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　　2. When did Beijing begin to apply for financial subsidies for household appliances trade-in? What time does it end?

　　The implementation period of the Implementation Measures for Household Appliances Trade-in promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce and other ministries and commissions is from June 1, 2009 to May 31, 2010. According to the requirements of this method, the Municipal Commission of Commerce, together with relevant municipal departments, actively carried out preparatory work, including identifying home appliance recycling enterprises and home appliance sales enterprises in this city through public bidding, and entrusting relevant associations to conduct research on the recycling price of used home appliances. After the preparatory work was basically ready, the home appliance trade-in work was officially started on August 10. Therefore, from August 10th, residents with local hukou or legal entities registered in this city can apply for financial subsidies when they sell old household appliances to the successful home appliance recycling enterprises and buy new ones from the successful home appliance sales enterprises. The subsidy policy will end on May 31st, 2010.

　　3. Can I buy new home appliances before selling old ones?

　　I can’t. According to the national regulations, the process of applying for financial subsidies for household appliances trade-in is: consumers first sell old household appliances to obtain a trade-in certificate, and then use this certificate to buy new household appliances before applying for financial subsidies, so there are strict procedural requirements. Some enterprises in this city are not only home appliance recycling enterprises, but also home appliance sales enterprises. They have the conditions to realize integrated services in the process of recycling old home appliances and selling new home appliances. On the basis of not violating the relevant provisions and requirements of the implementation measures, they encourage sales enterprises to innovate their working methods and provide consumers with more convenient services.

　　4. What are the subsidy targets and subsidy methods for home appliance trade-in?

　　First, give subsidies to buyers who sell old household appliances within the scope of subsidies and buy new ones. The second is to subsidize the transportation costs of recycling old household appliances within the scope of subsidies and sending them to dismantling and processing enterprises. Any legal entity that has registered in this city or registered in this city can enjoy the subsidy of old-for-new funds when selling old household appliances and buying new ones during the policy implementation period. It should be emphasized that the name of the unit and the name of the individual who sells the old household appliances and buys the new household appliances must be the same. In addition, buyers who have enjoyed the subsidy policy of "home appliances going to the countryside" may not repeatedly enjoy the old-for-new subsidy. Household appliance recycling enterprises can apply for freight subsidies when they buy old household appliances within the scope of subsidies from buyers and sell them to designated dismantling treatment during the policy implementation period.

　　5. What is the subsidy standard for each type of household appliances under the old-for-new policy?

　　Eligible buyers will be subsidized by 10% of the sales price of new household appliances when purchasing new household appliances within the scope of subsidy. The upper limit of subsidy for each type of household appliances is: TV 400 yuan/set, refrigerator (including freezer) 300 yuan/set, washing machine 250 yuan/set, air conditioner 350 yuan/set and computer 400 yuan/set. Taking TV sets as an example, buyers who buy TV sets below 4,000 yuan (including 4,000 yuan) are subsidized by 10% of the sales price; The sales price of TV sets is more than 4,000 yuan, and only 400 yuan is subsidized.

　　Recycling enterprises enjoy freight subsidies according to the number of old household appliances sold to dismantling enterprises. Specific subsidy standards are currently being formulated and will be announced separately.

　　6. How to sell old household appliances?

　　Buyers can make an appointment for home purchase by home appliance recycling enterprises through telephone and Internet, or they can transport old household appliances for sale to the nearest recycling site of home appliance recycling enterprises. The contact telephone number and address of recycling enterprises have been announced to the public through the website of the window of the capital, the website of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce, the website of renewable resources recycling and some print media channels.

　　7. What is the procedure for applying for the subsidy for trade-in funds?

　　The buyer must first sell the old household appliances to the household appliance recycling enterprise, obtain the certificate of trade-in of household appliances uniformly printed by the state from the household appliance recycling enterprise, and then buy new household appliances from the household appliance sales enterprise with the recycling certificate. Household appliance sales enterprises audit the buyer’s recycling vouchers and related documents on behalf of the financial department. If it meets the requirements, the payment will be collected according to the sales price of new household appliances minus the subsidy. At the same time, guide the purchaser to fill in the "Application Form for Home Appliances Trade-in (Home Appliances) Subsidy Fund".

　　8. What information should I bring when I receive the subsidy?

　　The information that the purchaser shall provide when declaring the subsidy includes:

　　(1) Trade-in vouchers uniformly printed by the state;

　　(2) the identity certificate of the purchaser or relevant certificates of the legal entity;

　　(3) Application Form of Subsidy Fund for Household Appliances Trade-in (Household Appliances) (this application form is provided by the household appliance seller and filled in at the sales site).

　　9. How are home appliance recycling enterprises and home appliance sales enterprises determined? Will the follow-up increase?

　　Household appliance sales enterprises and household appliance recycling enterprises shall be determined by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce in conjunction with the Municipal Finance Bureau through bidding. There are 16 home appliance recycling enterprises and 15 home appliance sales enterprises determined by the first batch of bidding in our city. Among the 15 recycling enterprises that won the bid, there are 7 production enterprises, 4 sales enterprises, 4 professional recycling companies and 1 dismantling and processing enterprise; Among the 15 home appliance sales enterprises that won the bid, there are 3 home appliance professional chain enterprises, 4 comprehensive large-scale retail enterprises and 8 home appliance production enterprises’ sales organizations, which fully embodies the requirements of the national "Implementation Measures for Trade-in of Home Appliances" for diversified enterprises to participate in recycling and sales. After the start of this work, if the market demand is large, we will supplement it appropriately through bidding.

　　10. How is the reference price for recycling old household appliances in this city determined?

　　Beijing Renewable Resources Recycling and Second-hand Goods Industry Association has made a reference price for recycling old household appliances by investigating renewable resources recycling enterprises, household appliances dismantling and processing enterprises, consumers and the second-hand goods market, taking into account the affordability of recycling enterprises, dismantling enterprises and consumers. The following two factors are taken into account in formulating the reference price: first, the recycled old household appliances can only be sent to dismantling enterprises for dismantling, but not for secondary circulation, so the price of the old household appliances sold is different from that in the flea market; Second, although the price of old household appliances sold by consumers may be slightly lower than the price of old household appliances entering the secondary circulation, consumers can get a 10% price subsidy for new household appliances after selling old household appliances, so it is still very cost-effective.

　　11. In the activities of selling old household appliances and buying new household appliances, which department should be consulted to solve the product quality or service quality problems?

　　The state has high requirements for enterprises participating in this trade-in activity of household appliances. All enterprises involved in recycling and sales are confirmed through bidding, which can be said to be the best among them. These enterprises have made commitments to service quality and commodity quality in participating in bidding activities; The Municipal Commission of Commerce will also sign an agreement with these bid-winning enterprises to clearly stipulate the responsibilities and obligations of the bid-winning enterprises; At the same time, the Municipal Development and Reform Commission will, in accordance with the Price Law and the Provisions on Administrative Penalties for Price Violations, earnestly strengthen price management, standardize the price behavior of enterprises that recycle, sell and dismantle household appliances with old ones for new ones, and announce the supervision and reporting telephone number and be responsible for handling it; The Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce will give full play to the role of the "12315" consumer complaint reporting network, and accept and deal with consumer complaints and reports on home appliance trade-in products according to law; The Municipal Bureau of Quality Supervision is responsible for investigating and dealing with illegal cases of producing fake and inferior products in the name of replacing old appliances with new ones. Through supervision and management in all aspects, we will earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

　　12. How to identify which enterprises are regular home appliance recycling and sales enterprises?

　　Consumers must identify the home appliance recycling enterprises and home appliance sales enterprises determined by government bidding when selling old household appliances and buying new ones. These two types of enterprises can be identified in the following ways: First, the recycling sites of all successful recycling enterprises must be hung with a unified logo of "Beijing Home Appliance Trade-in Recycling Sites", and the sales shops of all successful selling enterprises must be hung with a unified logo of "Beijing Home Appliance Trade-in Sales Stores"; Second, inquiries can be made through the website of the Window of the Capital and the website of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce. The winning recycling enterprises, winning sales enterprises, dismantling enterprises and their recycling sites or sales stores have all been published on the website.

　　13. Can I return the purchased new household appliances if they have quality problems?

　　Consumers’ purchase of home appliances for trade-in products is also protected by relevant national laws and regulations on commodity quality, and enterprises must also abide by national laws and regulations to ensure product quality and safety. Relevant government departments will strengthen the supervision and inspection of the quality of trade-in products to ensure the quality of products.

　　14. Is there any time limit for purchasing new household appliances after selling old household appliances and obtaining recycling vouchers?

　　As long as the financial subsidy is implemented, there is no time limit in principle. However, in order to avoid the loss or damage of household appliances recycling vouchers, consumers are advised to buy new household appliances as soon as possible after selling old ones.

According to the "Science Curriculum Standards for Compulsory Education Primary Schools" revised by the Ministry of Education, since the beginning of this autumn, primary school science courses have been listed as "basic courses" as important as Chinese and mathematics, and the initial grade has been extended to the first grade of primary school. This change has been widely recognized by teachers and parents.

Science education has always been an important part of Lide Shuren’s work. In today’s era, science education has a fundamental role in improving the scientific quality of the whole people and laying a solid foundation for building an innovative country. Nowadays, science and technology are changing with each passing day, which is profoundly changing people’s production and lifestyle. Because of this, everyone living in the era of rapid development of science and technology must have scientific quality. Science education in primary schools is of great significance to stimulate and protect children’s curiosity and thirst for knowledge, and to cultivate students’ scientific spirit and practical innovation ability. From this point of view, the cultivation of scientific quality must be grasped and grasped from an early age.

It should also be noted that science education is not limited to theoretical education. The goal it pursues is not only to master scientific knowledge, but also to put the learning of scientific knowledge in the process of hands-on practice and in the situation of the relationship between science and society under the grand natural and social picture. The new curriculum standard emphasizes that primary school science is a practical and comprehensive course, and the course regards inquiry activities as an important way for students to learn science, and comprehensively uses knowledge and methods in different fields to understand natural phenomena and solve practical problems. These requirements are obvious to the improvement of students’ practical ability, scientific thinking and scientific spirit. How to cope with the new changes of science curriculum standards? As the main force, schools and teachers need to make changes and innovative attempts in teaching concepts and teaching practices, and push open the door to the guidance of science education in primary schools. And all kinds of high-quality science education institutions, such as universities, scientific research institutes and popular science venues, should also take active actions to create conditions for ensuring the implementation of science courses, so that the skylight of science education in primary schools can directly reach the sky of science.

With the support of Shanghai Education Commission, Shanghai Science and Technology Museum and Shanghai Natural Museum established cooperative relations with 127 primary and secondary schools in Shanghai in 2016 alone, and developed 97 library-based courses suitable for different age groups, and 40 science courses have been officially started in schools. Not long ago, the "Future Science+"summer science camp project of Shanghai popular science forum sponsored by Shanghai Science and Technology Museum also made a useful attempt on science education. Some students said that this kind of science education not only enabled them to learn scientific knowledge, but more importantly, they were educated in a future-oriented world outlook, outlook on life and values, and knew how to learn science and think across disciplines. Science education institutions, including popular science venues, have unique advantages in science education because of their rich interactive natural science exhibits and facilities, which can provide more opportunities for students to practice and think scientifically. To develop science education in primary schools well, education administrative departments and school management departments need to establish stable communication channels and long-term cooperation models with popular science venues, make good use of the resources of popular science venues, and promote the development of science courses through cooperation between libraries and schools.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader once emphasized that "scientific and technological innovation and scientific popularization are the two wings to realize innovation and development, and scientific popularization should be placed in the same important position as scientific and technological innovation". Teenagers are the key population and basic population for the popularization of science. Only by constantly innovating and invigorating science education in primary schools and attaching importance to front-line practice can we guide students into the door of science, subtly spawn a group of innovative brains and cultivate more modern talents with scientific literacy for the future.(Deputy Director, Research Center for Science Communication and Development, Shanghai Science and Technology Museum) Song xian)

Ready Player One

Special feature of 1905 film network After four days of release, the box office was 450 million, and the Douban score soared to 9.1.

Completely fired!

This film is adapted from the novel of the same name by the otaku Ernst Klein, and there are hundreds of game movies.

I really can’t think of a more suitable candidate than Spielberg to turn such a book into a blockbuster.

Cover of Ready Player One’s original novels in English and Chinese

Ready Player One is indeed a bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages. However, it caters to some people’s feelings, and at the same time, it is also considered by some readers as "otaku’s cool writing".

Among readers all over the world, some people dislike this book, and some people call it "Wikipedia about the 1980s" — — That is, those eggs are useless for narrative, and the only value is to let readers pat their thighs: ah, I know this!

At that time, Xiao Dianjun was made to want to throw a book by its narrative way of constantly throwing stalks.

The original author was called "the sexiest geek on the planet today" by USA-Today.

But when Spielberg first read this book, he was shocked by the author’s foresight for the future through these stalks. In order to make more people accept it, he injected what he was good at into this "history of popular culture in the 1980 s": longing for the future and trembling; Passion for creativity; There is even an inner observation of a lonely and talented boy.

When it was released in the past, the audience queuing to buy tickets filled several streets, and some people watched it several times.

They all want to immerse themselves in such a scene again:

In john williams’s soundtrack, pterosaurs flew across the sky, and giant Tyrannosaurus rex leisurely crossed the grassland. For the first time, people and ancient creatures hundreds of millions of years ago were separated by only one screen, and their hearts must be filled with awe.

After more than 20 years, we are lucky enough to look at a half-gorgeous and half-barren future through a screen, and we are as excited as those people in those years.

These dreamlike experiences are all attributed to Spielberg. A 72-year-old man, a big child.

As a famous director who has filmed the seventh sci-fi film, five of which have become classics in film history, Spielberg’s talent and imagination are well known. However, few people may notice that after close encounters of the third kind, he stopped writing his own plays, but explored and visualized the works of first-class best-selling novelists.

For example, Melissa Mathison, a female screenwriter, was hired for E.T. Alien, and the inspiration came from Kubrick, who wanted to adapt this short story herself.

Stills of E.T. Alien

Today, Xiao Dianjun wants to talk to you about two other classics — — Jurassic Park and, like Ready Player One, they are adapted from famous science fiction.

As one of the greatest directors of commercial films in Hollywood, Spielberg did this … …

　

Jurassic park

Come on, try Spielberg icing?

Jurassic Park is the first sci-fi film adapted by Spielberg, which comes from michael crichton’s novel of the same name.

　

It created a box office miracle.

After the film was released, it won 900 million dollars at the box office and became the highest-grossing film in history at that time. At that time, there was a crazy dinosaur craze, which inspired a lot of movies featuring dinosaurs and monsters, such as Godzilla in Japan.

　

A movie can sell well in a short time, perhaps just because of IP or dazzling special effects technology. But to become a classic, a solid script has become the top priority.

　

Michael crichton, the author of the original novel, is outstanding in his professional level. The man with a bright resume transferred from Harvard Literature Department to Anthropology Department, and also got a doctor of medicine from Harvard. It is precisely because of this hard-core knowledge of anthropology and medicine that his sci-fi thrillers are horrified … … Especially cultured.

　

Michael crichton, the author of the original novel

The most important genetic engineering technology in Jurassic Park was studied in 1970s. In 1984, scientists cloned gene fragments from the fur of spotted donkey 140 years ago, which proved that DNA can be replicated in inanimate biological tissues. Michael has been paying attention to this field. It took him seven years to publish Jurassic Park in 1990.

After the film was made, someone specially asked Paul Barrett, a dinosaur researcher at the British Museum of Natural History, if the film was all nonsense. The researcher replied: "Many scientific theories in the film are actually reasonable. Even the use of frogs makes sense, because they are quite commonly used laboratory animals in this field, and we know their gene sequences very well. Therefore, Jurassic Park was very avant-garde at that time. "

If such a novel is made into a movie, it must be changed greatly. Coincidentally, it met Spielberg — — Hollywood is the director who will sugar-coat all kinds of hard goods to satisfy the curiosity and security of most audiences.

　

What does Spielberg do?

　

His first step is to make the grandma selling tea eggs on the street understand the original professional and obscure words in the book.

　

For example, there is a classic "dinosaur DNA recovery animation" in the movie. What is said in the book is particularly complicated, but it is shown in a way similar to flash in the movie.

Animation explanation version of DNA restoration

　

Secondly, he will use the most advanced technology to revive the dinosaurs he was obsessed with since childhood, and then Amway will give them to audiences who have never been interested in them.

　

Spielberg once said in an interview: "When I was young, I even dreamed of dinosaurs. Therefore, when filming Jurassic Park, I thought more about my childhood memories and fantasies than the original novel. "

　

His favorite is Triceratops. When he saw Triceratops in a museum when he was a child, he sympathized with it. He once fantasized about what happened to it before it became extinct. So he deliberately set up a sick triceratops when he was filming.

He found the most advanced industrial light and magic studio at that time to build dinosaurs with computer special effects, and a small part of them spent huge sums of money to make models. Among them, the mechanical Tyrannosaurus Rex props weigh 12,000 pounds (about 5.4 tons), which can really crush people to pieces when started.

　

Designers also draw materials from various animals for the movement patterns of dinosaurs. For example, the brachiosaurus, the first appearance in Jurassic Park, is the first creature made entirely by computer special effects in the history of cinema. Its action of lifting its legs off the ground and roaring to the sky is taken from an elephant.

Brachiosaurus was taken from elephants.

　

The last layer of icing, which is also the thickest layer, is on the theme and narrative mode of the novel.

　

As many movie fans know, all the series of Jurassic Park add up, and only one tenth of the content of the novel is selected for adaptation.

　

In addition to too much professional knowledge, the original novel is also a dark, pessimistic and cruel world, full of all kinds of bloody and dark fragments as bad as Alien. In particular, the author’s attitude is calm and merciless. He thinks that there is no essential difference between natural creation of human beings and natural creation of dinosaurs. On the contrary, people make their own decisions to become creators, and the consequences they bring must be borne by themselves.

　

Just like the following fragment in the original work, if it is put on the big screen, it is estimated that many parents will stop their children from entering the cinema.

　

“Elena opened the door. The baby is lying in the cradle of wicker, wrapped in a light blanket, and only his little face is exposed. There are three dark black lizards squatting on the edge of the cradle, just like three grotesque statues. When they saw Elena, they looked up at her curiously, but they didn’t run away. In the light of the flashlight, Elena saw blood dripping from their mouths. A lizard barked softly, lowered its head, shook it quickly and tore a piece of meat from the baby’s face. Elena screamed and rushed forward, and the lizards flew into the darkness. However, as early as when she walked to the front of the cradle, she had already seen what the baby’s face looked like. She knew that the child must have died. "

　

Spielberg added a soft lens to the story. A lot of discussion in this part is omitted, and the main line of the film is taken as the story of the ultimate victory of the great escape of mankind, which promotes the brilliance of human nature. After letting the audience experience the thrill, they breathed a sigh of relief in happy ending.

　

In this way, the whole film is no longer sharp, but has played a psychological soothing role for the American audience at that time.

Minority report

Fans will be disappointed, but I am concerned about the future within reach.

If we say Jurassic Park, Spielberg is wrapping a dark kernel with syrup; Then, for Minority Report, what he did was to pick up a knife and carve the original mysterious shape into an angular shape.

　

After the release of Minority Report, its income was 350 million dollars, which was three times its cost. In the Hollywood Reporter’s best list of films starring Tom Cruise in 2016, the first place was Minority Report.

In fact, if Tom Cruise hadn’t recommended it, Spielberg probably wouldn’t have touched the novel at all. When he made this film, he once said: Philip Dick’s novels are not suitable for most movies, and I’m sure die-hard fans will be disappointed with the movies.

　

If michael crichton, the author of Jurassic Park, is an elite science fiction writer, then Philip Dick is a real diaosi geek. He dropped out of primary school, dropped out of secondary school, and was often in financial distress when he grew up. Writing science fiction became a pillar of his life. He started writing at the age of 27 and died at the age of 53. He published 44 novels and 121 short stories in his life.

Philip dick

　

His novels have a unique temperament and a surprisingly wide range of concerns. Unfortunately, when he was alive, most of his novels were published in some cheap science fiction magazines, and he was poor until he was old, even eating dog food for a time; After his death, he was gradually recognized and became the first science fiction writer recognized by the history of American literature. Blade runner, Total Memory, and the previous TV series Electronic Dream: Philip Dick’s World are all adapted from his novels.

　

Minority Report is one of his short stories, which is extremely short and the theme is very obscure. I guess Spielberg had a big head when he got it.

　

So, how to change it?

　

First, add a 50% murder case first!

　

Spielberg once said, "The success of this film depends on the characters 50% and the mysterious murders 50%."

There are only two murders in the novel Minority Report, but there are five murders in the film.

Although the protagonist in the novel is also a captain, he is an old man in his fifties who worries that his young subordinates will rob him of his seat every day. Tom Cruise, the captain of the film, is handsome and strong, with thick hair and bad habits such as taking drugs.

In order to enrich the plot, besides murder, Spielberg also added many action elements.

For example, fighting

Kidnap (a prophet)

The protagonist in the novel has only one core contradiction in the plot, that is, finding a way out, and has no previous history. However, in the movie, the director added a very deadly pre-historical trauma to the protagonist — — His five-year-old son was abducted by a swimming pool and has been missing ever since.

On the one hand, this design is to add key plots; On the other hand, it also aroused the audience’s sympathy for the protagonist who had been traumatized, and better integrated into this plot that was too cold.

　Tom hanks looked at his son’s holographic projection.

　

Second, carefully build a future world

　

Philip Dick’s sci-fi novels are not only full of brains, but also famous for their imprecise techniques, which may be attributed to his extensive interests, but he has never systematically studied science and technology.

For example, some people laughed at him for still using the old TV set … …

Spielberg-style science fiction films, in addition to the complexity of the plot, must also have technology linked to the most cutting-edge technology at present. He is crazy about creating the "future", and he does not hesitate to make great efforts for it.

　

Starting with E.T. Alien, his way is not only to rely on imagination, but also to find experts to dig into details.

Three years after the film started shooting, he found 15 experts in different fields, including architects, novelists, computer engineers, biological scientists, MIT dean and so on, and brainstormed in a hotel for three days.

He wants these people to give him some advice on how to make a future world that is both convincing and different from ordinary science fiction movies. In three days, they actually worked out an 80-page plan, from architecture to technology.

　

Some inventions they came up with in 1999 have actually come true in today’s world.

　

Such as 3D screen, such as iris recognition authentication.

　

Spielberg described his imaginary future world like this: "The Internet is watching us, and the TV is watching us. We lost our privacy. An advertisement will suddenly appear in front of us and talk to us. "

　

Compared with the pessimism in Philip Dick’s novels, Spielberg is an optimist. He is always full of enthusiasm for new technologies that may come. When talking about this film, he once said: "I hope all the small technologies in the film will come true. We will have pollution-free transportation and newspapers that are automatically updated. "

Third, empathize with the audience, not scare them away.

　

The inspiration of Minority Report comes from Philip Dick’s own anxiety about the Cold War. In the struggle between the two great powers in the book, it is like a miracle that a little person wants to find a way out and survive. The whole novel is like a gloomy joke.

In the movie, the core of this story is replaced by the mainstream values of Hollywood, and it becomes a survival story that people should not lose hope under any circumstances and should fight against fate.

Some scary details in the novel have also been changed to more acceptable settings.

　

For example, in the novel, those prophets are actually mentally retarded and squeezed by the government without human rights. But in the movie, it was changed to a normal person, named after several crime novelists. Agatha, led by Agatha, guided Tom Cruise out of danger again and again with the image of "Goddess".

Changed mental retardation into a goddess

　

These changes have undoubtedly reduced the lingering pessimistic background and self-torture in Dick’s novels, and replaced them with Spielberg’s value that "human nature will always find a way out". If reading the original novel is like witnessing the fate of mankind being hung in the air, Spielberg will finally make everyone who watches it land on his feet and be satisfied.

Over the years, all the children who were shocked by such a big film have grown into middle-aged people, and it seems that Spielberg is the only one who hasn’t changed.

In last year’s documentary Spielberg, Xiao Li commented on Spielberg when he was young:

The child in the Arizona desert kept watching TV and movies, and one day slipped into the film company and found his destiny there. This is a touching Hollywood story in itself.

And Daniel Day Lewis said he was old:

We all have a shelf life, and it slipped away without our knowledge. But this may not be the case for Spielberg. He will love his job until he dies.

　

At least from Ready Player One’s point of view, they are all right.

Original transfer network transformation medical network

[Introduction] Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the key components of tumor microenvironment (TME) and play an important role in regulating cancer progression. However, the underlying mechanism of CAFs activation is still unclear.

On April 8, researchers from the Medical College of Kunming University of Science and Technology published a research paper in the journal Cell Death Discovery, entitled "CXC L12 Alone is enough to reprogram normal fibers into cancer-associated fibers". In this study, the researchers found that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) significantly induced normal fibroblasts (NFs) to acquire the characteristics of CAFs (called CAFs-like fibroblasts, referred to as CEFs for short), including up-regulating α-SMA and vimentin, enhancing the ability of proliferation and migration, and improving the ability of promoting the migration of lung cancer cells. In vivo, CEFs accelerated the growth of A549 xenograft and induced spontaneous lung metastasis. In particular, inhibition of CXCL12 signaling pathway and STAT3 pathway can reduce the transformation from NFs to CAFs, thus inhibiting the progress of lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. This study revealed that CAFs can promote the transformation of NFs into CAFs-like cells through CXCL12/STAT3 axis, and enhance the growth and metastasis of lung cancer. Therefore, inhibiting CXCL12/STAT3 axis is a promising strategy for the treatment of lung cancer and other CXCL12-dependent malignant tumors.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41420-025-02420-0#Abs1

Research background

01

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main components of tumor microenvironment (TME), which promote tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and drug resistance by secreting growth factors, cytokines and extracellular vesicles, thus promoting tumor development. CAFs is a large number of fibroblasts with α -smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive and activated myofibroblast phenotype. Different from normal fibroblasts (NFs), CAFs has stronger abilities of proliferation, migration and contraction. It is generally believed that CAFs mainly comes from NFs where organizations reside, but the mechanism of transforming NFs into CAFs is still controversial.

More and more evidences show that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can be activated by signals from tumor cells and matrix environment, which provides a unique insight into the complex interaction in tumor ecosystem. Researchers found that the hardness of extracellular matrix (ECM) can induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into CAFs, thus promoting the invasion and metastasis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). In addition, in gastric cancer, CAFs can also "educate" NFs to promote cancer cell proliferation and T cell inhibition. However, the exact mechanism that drives CAFs activation is still largely unknown. Therefore, detailed research is needed to clarify the molecular mechanism of cancer-related fibroblast activation, so as to open up a new anti-matrix therapy approach.

CAFs promotes the transformation from NFs to CAFs in lung cancer.

02

In order to explore the clinical effect of tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the process of transforming normal fibroblasts (NFs) into CAFs in lung cancer, the researchers isolated pairs of CAFs and NFs from tumor tissues or corresponding non-malignant tissues adjacent to tumors of several lung cancer patients. CAFs specifically shows highly expressed vimentin and FAP (known CAFs markers), and its ability to promote the migration of lung cancer cells is stronger than that of NFs from adjacent tissues. Then, NFs was treated with CAFs conditioned medium (CM), and then the characteristics of CAFs were analyzed. The levels of CAF markers α-SMA and vimentin expressed in NFs after CAFs CM education increased significantly. These results indicate that CAFs may be helpful to endow NFs CAFs with specific characteristics.

CAFs induces NFs to acquire CAFs characteristics in lung cancer

conclusion

03

To sum up, this study expounds a new molecular mechanism that the interaction between NFs and CAFs promotes the metastasis of cancer cells. CXCL12/ STAT3 pathway is a key participant in NFs-to-CAFs transition, which provides a key therapeutic target for developing new cancer treatment methods.

References:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41420-025-02420-0#Abs1

Original title: "New Molecular Mechanism! Kungong medical college: an important therapeutic target of new cancer treatment strategy

Read the original text

　　Argentina, which has entered a period of power change, is likely to repeat the same mistakes with the help of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

　　After the current Argentine President macri unexpectedly lost the primary election, the Argentine peso experienced a week-long sharp depreciation. On August 20th, local time, IMF spokeswoman Gerry Rice said: "We are paying close attention to the recent developments in Argentina and are in continuous dialogue with the authorities. They are also making policy plans to solve the difficulties facing the country." In addition, he added that IMF staff will travel to Buenos Aires "soon".

　　The IMF came out because macri signed a $57 billion loan agreement with it in 2018, which is also the largest rescue project in the IMF’s history, aiming at urging Argentina to abide by stricter fiscal and monetary policies and restoring investors’ confidence. However, according to the situation in the past year, these measures have slowed down the economy and hit investor sentiment.

　　"As far as the IMF’s assistance to Argentina is concerned, it hopes to help Argentina tide over the debt crisis and return to the international financial market. It should be said that its original intention is good and it has actually provided debt assistance." Yue Yunxia, director and researcher of the Economic Research Office of the Latin American Institute of the China Academy of Social Sciences, said in an interview with the First Financial Reporter: "But the problem is that the IMF’s estimation of the nature of the Argentine crisis is biased."

　　Why didn’t the IMF’s good intentions bring a good result to Argentina’s economy?

　　The market is in panic

　　When macri made up his mind to sign a high loan agreement with the IMF, the Argentine fiscal deficit was as high as 11% of the gross domestic product (GDP). At that time, because investors were cautious about Argentine bonds, macri urgently sought help from the IMF. With the full support of the United States, Argentina quickly obtained a loan of 50 billion US dollars.

　　Yue Yunxia told the First Financial Reporter: "After macri took office, Argentina regained the rescue of the IMF. This is actually a landmark event, which means that Argentina has been recognized by international financial institutions and markets again, which is of great significance."

　　However, the Argentine government claimed at the time that this was only a preventive plan to soothe investors’ emotions. But just two months later, macri was forced to admit that $50 billion was not enough to alleviate the demand, so he got another 7 billion additional loan from the IMF and promised to pay off about 90% of the total loan amount before the Argentine presidential election at the end of 2019.

　　On April 15th this year, after receiving the installment payment of $9.6 billion, macri bought pesos instead of building foreign exchange reserves or paying off debts. — Keep the exchange rate of Argentine currency stable, thus increasing his chances of re-election.

　　This scene is very similar to that in October 2001, when Argentina borrowed $8 billion from the IMF about 60 days before its debt default, most of which was used to buy pesos sold by foreign investors. After that, the price of Argentine government public bonds continued to fall, and the overnight lending rate of banks soared to the range of 250% ~ 300%.

　　Hector R. Torres, a senior researcher at the Center for International Governance Innovation, explained that investors’ mood is also extremely uneasy. He said: "If Argentina cannot pay off all its creditors after 2020, the IMF with priority creditor status will be paid first, and private investors may be forced to restructure their creditor’s rights, thus losing money."

　　"The more debt Argentina owes to privileged creditors like the IMF, the more difficult it will be to persuade non-privileged private investors to extend their debts and continue to provide financing for the country after 2020," he added.

　　The IMF failed to prescribe the right medicine

　　Yue Yunxia told the First Financial Reporter that the IMF’s original intention to help Argentina was good, but it prescribed the wrong prescription.

　　She introduced: "The IMF asked Argentina to carry out some market-oriented and liberalized reforms, so Argentina implemented exchange rate consolidation. Before Christina’s government, Argentina adopted a multiple exchange rate system. After the macri administration took office, it carried out the reform of exchange rate integration, that is, the exchange rate resumed the floating exchange rate according to the market-oriented idea. "

　　"Under such a circumstance, the exchange rate that belongs to market fluctuation actually provides opportunities for international capital to attack the peso," Yue Yunxia explained the consequences. "So Argentina had a currency crisis last year, and the exchange rate depreciation this year is also very serious, and the exchange rate depreciation has also increased Argentina’s economic difficulties and economic risks."

　　In addition, in exchange for the IMF’s assistance, the current Argentine government stated that according to the requirements of the agreement, Argentina will expand the pace of deficit reduction, and reduce the target of fiscal deficit as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) from 2.2% to 1.3% in 2019, and plan to achieve fiscal balance in 2020 and fiscal surplus in 2021.

　　Yue Yunxia said that the reform plan that the IMF is most used to proposing is to implement austerity policies. However, she does not think that the IMF is prescribing the right medicine: "If Argentina is facing a liquidity crisis, then the IMF may be able to tide over the difficult period by providing Argentina with more time and trading time for space. However, in the economic downturn, the austerity policy is not conducive to economic recovery, nor can it enable Argentina to solve the fundamental problem of debt and make it solvent. "

　　Recently, Alberto Fernandez, the Argentine opposition presidential candidate who won the primary election with 47% of the votes, said that it is difficult for Argentina to repay the IMF loan at present, and he will renegotiate the repayment with the IMF after his election.

　　In this regard, Yue Yunxia believes: "If the IMF can negotiate debt restructuring with Argentina at the negotiating table, at least one problem can be solved for Argentina, that is, it will not have a debt collapse for the time being."

　　Deja vu history

　　Yue Yunxia told the First Financial Reporter that this economic crisis in Argentina is very similar to the previous ones, and it is a problem of solvency, which is basically solved by restoring growth and improving solvency in Argentina.

　　However, during the previous economic crises in Argentina in 1998 and 2002, the IMF also pursued the wrong policies. In fact, in the 60 years since Argentina first borrowed from the IMF in 1958, the two countries have signed more than 20 agreements, most of which ended in failure. What keeps repeating in Argentina’s economic history is that after the implementation of the austerity policy under the guidance of the IMF, the country has symptoms such as devaluation of peso, rising public debt and instability of financial market.

　　Take Argentina’s economic crisis in 1995 as an example. At that time, President Carlos Sal Menem listened to the IMF’s advice and took measures such as raising taxes and interest rates, reducing the deficit of government budget and expenditure, privatizing state-owned enterprises and canceling import control. Joseph E. Stiglitz, winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics, pointed out that this is the IMF’s adherence to the double standards under the Washington Consensus, ignoring the local social, political and economic environment.

　　But why is Argentina "obedient" to the IMF? Economists concluded that this is because the international market regards the relationship between Argentina and the IMF as an indicator of whether Argentina’s economy is healthy. The former’s failure to comply with the IMF’s policies may cause opposition from investors, so how the IMF’s suggestions are no longer important, and "pleasing the market" has become the main purpose. On the other hand, the IMF was forced to build a plan to cater to market myths, and the problems were hard to return.

　　As Gilmer Nelson, former Secretary of State for Finance of the Ministry of Economy and Production of Argentina, once explained, he said: "About two years before the collapse of the free exchange mechanism in December 2001, the IMF gradually realized that the free exchange mechanism would eventually collapse due to the different fiscal policies adopted by successive Argentine governments. However, for political reasons, the IMF still supports the Argentine government’s unrealistic approach, so as not to end up in a freely convertible mechanism ’ Murderer ’ The reputation. " (elegant)

　　When pornography meets the internet, it is like dry wood meeting a fire, which is out of control. Even if the public security organs hit again and again, obscene pornographic websites still spread rapidly.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Network Security Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security admitted to the reporter today (12th) that the crimes of online obscenity and pornography are still in a high-incidence situation, and they are constantly being fought. "Why is it so rampant? The underlying reason is the existence of the interest chain of obscene websites. "

　　The latest data from the Ministry of Public Security shows that the Ministry of Public Security cracked 1,723 illegal and criminal cases and 527 criminal cases within three months of its special campaign against online pornography. Who is promoting the proliferation of pornographic websites?

　　Who is the driving force behind the proliferation of pornographic websites

　　Since profit is the driving force for the survival of websites, who is profiting from obscene pornographic websites? The relevant person in charge of the Network Security Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security disclosed that advertising alliance, also known as traffic providers, is the most influential in the interest chain of pornographic websites at present, and they are the driving force for the proliferation of pornographic websites.

　　According to reports, advertising alliance is essentially an intermediary dealer in advertising, buying "traffic" from pornographic websites and selling it to other websites that need to promote services. "It’s like having a pornographic website, someone wants to place an advertisement, and the traffic provider makes a profit according to the click-through rate." The person in charge said.

　　There are also some criminals who link Trojans on obscene websites, and when someone browses obscene pornographic websites, they automatically put in Trojans. Or, when users look at the page, they are prompted to download the player, and a Trojan horse program is tied in it to carry out network theft. The middle traffic quotient makes a profit according to how many computers are implanted.

　　According to the disclosure, another profit model is to defraud the registration fee of netizens by building fake pornographic websites. For example, the "passionate videos" that often pop up in web pages don’t really provide obscene things. Webmasters trick users into using mobile phone registration to defraud fees by setting up fake pornographic websites, and the cheated money is divided among website builders, SP value-added service providers and mobile phone operators, usually accounting for one third each.

　　"Illegal value-added service providers play a very bad role in the middle. Although they claim that they don’t know about pornographic websites at all, in fact, they are encouraging the establishment of seductive websites. Illegal value-added service providers are also the cause of the proliferation of pornographic websites. " The relevant person in charge of the Network Security Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security bluntly said.

　　Who are the main advertisers of pornographic networks?

　　On April 15th, 2009, Chengdu Public Security Bureau cracked a series of cases of "Sister Mayday" spreading obscene articles. Liu made a profit by building more than 100 pornographic websites such as "Sister Mayday" and placing advertisements for sex goods vendors such as "Sex Fun Castle" and "Red Sun" on the websites. His settlement method with sex goods vendors is based on the number of visits to the websites. The daily visits of his websites are about 100,000 IP, and the advertising revenue is about 15,000 yuan per month.

　　According to the investigation of public security organs, the main online advertisers of obscene pornographic websites are "sex goods sellers" and "passionate video chat and dating websites". Sometimes these websites are traffic providers themselves, and some buy traffic through other traffic providers to place advertisements.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Public Security said that these two are the main sources of profit from advertising on pornographic websites at present.

　　According to reports, in essence, the money earned by pornographic website builders is not as much as that earned by intermediary advertisers, website promotion alliances or sex goods sellers, but only a small part of the benefits they reap.

　　Who is supporting obscene websites?

　　The investigation by the public security organs found that the third-party payment platform made profits by providing fund payment services for pornographic websites, gambling sites and other illegal websites. Many third-party payment platforms still provide services for others while knowing that they are building illegal websites such as obscenity and pornography.

　　In the case of Wang spreading obscene articles detected by Sichuan public security organs, Wang contacted a customer service of NPS payment company and asked him to provide payment services for obscene pornographic websites. After learning that his website was pornographic, the customer service asked to increase the commission from 2.5% to 7%, and assisted the suspect to register false bank account information to avoid the investigation by public security organs.

　　"The management of a large number of third-party payment platforms is not standardized. No matter whether you are legal or illegal, the eyes of supervision are closed." The relevant person in charge of the Network Security Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security said.

　　According to the investigation of relevant departments, the most popular payment service for pornographic websites is the famous Alipay.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Network Security Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security said that at present, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of third-party payment platforms. However, the state has no relevant regulations on third-party payment platforms, which creates underground liquidity channels for criminals and can hide their identity and make illegal profits.

　　There are also service providers who provide overseas domain name registration and hosting services for obscene websites. "A large number of obscene pornographic websites need to be hosted overseas, and there are people in China who provide services for hosting websites overseas. This service itself is not illegal, but at present, there are many cases where they know that others have established pornographic websites and still provide them with overseas domain name registration and hosting." The person in charge said.

　　How to seize the throat of pornographic websites

　　Recently, the public security organs found a large number of obscene and pornographic information in Tencent’s QQ space. After investigation, more than 70 such illegal and criminal cases were cracked and more than 70 people were investigated. Judging from the detection situation, it is basically to place an unequal number of videos and pictures in QQ space or use QQ groups to spread obscene and pornographic information.

　　According to netizens, there are not many pornographic websites in China at present, but QQ Space and Baidu Snapshot are the ones with more pornographic information.

　　In this regard, the person in charge of the Network Security Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security believes that operators should increase their corresponding regulatory responsibilities and delete relevant bad information in time according to relevant administrative regulations.

　　According to reports, cutting off the interest chain that maintains the survival of pornographic websites has become the core content of eliminating obscene pornographic websites.

　　In order to severely crack down on illegal crimes of online obscenity and pornography and eradicate the interest chain of pornographic websites, the Ministry of Public Security and other 10 departments decided to organize a nationwide special campaign to crack down on online obscenity and pornography from July to October 2009.

　　"Through this special action, we will focus on detecting a number of major cases of obscenity and pornography, thoroughly rectify network access service providers, online advertisers and third-party payment companies related to the interest chain of online obscenity and pornography, cut off the interest chain of online obscenity and pornography, and purify the network environment." The person in charge said. (Reporter Wang Doudou)

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