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People with normal vision read by light. The white paper is brighter and the black words are darker, so the naked eye can distinguish the words between light and dark.

What does the visually impaired read? One is by touch, and there are blind documents to touch. One is hearing. When some books are not translated into Braille, maybe you can find audio books.

If you can’t find a ready-made audio book, how can the blind read an ordinary printed book?

As early as 1913, Edmund Fournier d’Albe, a physicist at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, showed a scanner to help the blind listen to books, named "Optophone" (photoelectric reading device). A few years later, the equipment was transformed into a more practical version by a scientific instrument manufacturer.

In 1920, the magazine reported Scientific American.

When the machine sweeps a line of words from left to right, there will be a sound in the user’s headphones. However, the sound is not speech, but a combination of some notes.

Write the word "write" with notes.

Different note combinations represent different glyphs. For example, the letter T has a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, the horizontal direction is represented by a monosyllabic elongation, and the vertical direction is represented by a chord. The notes used here are the highest to SOH and the lowest to the lowest octave SOH.

The note corresponding to the letter t, Tiffany Chan

The height of the notes reflects the position of the ink on the paper: one horizontal of the T is at the top, just lengthen the highest note SOH, while one vertical of the T has ink from top to bottom, so you can play the five notes of SOH, FAH, MI, ME and DOH at the same time, which is a chord.

Then, when the letter T appears, the earphone should first emit a continuous SOH, with a short chord in the middle, and finally return to the continuous SOH. A letter, a word or a paragraph can be "written" with a string of notes:

The note combination corresponding to the word "Type" is Tiffany Chan.

As long as you are familiar with the correspondence between letters and note strings in advance, the blind can hear the contents of a book.

Translating glyphs into notes is not complicated in terms of rules, but it is only part of the work of this machine. Before that, it must first see what font is printed on the book before it can begin to translate.

Therefore, automatically scanning text is the most important thing.

Selenium can see black and white.

At the beginning, the naked eye can distinguish the words on the paper by light. The light returning from black letters is very weak, not as strong as the reflection of white paper. But how does the machine achieve similar perception?

Scientists thought of selenium, and the resistance of this substance will change with the intensity of light. Connect batteries on both sides of selenium. When the light hits the ink mark and then reflects to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be larger, and the current passing through it will be smaller. When light is reflected from the blank of the paper to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be smaller, and the current passing through it will be stronger.

The two sides of selenium are connected with a power supply, and the current is different with or without lighting [1]

Different lighting conditions will transform different electrical signals, so selenium can be used as a photodetector. When it sweeps a line of words from left to right, the signal strength will change with the alternation of black and white, which is not difficult to understand. The question is, how does the machine know whether the ink position is high or low, such as whether T is above or below?

Use different beams to scan different positions. If you divide a line of words into five layers, you need five different beams of light to scan it. The so-called different light means that each beam of light hits the surface of selenium to produce a unique electrical signal, which is different from other beams of light. Only in this way can we tell how high the light is calling from.

Divide a line of words into five layers [1]

So how do you divide a beam of light into five different beams?

Here is a porous disk with five holes. When the disc rotates at a speed of 30 revolutions per second, a beam of light is knocked over, and the light passing through the disc is divided into five beams, which are five intermittent (or fast flashing) lights.

Porous disc, Wikimedia Commons, reference [1]

When light is reflected to the surface of selenium intermittently, the current passing through selenium will fluctuate. The current fluctuation caused by these five beams of light is different: because the number of holes in five circles is different, the more holes, the more frequently the light is cut off and the higher the frequency of current fluctuation.

So there were five different beams of light. If they are hit at different positions, we can judge whether the light is reflected from a high place or a low place according to the frequency of current fluctuation. It’s not difficult to tell the difference between a horizontal T and a horizontal T.

The disc divides the light into five different beams.

The notes that users hear are also distributed according to the frequency of current fluctuation.

As for what tools to use to sense the fluctuation of current, the sensor in the telephone receiver can be competent. With the technology at that time, current fluctuations as small as 10-6 amps can be detected.

Is it black or white?

Wit, you may find that according to the principle described above, the strong current signal is the blank, and the weak signal is the ink mark. So, the notes that users hear represent not the ink, but the gaps around the ink?

This was the case with the original products in 1913, and those notes that the user did not hear indicated the location of the ink. When the spaces between words are scanned, all the notes will play together. Therefore, the inventor called it "White-Sounding Optophone".

The combination of notes it plays is so complicated that Mary Jameson, the best user, is trained to read only one word a minute on average. But she still became the first blind person to read ordinary printed books.

In 1918, Barr & Stroud, a manufacturer of scientific instruments, improved the equipment and added a second photosensitive element made of selenium to the photoelectric detector. After the light passes through the disc, part of the light still scans the text and reflects to the first photosensitive element; The other part of the light is directly turned to the second photosensitive element without scanning the text.

Add one more photosensitive element. Popular Science

By combining the signals of the two photosensitive elements, the signal of the blank part can be cancelled. In this way, the notes played by headphones represent ink and letter shapes, while the blank parts are muted. This version is also called "Black-Sounding Optophone".

Of course, its advantage is not only that the combination of notes becomes simple. The structure of the original equipment is fragile. Even if someone walks by heavily, some components may slide to the wrong position, which will affect the normal scanning. The improved equipment is much more stable.

In addition, the improved version also adds the function of adjusting the scanning speed, which can scan a line at the fastest time of 5 seconds and at the slowest time of 5 minutes. Users can choose the speed according to their proficiency in recognizing notes.

Mary jameson is reading Walden Lake.

Mary jameson also used an improved version of this "black voice". Later, her reading speed reached 60 words per minute. Mary became a heavy user of photoelectric reading devices from her school days to her later years.

But for most people, the combination of notes may still sound too complicated. Moreover, some letters with similar shapes, such as "u" and "n", are easily confused. In addition to using the threshold, the price is also prohibitive. 35 pounds in 1920 is about 1,500 pounds (about 13,000 RMB) or more today.

In 1920, the average price of a house in London was about 320 pounds.

In addition, the British Association for the Blind was trying to popularize Braille resources to the whole country, and the photoelectric reading device may pose a threat to the promotion of Braille, and it will not be supported by the association, and the sales volume has been pitiful.

However, commercial failure does not necessarily mean technical failure.

Technology that anyone may need.

In 1949, the engineers of RCA borrowed the principle of photoelectric reading device to create a new reading machine for the blind.

RCA reading machine, which can play the pronunciation of letters, such as "A-"[5]

It also needs to strike the light on the paper and then reflect it on the photoelectric element, thus distinguishing the shapes of letters; It also has a horn, which is responsible for shouting the corresponding sound.

However, the light-emitting device is no longer a lamp with a porous disk, but a cathode ray tube; The photoelectric element is no longer selenium, but photocell; What the trumpet calls out is no longer a note representing a glyph, but a real letter.

Most importantly, there is an additional component in the middle called "electronic analyzer". After receiving the signal from the photoelectric element, it has to pick out the letter that matches the signal from 26 letters before it can command the speaker to read it.

A mainstream view holds that this is the first device in the world that can complete the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) task.

Photo translation AFP

Later, with the development of computer technology, OCR algorithm became more and more sophisticated. Nowadays, artificial intelligence/machine learning has injected a handful of souls into OCR.

Nowadays, OCR serves more than blind people. There may be a moment when everyone needs to copy a large paragraph of text in a picture, or take pictures of foreign characters and throw them directly to translation software. People even think that it is a matter of course to use such technology.

But the first person who made the concept of OCR possible may be Dr Edmund Founier Dalbet, who invented the photoelectric reading device more than 100 years ago.

references

[1] d’Albe, E. E. F. (1924). The Moon-element: An Introduction to the Wonders of Selenium. TF Unwin.

[2] Thomas, E. (2021, June 23). A Century Ago, the Optophone Allowed Blind People to Hear the Printed Word. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/ a-century-ago-the-optophone-allowed-blind-people-to-hear-the-printed-word

[3] d’Albe, E. F. (1914). On a type-reading optophone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 90(619), 373-375.

[4] Jameson, M. (1966). The Optophone: Its beginning and development. Bulletin of prosthetics research, 5, 25.

[5] Mann, M. (1949). Reading machine spells out loud. Popular Science, 154(2), 125-7.

[6] Chan, T., Mills, M., & Sayers, J. (2018). Optophonic reading, prototyping optophones. Amodern, (8).

[7] Cooper, F. S., Gaitenby, J. H., & Nye, P. W. (1984). Evolution of reading machines for the blind: Haskins Laboratories’ research as a case history. Veterans Administration, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rehabilitation R & D Service.

作者：栗子

原标题：《100年前的盲人，怎样读完一本普通印刷书？》

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On April 30th, the Korean media sedaily published a blog post yesterday (April 29th), reporting that the Foundry business of Samsung has regained the favor of Qualcomm.Will undertake the production order of 2nm chips from Qualcomm.

The media quoted the supply chain news that the Samsung wafer foundry business started negotiations with Qualcomm on the production details of the 2 nm mobile application processor (AP), and speculated that it would be launched in the second half of 2026. Galaxy Z Fold8 and Galaxy Z Flip8 Among the two folding flagship mobile phones, the first one is equipped.Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Extreme Edition 2 Chip OEM by SamsungAnd next year’s　Galaxy　S26　The chips used in the series continue to beTSMC OEM.

IT House quoted the contents of the blog post. Samsung plans to complete the design work in the second quarter of 2025, and start filming in the first quarter of 2026. It will be produced and adopted in its cutting-edge factory Huacheng S3. 12 inch wafer, the monthly output is expected to be 1000 tablets, accounting for only 15% of its total production capacity of 2 nanometers (7000 pieces per month), so it is not considered as a large-scale order.

This is three years later, Samsung once again produced mobile phone chips for Qualcomm. In 2020 and 2022, Samsung produced AP for Qualcomm by 5 nm and 4 nm processes respectively. However, after the second half of 2022, due to yield and other problems, Qualcomm handed over all the production of cutting-edge chips below 4 nm to TSMC.

Although Samsung took the lead in launching the mass production of 3 nm process, Qualcomm has not returned, Samsung’s wafer foundry business continues to be under pressure, the 3 nm yield has not been improved, and customer orders have been frustrated one after another. In the first quarter of this year, Samsung’s wafer foundry lost about 2 trillion won, and the market share gap with TSMC widened to more than 60 percentage points.

Korean media believe that Qualcomm’s "return" is regarded as a precious opportunity for Samsung. Although the order volume is not enough to directly reverse the loss, the recognition of major global customers will inject a boost into Samsung’s brand image and marketing.

In addition, Samsung also undertook the production of 4nm AP designed by Qualcomm for the extended reality (XR) head display "Project Moohan" launched by Samsung Mobile Experience (MX) department in the second half of the year, further deepening the cooperation between the two parties.

　　On July 6th, in order to further implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, increase financial support for stabilizing foreign trade and foreign investment, and give full play to the role of financial services in the real economy, Shenzhen Central Sub-branch of the People’s Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Commerce, Shenzhen Supervision Bureau of the Bank of China Insurance Regulatory Commission, and Shenzhen Local Financial Supervision Administration issued the Guiding Opinions on Shenzhen’s Financial Support for Stable Scale and Excellent Structure of Foreign Trade, which mainly showed three characteristics.

　　First, focus on problem-oriented and accurately grasp the direction of force. Based on in-depth investigation and study, the drafting focuses on finding out the situation and problems, and puts forward effective countermeasures, which has strong pertinence and operability, can solve the urgent difficulties and worries of foreign trade enterprises in time, and effectively help them out.

　　The second is to coordinate the current and long-term and accelerate the innovation drive. On the one hand, focus on the difficulties in the field of foreign trade at this stage and put forward solutions; On the other hand, it also takes into account the long-term, improves the financial environment for foreign trade development, actively cultivates new kinetic energy of foreign trade, and promotes the innovative and standardized development of new foreign trade formats and new models.

　　The third is to fully mobilize policy resources and form a synergy. It has fully integrated the existing financial support foreign trade policies, covering financing, settlement, credit insurance, exchange rate risk management and other contents, deeply integrated with the development policy of Shenzhen’s foreign trade industry, and organically combined the management services of financial institutions and regulatory authorities to co-ordinate risk prevention and steady growth.

　　There are 24 specific measures in four aspects in the Guiding Opinions of Shenzhen Financial Support for Stable Scale and Excellent Structure of Foreign Trade. First, increase import and export credit support to help foreign trade enterprises reduce costs and increase efficiency. Encourage financial institutions to do a good job in credit supply in foreign trade, actively meet the foreign trade financing needs of private, small and medium-sized enterprises, and use monetary policy tools to support the development of foreign trade enterprises; Innovate credit products, stabilize and expand import and export in key areas, and develop foreign trade supply chain finance; Cultivate and expand export credit insurance policy financing, and expand the use of RMB in cross-border trade financing. The second is to optimize cross-border settlement services and promote the innovative development of foreign trade. Encourage financial institutions to improve the facilitation level of cross-border trade revenue and expenditure, broaden the channels for cross-border settlement of new foreign trade formats, and promote the standardized and innovative development of cross-border e-commerce, market procurement trade, and comprehensive foreign trade services; Encourage banks and related institutions to facilitate cross-border settlement of major trading platforms, improve the efficiency of cross-border use of local and foreign currency funds, and support domestic and foreign linkage of cross-border trade settlement. The third is to enrich supporting financial support and optimize the financial environment for foreign trade development. Encourage banks to serve foreign trade enterprises to enhance their ability to cope with exchange rate risks and reduce operational risks; Support financial institutions to promote the application of cross-border financial service platform scenarios, participate in the construction of cross-border trade big data platforms, and promote the docking of banks, enterprises and enterprises; Accelerate the implementation of "30 financial support for Qianhai". The fourth is to do a good job in the implementation of the work and give full play to the effectiveness of the policy. All financial institutions are required to strengthen the promotion of foreign trade financial policies and products and services, strengthen the empowerment of science and technology, and strengthen the organization and implementation.

　　Foreign trade is an important part of the national economy. Promoting the stable scale and excellent structure of foreign trade plays an important supporting role in stabilizing growth and employment, building a new development pattern and promoting high-quality development. As an export-oriented economic city, Shenzhen’s foreign trade export ranks first among large and medium-sized cities in China for 30 years in a row. It is of great significance to promote the stable scale and excellent structure of foreign trade to stabilize the economic market. In the next step, the People’s Bank of Shenzhen and the Shenzhen Foreign Exchange Bureau will cooperate with the Municipal Bureau of Commerce, the Shenzhen Banking Insurance Regulatory Bureau and the Municipal Finance Bureau to supervise the financial institutions within their jurisdiction to implement the Guiding Opinions, continuously improve the real economic capacity of financial services, and provide financial guarantee for the high-quality development of Shenzhen’s foreign trade.

　　More than 27,000 bilateral treaties, more than 500 multilateral treaties, 98% of land border issues have been solved, and 121 extradition and criminal judicial assistance treaties & HELIP; … This set of figures shows People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s great contribution to the construction of international law since its founding 70 years ago. The practice of 70 years shows that China has become an important force to defend international fairness and justice and promote the development of international law, and is an important participant, staunch defender and builder of international law.

　　"Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, China has not only resumed its legal seat in the United Nations and fully integrated into the international system, but also become an important participant, defender and builder of the international system with the United Nations as the core and international law as the foundation." Recently, Jia Guide, Director of the Treaty and Law Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said in an exclusive interview with the reporter of Legal Daily.

　　China has always adhered to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, constructively participated in the formulation of international rules in various fields, and has become an important force in safeguarding international fairness and justice and promoting the development of international law.

Some treaties signed by the China government since the founding of New China 70 years ago. Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

　　More than 27,000 bilateral and multilateral treaties have been concluded.

　　On October 1st, 1949, People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded.

　　"After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), one of the first foreign legal affairs to be dealt with is to comprehensively clean up the treaties signed between the old government and foreign countries." Jia Guide said that according to the customary international law on treaty succession, the new government can not inherit the unequal treaties signed by foreign countries with the old government through illegal means such as war and coercion.

　　In September 1949, the first political consultative conference in China adopted the Common Program, which pointed out: "The Central People’s Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) should review the treaties and agreements concluded between the Kuomintang government and foreign governments, and recognize them respectively, or abolish them, or modify them, or re-write them according to their contents."

　　On this basis, New China steadily cleaned up the old treaties, promoted the conclusion of new treaties with foreign countries, and formulated the Treaty Concluding Procedure Law in 1990. Up to now, China has concluded more than 27,000 bilateral treaties and more than 500 multilateral treaties, covering all aspects of international exchanges such as politics, economy, society and culture. A complete treaty system has laid a strong legal foundation for China’s opening up, exchanges and cooperation.

On December 31st, 1953, Premier Zhou Enlai put forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence for the first time when he met with the Indian government delegation. The picture shows Premier Zhou Enlai taking photos with Indian President Rajendra Prashad (first from right), Vice President sarvepalli radhakrishnan (third from right) and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (first from left) when he was invited to visit India in late June 1954. Information picture

　　Advocate and adhere to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

　　China has always advocated and adhered to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and made historic contributions to the development of international law.

　　In the 1950s, in the decolonization movement after the end of the Second World War, the cause of national independence and liberation in Asia, Africa and Latin America flourished, and newly independent countries were eager to establish equal international relations.

　　Following the historical trend, New China, together with India and Myanmar, advocated the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in 1954. Over the past 60 years, the Five Principles have reflected the universal demands of developing countries for independence, independence, self-improvement and development, and also promoted exchanges and cooperation between countries with different ideologies and social systems.

　　"The Five Principles are highly consistent with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on friendly relations between countries, such as sovereign equality, non-use of force and non-interference in internal affairs. They have become the basic norms guiding state-to-state relations and the basic principles of international law, and have been widely recognized and followed by the international community." Jia Guide emphasized that the Five Principles have also been enshrined in the Constitution of China, as well as in the communiqué s on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and more than 160 countries and bilateral treaties, which have become the cornerstone of China’s independent foreign policy of peace.

On July 1, 1997, at the handover ceremony, the flag-raising ceremony of China national flag was held. Photo by Wang Miao

　　The principle of "one country, two systems" enriches the development of international law

　　China also creatively put forward the policy of "one country, two systems" in order to properly solve the problems of Hong Kong and Macao left over from history.

　　According to the principle of "one country, two systems", China, Britain and Portugal reached a joint statement through peaceful negotiations, realizing China’s smooth resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao, which has become a model for peaceful settlement of historical issues between countries.

　　“‘ One country, two systems ’ Principles and practices have enriched and developed the specific system of international law. " Jia Guide said, for example, there are no ready-made practices and precedents to follow on how to solve the problem of applying and concluding treaties in Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and how to implement "one country, two systems" and the Basic Law of the two Special Administrative Regions at the treaty level. In order to ensure the smooth development of foreign exchanges between Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, the central government has initiated many new practices in this regard in accordance with the Basic Law. For example, the SAR is given a certain degree of right to conclude foreign treaties, and special arrangements are made for the application of multilateral treaties, taking into account the actual needs of the Hong Kong and Macao SAR, including allowing some treaties that have not yet been joined by the central government and were applied in Hong Kong and Macao before the reunification to continue to apply after the reunification, and some treaties that have been joined in the name of the central government are only applicable to Hong Kong and Macao. All these have enriched and developed international law.

　　Safeguard the country’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests

　　"China has demarcated and demarcated its borders with 12 of its 14 land neighbors in accordance with international law, and solved 98% of the land border problems." Jia Guide said.

　　On the basis of respecting historical facts and in accordance with international law, China insists on resolving disputes over territorial sovereignty and maritime delimitation through negotiations with the countries directly concerned, and has reached arrangements on maritime delimitation and fishery cooperation through negotiations with Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and other countries, resolutely and forcefully responding to the so-called arbitration against the South China Sea, and opposing any dispute settlement scheme imposed on China and the abuse of arbitration procedures to damage China’s sovereignty and maritime rights and interests.

　　Jia Guide emphasized that China creatively put forward the idea of "shelving disputes and jointly developing" and signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea with ASEAN countries. At present, the consultation on formulating the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea has entered the fast lane.

　　Moreover, China has established and improved its domestic marine legislation in accordance with international law. Jia Guide said that shortly after the founding of New China, the China government issued the Declaration on the Territorial Sea, declaring that the width of China’s territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, and all foreign aircraft and military vessels are not allowed to enter China’s territorial sea and the territorial sea without the permission of the China government.

　　China’s related ideas and practices are not only consistent with the 1958 Convention on Territorial Seas and Adjoining Zones, but also with the development trend of international law at that time, which has played an important role in safeguarding national sovereignty, security and maritime rights and interests. China participated in the negotiation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its related implementation agreements, and formulated modern marine legal systems such as territorial sea and the contiguous zone, fishery law, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf law in accordance with international laws including the Convention.

　　Building an international judicial law enforcement cooperation network

　　At present, China has concluded 121 treaties on extradition and criminal judicial assistance with 74 countries, and it can be said that a system of treaties covering major countries in five continents has been initially established.

　　"Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have focused on key pursuit targets, key pursuit countries and key contracting countries, built a treaty network, concluded 39 extradition and criminal judicial assistance treaties, and promoted the entry into force of 24 treaties, which is unprecedented in the history of treaty negotiation. Efforts and achievements." Jia Guide said, "We have achieved a breakthrough in the pursuit and recovery of important countries such as the European Union. Extradition treaties with France and Italy have come into effect one after another, and treaties on criminal judicial assistance have been concluded with Britain and Austria."

　　The China Municipal Government has actively and comprehensively established a legal network for international judicial and law enforcement cooperation, serving and promoting the comprehensive rule of law and the anti-corruption pursuit and recovery work. For example, China actively promotes the conclusion of bilateral extradition treaties and judicial assistance treaties with foreign countries, and participates in multilateral treaties such as the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, providing legal support for promoting judicial law enforcement cooperation between China and foreign countries and international cooperation against corruption.

On April 22nd, 2016, local time, Zhang Gaoli, Special Envoy of the Supreme Leader of president, China and Deputy Prime Minister of the State Council, attended the high-level signing ceremony of the Paris Agreement at the United Nations Headquarters in new york, and signed the Paris Agreement on behalf of China. Xinhua news agency

　　Constructive participation in the formulation of global governance rules

　　"China is widely involved in international treaties and mechanisms related to global governance. It is an important participant and builder of global governance rules and has become a leader in some fields." Jia Guide said.

　　In the field of climate change, China, together with developing countries, promoted the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" to be written into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, promoted the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, implemented the common zone principle, and made important contributions to the Paris Agreement.

　　China adheres to the principle of "common heritage of mankind" and actively participates in international seabed affairs. As early as 1990, COMRA of China applied for registration as one of the pioneer investors. So far, the International Seabed Authority has approved China’s application for five mining areas.

　　China has successively joined the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on the Protection of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection and other treaty systems, and carried out Antarctic scientific research, fisheries and other activities in accordance with relevant treaties. As a negotiating country of the Antarctic Treaty and a member of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Committee, it has fully participated in Antarctic governance. As an observer of the Arctic Council, China participates in Arctic affairs in accordance with international law and strives to contribute China wisdom and China’s strength to the development of the Arctic.

　　China has also actively promoted the formulation of rules in new areas of global governance such as the Internet and outer space, providing a legal basis for the orderly development of international cooperation.

　　□ Reporter’s Notes

　　"China will firmly uphold the international system with the United Nations as the core and based on international law, and persist in being a staunch defender and builder of international law."

　　This is the firm voice of Jia Guide, Director of the Treaty and Law Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, after the interview.

　　In the 70-year historical process, China has always held high the banner of international law, adhered to the international law system centered on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, constructively participated in the formulation of international rules in various fields, actively promoted the democratization of international relations, advocated the equal and unified application of international law, and stood up for its words on major international and regional issues, thus becoming the backbone of defending international fairness and justice and promoting the development of international law. As Chairman Supreme Leader pointed out when meeting with UN Secretary-General Guterres in April this year, "China firmly upholds multilateralism, the international system with the UN at the core, the international order based on international law, and promotes the building of a community of human destiny".

　　China embodies the following distinctive features in the practice of international law: First, it emphasizes respect for national sovereignty, upholds the sovereign equality of all countries, and opposes interfering in other countries’ internal affairs and infringing on their sovereignty under any pretext.

　　Second, we want peace instead of war, adhere to mutual non-aggression, oppose the frequent use or threat of force, advocate peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect the right to freely choose dispute settlement methods.

　　Third, adhere to fairness and justice, advocate the equal and uniform application of international law, do not engage in double standards, and oppose "using it together, but abandoning it if it is not".

　　The fourth is to defend multilateralism, oppose unilateralism and bullying, and achieve mutual benefit and common development through international cooperation on the basis of equality.

　　At present, the international situation continues to fluctuate and the uncertainty is more prominent. In particular, individual countries pursue unilateralism and protectionism, violate international obligations, weaken multilateral mechanisms, engage in bullying and interference, impose unilateral sanctions indiscriminately, provoke trade wars and scientific and technological wars everywhere, and ignore the basic norms of international law and international relations, which has brought uneasiness, conflict and turmoil to the world.

　　Faced with this situation, on the one hand, China clearly adheres to multilateralism and firmly upholds the international system with the United Nations as the core and based on international law; on the other hand, it strengthens cooperation with other countries on the basis of the above principles, and works together to build a community of human destiny and build a new type of international relations.

　　The Chairman of the Supreme Leader has put forward an important initiative to build a community of human destiny on a series of international occasions. This concept has been written into the Constitution of China, which represents China’s solemn commitment to firmly follow the path of peaceful development and firmly safeguard international law.

　　Reporter Wang Yanyan

The people’s governments of all prefectures and cities, the Administrative Committee of Central Yunnan Industrial New District, and the relevant departments directly under the provincial government:

The Implementation Plan for Resolving the Contradiction of Serious Overcapacity is hereby printed and distributed to you, please implement it carefully.

Yunnan Provincial People’s Government

4 May 2014

Implementation plan for resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity

Resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity is the focus of promoting industrial restructuring at present and in the future, and it is also an important task to accelerate industrial upgrading in our province, improve the quality and level of economic development, promote scientific development, and realize the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in synchronization with the whole country. According to the spirit of "Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Resolving the Contradiction of Serious Overcapacity" (Guo Fa [2013] No.41), in order to resolutely implement the relevant national requirements, effectively solve the outstanding problems existing in the steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum and flat glass industries in our province, prevent new contradictions, promote the sustained and healthy development of the industry and promote the adjustment of industrial structure, this implementation plan is specially formulated.

First, the overall thinking and objectives

(A) the overall thinking

Eliminate backward production capacity and adjust and optimize the structure. Decompose and implement the annual target of eliminating backward production capacity, encourage the accelerated elimination of backward production capacity, and guide enterprises to voluntarily withdraw from industries with serious overcapacity. Promote the merger and reorganization of enterprises, support and cultivate the development and growth of excellent and strong enterprises. On the premise of strictly controlling the total amount, we will promote the adjustment and optimization of industrial layout in an orderly manner.

Undertake industrial transfer, green and efficient development. Give full play to the rich advantages of clean energy and resources in our province, actively undertake industrial transfer, and deploy to areas with abundant hydropower and large environmental capacity with the strictest energy-saving and emission-reduction standards and the most advanced technology, so as to realize efficient industrial development, eco-environmental friendliness and obvious social benefits.

Expand border opening and broaden market space. Take advantage of the State Council’s policy of speeding up the development and opening up of border areas, give play to our geographical advantages of being close to Southeast Asia and South Asia, encourage enterprises to go abroad, and strive to use overseas resources and develop the markets of neighboring countries.

(II) Main objectives

Through five years’ efforts, important progress has been made in resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity:

The scale of production capacity is basically reasonable. The total production capacity of steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum and flat glass industries is compatible with environmental bearing capacity, total energy consumption, market demand and resource guarantee, and its advantages are obviously brought into play, and the capacity utilization rate has reached a reasonable level.

The quality of development has improved significantly. Industrial concentration has been significantly improved, the level of clean production and comprehensive utilization of resources has been significantly improved, economic benefits have been significantly improved, and core competitiveness has been significantly enhanced.

Second, the main task

(a) it is forbidden to build new capacity projects.

Strictly implement the provisions and requirements in Document No.41 [2013] of Guofa, and strengthen the project management of industries with serious overcapacity. All localities and departments are not allowed to approve and record new capacity projects in industries with serious overcapacity in any name or in any way. Relevant departments and institutions are not allowed to handle land supply, energy assessment, environmental assessment approval and new credit support, or arrange land use indicators. It is strictly forbidden to provide land space for new capacity projects in industries with serious overcapacity through revision and adjustment of planning, or go through land use approval procedures.

(2) Classify and properly handle illegal projects under construction.

The people’s governments of the prefectures and cities are responsible for comprehensively finding out the capacity scale, technical equipment level of steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum and flat glass within the administrative area, and the basic situation of projects under construction and proposed. Carefully control the requirements of land management, environmental protection, investment management, safety supervision, quality supervision and other laws and regulations, and judge whether the project is illegal according to whether the relevant procedures are fulfilled or whether the procedures are in compliance with the regulations. Any illegal project that has not started shall not be started; All illegal projects under construction that do not meet industrial policies, access standards and environmental protection requirements will be stopped.

For illegal projects under construction that really need to be built, on the basis of meeting the requirements of layout planning and environmental bearing capacity, and the principle of equal or reduced replacement, the people’s governments of the prefectures and cities shall submit project application reports, which shall be submitted to the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Industry and Information Technology Commission and copied to the relevant functional departments such as the Provincial Department of Land and Resources and the Environmental Protection Department. After preliminary examination, the provincial people’s government shall report them to the relevant state ministries and commissions for identification. Through the identification of the project in accordance with the law to complete the relevant procedures. The illegal projects under construction that have not been identified shall not be continued, and shall be properly handled by the state and municipal people’s governments themselves; For illegal projects under construction that are concealed and not reported, once verified, construction will be stopped immediately, financial institutions will stop issuing loans, and the departments of land resources and environmental protection will deal with them according to laws and regulations such as the Land Management Law and the Environmental Protection Law. Those involved in dereliction of duty and trading of power and money will be seriously investigated and punished, and those who are poorly supervised will be seriously investigated for their responsibilities. At the same time, according to the principle that whoever violates the rules is responsible, do a good job in the aftermath of debt and personnel placement. The results of all illegal projects under construction shall be made public to the public.

Conditions for determining illegal projects under construction. The place where the enterprise is located completes the annual emission reduction task; The site selection of the project meets the relevant requirements, the land for the project meets the overall land use planning and land use standards, and there are legal land use approval procedures, etc.; Equipment and scale meet the requirements of industry access conditions; Environmental protection meets the certification conditions issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.

(3) Clean up and rectify the illegal production capacity.

The state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for cleaning up the illegal production capacity built within their administrative areas, and according to the administrative licensing law, land management law, environmental protection law and other laws and regulations, as well as the total energy consumption control index, industrial structure adjustment guidance catalogue, industry norms and access conditions, environmental protection standards and other requirements, put forward rectification plans and report them to the provincial development and Reform Commission, the Industry and Information Technology Commission, the Department of Land and Resources, the Department of Environmental Protection and other departments. After the relevant departments organize experts to check, they put forward the rectification plan for illegal production capacity in our province and report it to the provincial people’s government, which will be publicized to the public on the government website with the consent of the provincial people’s government. After adjustment and improvement according to the opinions, it shall be reported to the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and other ministries and commissions for the record.

The rectification plan should include the following contents: the basic situation of the industry in this region; Eliminate backwardness and optimize the layout of the goals and tasks; Standard conditions for building illegal production capacity to clean up and rectify; List of approved projects; The compliance of enterprises and illegal projects with standard conditions; Control measures (for illegal projects that are not recognized); Supporting policies and risk prevention.

Conditions for filing illegal projects. The place where the enterprise is located completes the annual emission reduction task; The land for the project conforms to the overall land use planning and land use standards, and there are legal land use approval procedures, etc.; The project meets the industry access conditions; Environmental protection meets the filing conditions issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. If an enterprise has equipment that is eliminated in the Industrial Structure Adjustment Catalogue (2011 edition), it must submit a specific plan for eliminating backward equipment.

Strengthen standardized management. If the illegal production capacity has been built through the national record, the enterprise should apply for perfecting the relevant procedures according to the requirements of the relevant state ministries and commissions. Projects with backward technology and equipment, unqualified product quality, and substandard energy consumption and emissions are included in the annual task of eliminating backward products to speed up elimination.

Third, separate policies

(1) Steel

Comprehensively promote the application of steel structures and high-strength seismic steel bars, and promote the upgrading of building steel products. Increase the development of neighboring countries’ markets. Severely crack down on illegal acts such as fake and shoddy steel, tax evasion and tax evasion, and standardize the fair competition environment in the market.

Deepen the joint restructuring of steel enterprises, focus on promoting the joint restructuring, transformation and upgrading of steel industries such as Yuxi City, Qujing City, Chuxiong Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture, promote the optimization and upgrading of steel stocks, and form two or three steel enterprise groups with a production capacity of more than 5 million tons.

Eliminate backward production capacity. Resolutely eliminate iron-making blast furnaces with a capacity of 400 cubic meters or less, converters and electric furnaces with a capacity of 30 tons or less, and eliminated equipment listed in the Guidance Catalogue for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2011 edition); The production capacity promised to be eliminated must be dismantled before the project is put into production. Strengthen the management and control of energy conservation and emission reduction, gradually establish an annual notification system for resources and energy consumption of iron and steel enterprises, and take measures such as key supervision and punitive water and electricity prices for enterprises that fail to meet industry norms, forcing the elimination of backward production capacity.

Implement the relocation and upgrading project of Kunming Iron and Steel Group, steadily promote the preliminary work of the "three-headed outside" steel project in Baoshan City, and explore the electric furnace ironmaking process in the hydropower-rich areas according to the principle of equal or reduced replacement.

(II) Electrolytic aluminum

Give full play to the resource endowment and unique location advantages of electric mines and actively undertake industrial transfer. Study and introduce policies and measures to improve the competitiveness of existing production capacity and build industry benchmarks. In accordance with the requirements of the state to support the orderly transfer to areas with competitive advantages in energy, especially hydropower-rich areas, in areas rich in hydropower and mineral resources, the strictest standards for energy conservation and emission reduction will be adopted, and hydropower aluminum will be moderately developed at a high starting point and on a large scale, so as to reduce the pressure of large-scale long-distance transmission and the phenomenon of abandoned water, and realize the local transformation of resources.

Innovate the development mode of hydropower aluminum, extend the industrial chain up and down, accelerate the development of deep processing products such as aluminum foil, wide aluminum strip and aluminum alloy for packaging and electronics, and develop carbon for aluminum to form an alumina-hydropower aluminum-aluminum deep processing industrial chain.

Increase the research and development and application of key technologies at the forefront of energy conservation and emission reduction to achieve green development. Develop safe and energy-saving buildings and promote the application of aluminum materials.

(3) Cement

Promote the use of high-grade cement and high-performance concrete, and gradually reduce the proportion of production and use of 32.5 composite cement. Vigorously develop cement products, develop and apply special cement, and improve the bulk cement rate. Actively explore the markets of neighboring countries.

Increase energy conservation and emission reduction, and promote layout adjustment and optimization in an orderly manner. Accelerate the technical transformation of the existing cement (clinker) production line, such as pure low temperature waste heat power generation, energy saving of grinding system, frequency conversion speed regulation, denitrification and so on. Encourage and support the use of existing cement kilns around central cities to co-dispose of municipal solid waste, sludge and hazardous wastes. Implement differentiated management policies to adapt the total production capacity to environmental carrying capacity, market demand and resource guarantee, and coordinate the industrial layout with regional economic development.

Resolutely eliminate backward production capacity. Forced elimination of cement clinker production lines in mechanical vertical kiln and wet kiln; Through equal or reduced replacement measures, the cement production line with a daily output of less than 2,000 tons (except special cement) and the cement clinker production capacity with high resource and energy consumption and substandard pollutant discharge will be forced to withdraw from the market, and the cement clinker production capacity will be eliminated by more than 10 million tons.

Focus on supporting Yunnan Kungang Cement Building Materials Group, CONCH, Lafarge Ruian, China Building Materials Group Yunnan Southwest Cement, Yunnan huaxin cement, China Resources Cement, Yiliang Hongshi Cement and other advantageous backbone cement enterprises to carry out cross-regional and cross-ownership mergers and acquisitions to become bigger and stronger. By 2017, the number of cement clinker production enterprises in the province will be controlled within 90, and the cement production capacity and output of the top 10 enterprises will account for more than 75% of the total in the province.

(4) Flat glass

Support glass enterprises to jointly research and develop characteristic glass products with resource advantages in our province with scientific research institutes and universities, and develop safe and energy-saving functional glass.

Carry out inter-provincial docking activities, actively undertake industrial transfer, and strive to open up surrounding markets. In areas rich in quartz sand resources, based on the principle of equal replacement, moderately lay out the production capacity of high-quality float glass, encourage the integration of raw film production and deep processing, and cultivate a deep processing base for glass.

Strengthen the supervision of the elimination of backwardness and energy conservation and emission reduction of existing flat glass production enterprises, and accelerate the withdrawal of enterprises with small scale, poor equipment, low added value, high resource and energy consumption and serious environmental pollution.

The Provincial Development and Reform Commission is responsible for resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity in the steel and electrolytic aluminum industries; The Provincial Commission of Industry and Information Technology is responsible for resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity in the cement and flat glass industries.

Fourth, the implementation steps

The first stage. Prepare the implementation plan for resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity in Yunnan Province, and the people’s governments of various states and municipalities will comprehensively clean up the production capacity and projects of industries with serious overcapacity. It’s done.

The second stage. According to the implementation plan, the people’s governments of the prefectures and cities study and put forward plans for rectifying the illegal production capacity built in the region, and put forward application reports for illegal projects under construction that are really necessary, and report them to the relevant departments at the provincial level. Relevant departments directly under the provincial level shall study and formulate relevant policies and detailed rules. Completed before May 20, 2014.

The third stage. The Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Industry and Information Technology Commission, in consultation with relevant functional departments, completed the rectification plan for illegal production capacity and publicized it according to the situation of cleaning up the production capacity and projects of industries with serious overcapacity in various States and cities, and put forward the illegal projects under construction that are really necessary to be built and reported for identification. Completed before the end of June 2014.

The fourth stage. According to the feedback from the state, improve the project procedures and continue to implement and promote relevant work. Completed by the end of 2017.

V. Policy measures

Relevant provincial departments and state and municipal people’s governments shall, according to their functions and responsibilities, do a good job in refining and implementing policies and measures.

(A) improve industry management

It is necessary to give full play to the guiding and binding role of national industry planning, policies and standards, strengthen industry access and standardized management, and actively declare and publicize the list of qualified production lines and enterprises. Give play to the important role of industry associations in industry self-discipline and information services, and timely release relevant information such as capacity utilization and market supply and demand in industries with serious overcapacity. Regularly publish the list of enterprises that eliminate backward production capacity, unqualified products, and unqualified energy consumption and emissions.

In combination with the reform of the administrative examination and approval system, we will strengthen supervision during and after the event, take the lead in establishing a project information database for the steel and cement industries, and interconnect it with information systems such as land and resources, environmental protection and finance to form a collaborative supervision and early warning mechanism for production capacity.

(B) to strengthen the supervision and management of environmental protection hard constraints

Strengthen the management of environmental protection access, strictly control the total discharge of major pollutants in the region, and improve the measures to limit the number of batches in the region. Carry out dynamic monitoring of environmental quality and emissions of key pollution sources, and implement measures such as limiting production and stopping production for enterprises with excessive pollutant emissions.

Strengthen supervision and inspection of law enforcement, expose the list of enterprises that violate the environment, increase punishment, and order rectification within a time limit. Enterprises with serious pollution emissions exceeding the standard should stop production for rectification; Enterprises that still do not meet the relevant provisions of pollutant discharge standards and special emission limits after rectification shall be shut down.

(C) play the role of land regulation

Give play to the overall control role of the overall land use planning, and it is strictly forbidden to provide land space for new capacity projects in industries with serious overcapacity such as steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum and flat glass by modifying and adjusting the planning, and strictly prevent the legalization of land that does not meet the national industrial policy.

Strict land use planning management. For steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum, flat glass and other industrial projects with serious overcapacity, no new construction land planning indicators will be arranged, and the pre-trial application for land use will not be accepted. Those that have been accepted will not pass the pre-trial application.

For industries with serious overcapacity that eliminate backward production capacity, if the existing land is used for development and conversion, and the use of industrial land is not changed under the premise of conforming to the national industrial policy and relevant planning, the land use rate can be improved and the construction volume ratio can be increased without increasing the land price; In the transformation and development, involving the change of land use, in accordance with the "agreement to transfer the right to use state-owned land (Trial)" for.

(D) the implementation of fiscal and taxation policies

Actively strive for financial support from the central government for structural adjustment and industrial upgrading of industries with serious overcapacity, and implement tax policies to promote mergers and acquisitions of enterprises and transfer excess capacity overseas.

Implement targeted credit guidance policies for industries with serious overcapacity. Construction projects that have not obtained legal procedures are not allowed to lend, issue bonds or go public for financing. Through the development of targeted M&A loans, the interest rate and loan term of M&A loans will be reasonably determined, and credit support for mergers and acquisitions of enterprises with superior industries will be increased.

Enterprises with backward technology and equipment, unqualified product quality, unqualified energy consumption and emissions and listed in the annual task of eliminating backwardness announced by the competent departments of various industries shall not add new credit support, and the existing credit shall be cleared up in time to ensure the safety of creditor’s rights.

(5) Improve and standardize the price policy.

We will continue to implement the differential electricity price policy for energy-intensive enterprises.

We will implement the ladder price policy for electricity consumption in electrolytic aluminum enterprises, and study and formulate the implementation opinions of ladder price in steel, cement and other industries in a timely manner. On the basis of the current catalogue electricity price, in accordance with the relevant provisions, the restricted enterprises in high energy-consuming industries such as cement and steel will be charged 0. 10 yuan per kWh, and the eliminated enterprises will be charged 0. 30 yuan per kWh. According to the energy consumption limit standards formulated by the state and our province, and the list of substandard enterprises determined by the competent department of industry, the national differential electricity price policy will be implemented. Strengthen the supervision and inspection of the implementation of the electricity price policy, and seriously investigate and deal with the behavior of not implementing the national electricity price policy. Support power users who meet the national industrial policies and environmental protection requirements to conduct direct transactions with power generation enterprises. The electricity price is determined by both parties through consultation, and the transmission and distribution price is implemented according to the transmission and distribution price standard of Yunnan Power Grid approved by the National Development and Reform Commission.

(6) create a fair environment

We will ensure that all ownership economies use production factors equally in accordance with the law, participate in market competition fairly, and be equally protected by law, effectively reduce administrative intervention in the production and business activities of enterprises, and resolutely clean up and abolish preferential policies such as land, resources, taxes, electricity prices, etc., which harm fair competition, and restrictive measures such as local protection and market segmentation in attracting investment from governments at all levels. Strengthen intellectual property protection and quality system construction, crack down on counterfeit and shoddy products, rectify and standardize market order, and form a market environment conducive to innovation and development.

Resolutely cancel the preferential policies of land and resources that harm fair competition. Strictly implement the bidding, auction and listing transfer system for industrial and business projects, and shall not transfer the right to use state-owned construction land below the minimum standard for industrial land transfer. It is strictly forbidden to attract investment in the form of land exchange for projects, first levy and return, subsidies, etc. Conscientiously clean up and resolutely abolish the preferential policies for project land and mining in industries with serious overcapacity, and ban all problems such as illegally transferring the right to use state-owned construction land at low prices, lowering the tax threshold and quota standard for land investment, distributing land indicators, and lowering the transfer price of mining industry.

(seven) the implementation of the employee placement policy.

Governments at all levels should earnestly shoulder their responsibilities and incorporate laid-off workers from enterprises into the employment support policy system to resolve the contradiction of serious overcapacity. We will implement policies such as promoting self-employment, encouraging enterprises to absorb employment and helping people with employment difficulties, strengthen services such as free job introduction and career guidance for laid-off and unemployed people, provide vocational training, carry out entrepreneurship guidance and entrepreneurship training, implement policies such as tax reduction and exemption for self-employment and small secured loans, and support laid-off and unemployed people to promote employment through entrepreneurship. Do a good job in the continuation and transfer of social insurance relations for laid-off workers, implement their social security benefits in accordance with regulations, and properly handle the labor relations of employees according to law.

VI. Implementing safeguards

(A) unify thinking and raise awareness.

Earnestly study the State Council’s guiding opinions on resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity, fully understand its importance and urgency in economic transformation and industrial restructuring, unify thoughts and actions in the arrangement and deployment of the State Council, and earnestly implement them. It is necessary to strengthen cohesion and communication, track and master the implementation rules of the relevant state ministries and commissions to resolve the contradiction of serious overcapacity, and effectively solve the outstanding problems existing in the development of the industry in our province.

(B) to strengthen publicity.

Give play to the role of news media in guiding public opinion and the supervision of the public. Through various media and in various forms, we will vigorously publicize the implementation, typical experience and good practices of resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity in our province, enhance social confidence and create a good public opinion environment. Strengthen the supervision of public opinion, and publicly expose those who continue to violate laws and regulations to ensure the smooth progress of resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity.

(3) Strengthen supervision and inspection

The work of resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity is listed as an important part of the implementation of the supervision and inspection of major decision-making arrangements of the provincial party Committee and the provincial government, and the supervision and inspection of the implementation of this implementation plan is strengthened by the provincial government supervision room. Strict law enforcement accountability, the state, city and department of poor work, informed criticism, establish and improve the responsibility extension system. Strengthen the investigation and handling of cases, and if the supervision of industrial projects with serious overcapacity in violation of laws and regulations is weak, the responsibility of the responsible person shall be investigated in accordance with relevant state regulations. The work of curbing redundant construction and resolving the contradiction of serious overcapacity will be included in the performance evaluation index system of state and municipal people’s governments.

Attachment: Division of Key Tasks and Schedule

attachment

　　Entertainment activities such as watching dramas, watching variety shows, brushing short videos and games are indispensable in residents’ daily lives, and these are inseparable from the support of WiFi. A good router can greatly improve the quality of life. In order to let consumers buy good router products with low price and high quality, from March 21st to 31st, JD.COM launched the network peak activity in an all-round way, and brought a variety of good router products with high cost performance and high quality together with brands such as Huawei, TP-LINK, Xiaomi, ZTE, Tenda, Asus, Ruijie, Glory, Feimao Zhilian and Shangzan, and provided tens of millions of trade-in subsidies to help consumers change their products. When purchasing explosive router products, they can enjoy high trade-in subsidies.

　　During the network peak activity in JD.COM, ZTE, which has both strength and cost performance, brought a variety of low-cost routers to consumers. Among them, ZTE’s Sky Survey AX3000 is equipped with ZTE’s third-generation self-developed dual-core main chip, and the 5-antenna design brings a full-blooded WiFi6 experience. The price is as low as 179 yuan during the peak activity of JD.COM network; ZTE’s Sky Survey AX3000 Pro+ has brought the dual 2.5G network ports to the price within 300 yuan, and the "hexagonal warrior" in the router can be started at 299 yuan.

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[Autohome Kunming Discount Promotion Channel] To provide you with the latest market trends, this luxury SUV is undergoing a remarkable price reduction promotion in Kunming area. It is understood that car buyers can enjoy a cash discount of up to 130,000 yuan, making this model with a starting price of 242,700 more cost-effective. To seize this rare opportunity to buy a car, please click "Chatti Car Price" in the quotation form to learn the latest discount details in real time, so that your car purchase dream can become a reality at a more affordable price.

The Cadillac XT5 creates an eye-catching appearance with its unique design language. The front face is designed with a family-style shield-shaped air intake grille, and the delicate chrome decoration enhances the sense of luxury. The body lines are smooth, showing the perfect fusion of power and elegance. The overall style is both sporty and stable, highlighting the style and personality of the luxury SUV. Whether it is the details or the overall shape, the XT5 shows Cadillac’s ultimate pursuit of aesthetics and functionality.

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Recently, the Autonavi map wheelchair navigation function has been upgraded, supporting the inquiry of subway in-app barrier-free bathroom information and subway in-app emergency call for help; in the walking navigation mode, it is possible to inquire about barrier-free bathroom information along the way. At present, nearly 2,200 barrier-free public toilets have been launched.

Users only need to turn on "Accessible Navigation" in the settings options on the Autonavi Map APP (My-Settings-Accessible Navigation-Open), and they can try to avoid steps, steep slopes and other road sections during the navigation process. At present, this function has covered 14 cities including Shanghai, Beijing and Hangzhou.

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▲ Picture/Beijing News Network

Recently, the National Development and Reform Commission and 10 other departments jointly issued the "Implementation Plan for Further Optimizing Supply to Promote Steady Consumption Growth and Promote the Formation of a Strong Domestic Market (2019) ". With the improvement of living standards, cars have become the largest consumption of Chinese people. Therefore, the first item in the "Plan" is to "take multiple measures to promote automobile consumption and better meet the travel needs of residents."

It is worth noting that the plan also specifically mentions "promoting the replacement of rural vehicles".

Rural areas are entering the threshold of explosive popularity of automobiles　 　　

To some extent, this can be understood as a restart of the "car to the countryside" policy to promote car consumption in rural areas. As early as 10 years ago, in January 2009, the "Plan for Adjustment and Revitalization of the Automobile Industry" announced by the State Council proposed a policy to benefit farmers: between March 1 and December 31, 2009, the purchase of 1.3 liters and below, and the scrapping of three-wheeled vehicles or low-speed trucks for light trucks, a one-time financial subsidy will be given.

It is also reminiscent of home appliances going to the countryside a decade ago. Home appliances going to the countryside is a fiscal policy rescue plan announced by the Chinese government in December 2008 to combat the sharp decline in export demand for consumer electronics caused by the global financial crisis and expand the domestic market.

"Home Appliances to the Countryside" provides farmers with the purchase of four types of products, including color TVs, refrigerators, mobile phones and washing machines. Subsidies are given at 13% of the product price, and the maximum subsidy is 2,000 yuan for TVs, 2,500 yuan for refrigerators, 2,000 yuan for mobile phones and 1,000 yuan for washing machines. Home appliances to the countryside have achieved remarkable results, achieving benefits for farmers, markets for enterprises, and the state has achieved the effect of boosting domestic demand.　 　

At present, the international economic situation is complicated, and China’s exports are facing certain pressure. At this time, the huge domestic demand market has become a valuable strategic depth of China’s economy. At present, consumption has become the most important driver of the troika driving the economy, and the huge "five ring external market" also contains huge consumption power. Utilizing and activating this strategic depth is a necessary move for China’s economic development.　 　　

Economic policy is about following the trend, and the external conditions for cars to go to the countryside are mature. According to the laws of the general market, when the per capita GDP is between 800 and 3,000 US dollars, the market demand for cars rises rapidly, and the per capita car ownership also increases significantly. Experts from the China Machinery Industry Federation say that when the per capita GDP reaches 1,000 US dollars, cars begin to enter households. When the per capita GDP reaches 3,000 US dollars, private car purchases will experience explosive growth.　　

The explosive growth of Chinese automobiles appeared in 2008. From 2008 to 2010, the compound growth rate of automobile sales in our country was 38.77%. In 2009, the cumulative sales of automobiles in our country’s automobile market 13.6448 million, an increase of 45.46% year-on-year, making it the world’s largest automobile sales market. In 2010, the cumulative sales of automobiles 18.0619 million, an increase of 32.37% year-on-year. China’s per capita GDP in 2008 was 24,100 yuan, which basically met the threshold of 3,000 US dollars per capita for automobile popularization.

However, China does not have separate statistics on the per capita GDP of rural areas, so we need to find another data. There is another rule in the popularity of cars, that is, the R value, that is, the price of cars/per capita income. When this R value is close to 3, cars become popular.

In 2008, when the threshold of 3,000 US dollars was entered and China’s automobile industry broke out, the per capita income of Chinese cities and towns was 15,781 yuan. Considering the differences in China’s regional development and the high Gini coefficient, the income of first-tier cities will be higher. In 2008, the per capita salary in Beijing was about 45,000 yuan. At that time, a car was calculated at 150,000 yuan, which just entered the threshold of R value equal to 3.　 　　

With this R value, it is not difficult to infer that rural areas are now entering the threshold of explosive popularity of automobiles. On December 30, 2018, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Han Zhangfu revealed at the meeting that the development of agriculture and rural areas in 2018 has made steady progress, and the per capita net income of farmers has continued to grow rapidly, which is expected to exceed 14,600 yuan. Considering that farmers work abroad and send their income back, this income will further increase. At the same time as farmers’ income increases, thanks to the increasing localization, car prices are also falling. Domestic brand cars like Haval and Geely are of high quality and low price, starting from 50,000 yuan. China’s rural income has crossed the border of R value equal to 3.

To some extent, the countryside needs cars more than the cities. The rural population is more dispersed, public transportation is underdeveloped, and some places can be said to have no public transportation. So farmers’ demand for cars is more rigid. At the same time, with the deepening of new rural construction, the road conditions in rural China have improved, and they are no longer the muddy roads of the past. There are no restrictions on parking in rural areas, and the consumption of cars is reduced by a large amount.　　

▲ Picture/Beijing News Network

It can be seen that various factors are already in place, and the popularity of automobiles in rural China is entering the threshold of explosive growth.

Driving cars to the countryside will transform rural lifestyles　 　

It is worth noting that rural car consumption has its own characteristics, that is, the balance of life and production. This makes pickup trucks likely to become a popular model for farmers. At present, many places have implemented restrictions on pickup trucks, which will undoubtedly curb farmers’ desire to buy.　

Therefore, the "Plan" also proposes to steadily relax the scope of restrictions on pickup trucks entering cities. On the basis of evaluating the effect of the pilot policy of liberalizing the restrictions on pickup trucks entering cities in six provinces and regions of Hebei, Liaoning, Henan, Yunnan, Hubei and Xinjiang, we will steadily and orderly expand the scope of restrictions on pickup trucks entering cities. Obviously, increasing the use scenarios of pickup trucks is conducive to improving car consumption in rural areas.　 　　

The entry of cars into the countryside will also change the way of life in the countryside. Cars need roads, and the price of road construction is not cheap, which means that in a village, in order to share the road, the living will become more and more concentrated. And public facilities such as road construction require local residents to negotiate the construction and maintenance of the road together.　　

In addition, with the increase of rural cars and relatively underdeveloped road facilities, traffic jams in townships and counties will occur more frequently. In fact, traffic jams during the Spring Festival have now shifted from cities to townships. This all requires an improvement in awareness of rules. Of course, some negatives will inevitably appear. Rural areas are a real-world friends society, and the comparison is more serious. In the past, it was a comparison of houses, but now the goal of comparison may be placed on cars. These problems need to be confronted and solved in sequence.

But it is foreseeable that the "car to the countryside" will restart in 10 years, which is indeed expected to leverage the rapid growth of the rural automobile market.　 　

Liu Yuanju (Researcher, Shanghai Institute of Finance and Law)

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