano Chemical Co., Ltd. on behalf of domestic industries. The applicant claims that if the anti-dumping measures are terminated, the dumping of imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia to China may continue or recur, and the damage to China’s industry may continue or recur, and requests the Ministry of Commerce to conduct a final review investigation on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia, and maintain the anti-dumping measures imposed on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia.

　　According to the relevant provisions of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce has reviewed the applicant’s qualifications, the relevant information about the products under investigation and similar products in China, the import of the products under investigation during the implementation of anti-dumping measures, the possibility of continued or reoccurrence of dumping, the possibility of continued or reoccurrence of damage and relevant evidence. The available evidence shows that the applicant meets the provisions of Articles 11, 13 and 17 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on industry and industry representation, and is qualified to file an application on behalf of the paraformaldehyde industry in China. The investigation organ believes that the applicant’s claims and the prima facie evidence submitted meet the requirements of the final review and filing.

　　According to Article 48 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce has decided to conduct a final review investigation on the anti-dumping measures applicable to imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia from October 24, 2022. The relevant matters are hereby announced as follows:

　　I. Continue to implement anti-dumping measures

　　According to the suggestion of the Ministry of Commerce, the Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council decided to continue to levy anti-dumping duties on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia in accordance with the scope of taxable products and tax rates announced by the Ministry of Commerce in the annex during the final review investigation of anti-dumping measures.

　　The anti-dumping tax rates levied on companies are as follows:

　　Korean companies:

　　1. Korea Engineering Plastics Co., Ltd. 30.0%

　　（KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS CO.,LTD.）

　　2. (Zhu) Kelong Plastic Co., Ltd. 6.2%

　　（KOLON PLASTICS, INC.)

　　3. Other Korean companies 30.4%

　　（All others）

　　Thai company:

　　1. Thailand Polyformaldehyde Co., Ltd. 18.5%

　　（THAI POLYACETAL CO., LTD.）

　　2. Other Thai companies 34.9%

　　（All others）

　　Malaysian company:

　　1. Baoli Plastics (Asia Pacific) Company 8.0%

　　（Polyplastics Asia Pacific Sdn. Bhd.）

　　2. Other Malaysian companies 9.5%

　　（All others）

　　Second, the review investigation period

　　The dumping investigation period of this review is from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022, and the industrial injury investigation period is from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2022.

　　Third, review the scope of products under investigation

　　The scope of products reviewed is the products to which the original anti-dumping measures apply, which is consistent with the scope of products to which the anti-dumping measures announced by the Ministry of Commerce are listed in the annex, as follows:

　　Product name: copolymerized polyoxymethylene, also known as polyoxymethylene copolymer, or polyoxymethylene copolymer.

　　English name: Polyformaldehyde Copolymer, or Polyoxymethylene Copolymer, or Copolymer-type Acetal Resin, or Acetal Copolymer, etc. English name is usually referred to as POM Copolymer for short.

　　Chemical molecular formula:-[CH2-O] n-[CH2-O-CH2-CH2] m-(n > m).

　　Physical and chemical characteristics: Copolymerized polyoxymethylene is a thermoplastic resin synthesized from formaldehyde, with -CH2-O- main chain and -[CH2-O-CH2-CH2]- block bond (the content of -CH2-O- is more than 50% by weight). At room temperature, it is usually a milky white or yellowish granular solid, and it also meets the following performance indexes:

　　Main uses: Copolymer polyoxymethylene has good comprehensive mechanical properties such as high mechanical strength, high fatigue resistance, high creep resistance, etc. It can partially replace metal materials such as copper, zinc, tin and lead, and can be directly used or modified for automobile parts, electronic appliances, industrial machinery, daily necessities, sports equipment, medical appliances, pipeline fittings, building materials and other fields.

　　This product belongs to People’s Republic of China (PRC) Import and Export Tariff: 39071010 and 39071090. Other products under these two tax codes, such as homopolymerized polyoxymethylene and modified polyoxymethylene, are not within the scope of the products under investigation.

　　Fourth, the content of the review

　　The contents of this review investigation are: If the anti-dumping measures against imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia are terminated, whether dumping and damage may continue or recur.

　　V. Register for the survey

　　Interested parties may, within 20 days from the date of this announcement, register with the Trade Relief and Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce to participate in this anti-dumping final review investigation. Interested parties participating in the survey shall provide basic identity information, the quantity and amount of products under investigation exported or imported to China, the quantity and amount of similar products produced and sold, and related information according to the Reference Form for Registration to Participate in the Survey. The reference format for registering for the survey can be downloaded from the website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce.

　　Interested parties who register to participate in this anti-dumping investigation shall submit the electronic version through the "Information Platform for Trade Relief Investigation" (https://etrb.mofcom.gov.cn), and submit the written version at the same time according to the requirements of the Ministry of Commerce. The contents of the electronic version and the written version should be the same, and the format should be consistent.

　　The interested parties mentioned in this announcement refer to the individuals and organizations stipulated in Article 19 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China.

　　Sixth, access to public information

　　Interested parties may download it from the website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce or go to the Trade Relief Public Information Consulting Room of the Ministry of Commerce (Tel: 0086-10-65197878) to find, read, copy and copy the non-confidential text of the application submitted by the applicant in this case. During the investigation, interested parties may search, read, copy and copy the public information of the case through relevant websites or to the consulting room of trade remedy public information of the Ministry of Commerce.

　　VII. Comments on filing a case

　　If interested parties need to comment on the product scope, applicant qualifications, countries (regions) under investigation and other related issues, they can submit their written opinions to the Trade Relief and Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce within 20 days from the date of this announcement.

　　Eight, the investigation method

　　According to the provisions of Article 20 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce can obtain information from relevant stakeholders and conduct investigations by means of questionnaires, sampling, hearings and on-site verification.

　　In order to obtain the information needed for the investigation of this case, the Ministry of Commerce usually issues questionnaires to interested parties within 10 working days from the deadline for registration and participation in the investigation stipulated in this announcement. Interested parties can download the questionnaire from the website of the Ministry of Commerce and the sub-website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau.

　　The interested parties shall submit complete and accurate answers within the specified time. The answer sheet should include all the information required by the questionnaire.

　　IX. Submission and processing of information

　　In the process of investigation, interested parties shall submit comments, answers, etc. through the "Information Platform for Trade Relief Investigation" (https://etrb.mofcom.gov.cn), and at the same time submit the written version according to the requirements of the Ministry of Commerce. The contents of the electronic version and the written version should be the same, and the format should be consistent.

　　If the information submitted by interested parties to the Ministry of Commerce needs to be kept confidential, they may request the Ministry of Commerce to keep the relevant information confidential and explain the reasons. If the Ministry of Commerce agrees to its request, the interested party applying for confidentiality shall also provide a non-confidential summary of the confidential information. The non-confidential summary shall contain sufficient meaningful information so that other interested parties can have a reasonable understanding of the confidential information. If you cannot provide a non-confidential summary, you should explain the reasons. If the information submitted by interested parties does not indicate the need for confidentiality, the Ministry of Commerce will regard the information as public information.

　　X. Consequences of Non-cooperation

　　According to Article 21 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, when the Ministry of Commerce conducts an investigation, the interested parties shall truthfully reflect the situation and provide relevant information. If the interested party fails to truthfully report the situation and provide relevant information, or fails to provide necessary information within a reasonable time, or seriously hinders the investigation in other ways, the Ministry of Commerce may make a ruling based on the facts already obtained and the best information available.

　　XI. Time limit for investigation

　　This survey started on October 24th, 2022 and should be completed before October 24th, 2023 (excluding today).

　　XII. Contact information of the Ministry of Commerce

　　Address: No.2 East Chang ‘an Street, Beijing, China

　　Postal code: 100731

　　Import Investigation Division 3 of Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of Ministry of Commerce

　　Tel: 0086-10-65197586, 65198175

　　Fax: 0086-10-65198172

　　Related websites: the website of the Ministry of Commerce and the sub-website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau (the website is https://trb.mofcom.gov.cn).

　　Ministry of Commerce

　　October 23, 2022

　　Photo by Liu Zhengyun (Xinhua News Agency)

　　Not long ago, an online article about the flu burst into a circle of friends. Many people lamented: "A small flu is so harmful!"

　　Although influenza virus has high variability, rapid spread and strong harm, this epidemic did not cause panic, because we have medicine in our hands — — From capsules and granules to injections, from the world’s first technology to the establishment of the world’s largest production line, China has become one of the countries with the richest anti-influenza drugs and the strongest clinical treatment support ability in the world. It has the independent prevention and control ability to deal with any scale of influenza, and has long since got rid of the dilemma that prevention and control drugs can’t be bought, can’t afford it and can’t be bought at a critical moment.

　　When it comes to national emergency rescue and major epidemic prevention and control, we can’t help but mention a little-known research institute — — Overcoming various technical difficulties and achieving major scientific research achievements among the world’s advanced ranks, they can often win at such a critical moment — — This is a pharmaceutical research institute of the Military Medical Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences, which is known as "the vanguard of protection and the iron army of epidemic prevention".

　　It is this institute that has successively graduated from seven academicians of the two academies, owned a "double-qualified" laboratory designated by an international organization and seven national and military key laboratories, won more than 190 high-level scientific and technological achievement awards represented by the national special prize for scientific and technological progress and the first and second prizes, obtained 74 new drug certificates and granted more than 500 patents, successively awarded an honorary title to a research laboratory, and five teams won the collective first and second prizes.

　　In the spring of 2003, when the SARS virus was raging, the team led by Li Song, a researcher at the Institute, locked the epidemic virus as the main research direction and soon achieved results. They predicted that the next sudden major epidemic was likely to be influenza, and then they raised funds to carry out drug pre-research.

　　"No one is forcing us to do these things. It is better to engage in other topics, send some articles, and evaluate the titles and ranks." Some young researchers in the team questioned. Li Song replied: "We are lucky to have the opportunity to do something truly meaningful for the country and the people!"

　　By 2009, when H1N1 struck again, Li Song’s team once again created a miracle: the drug production capacity was increased by 30 times, and the national reserve task of 26 million people was completed in only 135 days, saving the country 5.7 billion yuan in procurement funds.

　　Can achieve such results, relying on a "cold bench" spirit. In the field of anti-drug struggle, Li Jin, a researcher at the institute, has been sitting on the "cold bench" for 20 years. Work normally ends at 10: 30 at night, and the progress of scientific research is reported regularly. All major discoveries must be verified repeatedly … … These unwritten rules have been adhered to in Li Jin’s research group for 20 years. This is an ordinary 20 years, except for the laboratory or the laboratory; This has been a hard journey for 20 years, and every progress has been difficult.

　　Hard work pays off, and good news keeps coming: Li Jin was hired as the chief scientist of the first national 973 project in the field of drug rehabilitation in China; His research group discovered a new opioid function regulation system and proved for the first time that this system has a clear inhibitory effect on opioid addiction and relapse; A new Chinese medicine for preventing opioid relapse — — Duanjin Jiedu Capsule has ideal detoxification and relapse prevention effects, and it is not addictive. Recently, it has obtained the national clinical approval & HELIP; …

　　In the pharmaceutical synthesis laboratory, the reporter saw such a scene: on the computer screen, a mass of green substance appeared, with a yellow depression in the middle, and a row of irregular branches slowly approached and embedded in it.

　　"This is a virtual drug screening experiment conducted by researchers using trillions of cluster computer systems." Xiao Junhai, deputy director of the institute, said that this platform can screen 500,000 molecules every day, which is thousands of times more efficient than traditional screening methods. The workload in the past six months can now be completed in a few days. He introduced that a good platform for production, learning and research is a big "magnetic field" for them to attract talents.

　　"In addition to yearning for military status, I value the scientific research environment here, the innovative atmosphere that is not troubled by fame and fortune, and I am willing to work here without paying money!" Duan Xiaotao, a doctor studying in the United States, would rather give up his high salary than come to the institute for scientific research.

　　At present, the institute has three academicians of the two academies, 30 of whom have been selected into the national major talent projects such as the 100-million-person talent project and the national 10,000-person plan, and 15 of them have won the military outstanding talent award or been selected into the military major talent projects such as the innovative talent project.

　　What is rare is that such a team that chooses the best among the best has a heart that is willing to contribute and indifferent to fame and fortune. As we all know, drug research and development and production are extremely profitable in the market, and patent fees alone are very considerable. However, when a new type of antibiotic came on the market, the experts of the institute strongly urged enterprises not to mass-produce for economic benefits, so as not to lose the last line of defense against superbugs. Li Song has a "three noes" principle — — Do not love power, fame or wealth.

　　In times of crisis, they dare to rush ahead. After the "8.12" explosion accident in Tianjin Port in 2015, Wang Yongan, a protection expert of the Institute, took the lead in entering the explosion core area and completed a "most beautiful retrograde". Wearing heavy protective clothing and working continuously in high temperature, he almost collapsed. After careful investigation, he put forward "don’t enter unless you prevent it, don’t enter unless you train it, handle it across regions, and protect it at different levels", which became the action criterion to guide the rescue.

　　Wang Yongan’s feat in such a critical moment is not uncommon in this institute. One year, the institute undertook the production task of an emergency drug. Due to the dangerous production process, the manufacturer suddenly changed his mind and withdrew all the workers on the eve of construction. Under urgent circumstances, Jiao Kefang, Xie Yunde and others stationed in pharmaceutical factories resolutely undertook all production tasks. Put buckets of raw materials into the reaction kettle by hand and take turns to be on duty 24 hours a day … … After more than 40 days, they delivered the qualified drugs to the troops on time.

　　"There are many touching stories behind every scientific research achievement." Director Su Ruibin was deeply touched.

　　Behind the story is the continuous struggle and selfless dedication of generations of researchers in the institute.

　　(Shao Longfei and Zhuang Yingna participated in the writing)

　　　　 China’s current consumer rights protection system is mainly the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Product Quality Law, the Consumer Rights Protection Law, the civil compensation system in the civil law and the product "three guarantees" system implemented by administrative means in 1988.

Although the above-mentioned laws and regulations in China provide consumers with weapons to protect their rights, the contents related to the recall of defective products are general, too general and lack of operability. For example, Article 26 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Product Quality Law clearly stipulates: "Producers should be responsible for the quality of their products." Article 18 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests clearly stipulates: "If an operator finds that the goods or services provided by him are seriously defective, even if the goods or services are used correctly, it may still cause harm to personal and property safety, he shall immediately report to the relevant administrative department and inform the consumers, and take measures to prevent the harm."

Although these laws and regulations in China are the same as the product recall system to protect consumers’ personal and property interests, there are obvious differences between them. According to China’s current laws and regulations, a product will only be treated after it has caused harm. At present, the domestic treatment of defective products, such as quality problems or unqualified products, mainly adopts that the damaged consumers claim compensation from the sellers or manufacturers through judicial procedures on the grounds of breach of contract or infringement. For defective products in mass production, a large number of consumers’ personal and property are damaged.How the administrative organs manage and punish, and promote enterprises to improve and make up for product defects is still weak. After the implementation of the defective product recall system, as long as a batch of products are found to have quality problems and may cause harm to consumers, enterprises are obliged to recall or destroy the products. Obviously, the product recall system has the function of "nip in the bud", which has obvious advantages compared with the passive protection of the Consumer Protection Law.