上海足浴

In Hebei public security system, Han Ying, the forensic doctor of Yongqing County Public Security Bureau in Langfang City, is a "celebrity". Colleagues all say that she retains the meticulous and meticulous characteristics of women in her work, but she has the perseverance and persistence of men.Since joining the police in 2014, Han Ying has dissected more than 150 corpses without any mistakes. More than 1,300 people have been identified for the degree of human injury, and there is no objection; Still struggling in the first line during pregnancy and breastfeeding …

　

Choosing to be a forensic doctor in life choices

"I have been fascinated by female forensic Nie Baoyan in the Hong Kong drama" Forensic Records "since I was a child. I think she is particularly handsome and can lock the suspects with clues."

　　Han Ying is 31 years old and graduated from Hebei Medical University. At the beginning of 2013, after a strict selection procedure, she was officially hired by Yongqing County People’s Hospital. Just as she was planning to report for duty, the announcement of the four-level joint entrance examination for civil servants in Hebei Province was released, and the Yongqing County Public Security Bureau needed to recruit a forensic doctor, so she planned to try.

　　After a month of preparation, the CET-4 scores first and the interview first! Han Ying finally lived up to her efforts. But a life choice was placed in front of her.

　　"Baby, you think about it, when doctors earn more money, it sounds good. You’re going to be a forensic doctor, and the salary is low, but also … "My father’s words are obvious.

　　Han Ying said seriously: "Dad, since I was a child, I envied others to restore the scene of the case, avenge the dead and punish the bad guys. I want to cherish this opportunity."

　　In the end, Han Ying, who successfully persuaded her family, chose the profession of forensic medicine.

　　

Forensic post is a position.

The first time I went to the murder scene, the first time I faced the family of the deceased, and the first time I had a DNA test …

Many first times, the test of Han Ying came one after another, and engaging in forensic work required strong psychological and physical qualities. "Forensic doctors must be able to dissect, but also understand relevant physical, chemical, pathological knowledge and various laws and regulations." Since the police, Han Ying has insisted that every case must come and learn business knowledge as soon as she has time. With this strength, Han Ying quickly grew into the technical backbone of forensic positions in Yongqing County Public Security Bureau.

"I like a sentence very much. The forensic doctor is’ speaking for the dead, the right of the living’. When I saw the hidden truth, I was stripped of my cocoon and lifted the veil step by step until the bottom came out. I think it is worth paying more." Han Ying said.

On the evening of June 1, 2014, a building fell on a construction site. At that time, Han Ying had been pregnant for more than seven months, and her body was very weak due to the great reaction of early pregnancy. Leaders and colleagues advised her not to go. But without saying anything, she immediately rushed to the scene with the team.

　　The diffuse smell of blood at the scene repeatedly made her feel queasy, but she insisted on holding a round belly, squatting awkwardly on the ground with a cat half around her waist, looking for the personal characteristics and gender characteristics of the deceased, and stuck to it for hours at the scene.

　　"Every time I face a corpse, I will put a work card with a police badge in front of my stomach and silently say to my baby,’ Don’t be afraid, the police will protect you’". Han Ying told reporters.

　　Liu Zhijun, the captain of the Criminal Police Brigade of Yongqing County Public Security Bureau in Langfang City, said: "During Han Ying’s pregnancy, she dissected 68 dead bodies with the team and made more than 900 cases of injury identification, which was admirable and even more distressing …"

On May 12, 2018, a case of dismemberment occurred in the jurisdiction of Yongqing County. After the murderer killed the victim, he dismembered it and threw it into the roadside garbage bin. When Han Ying arrived at the scene, the murderer’s situation had not been mastered. Han Ying and other technicians analyzed and studied the scene together and worked out the exploration steps.. This is the first case of dismemberment that she encountered since she worked. At that time, the weather was hot and the scene environment was bad. She offered to undertake the task of taking the corpse.In addition to the corpse, there are bedding and various food residues in the garbage bin. After all the corpse pieces are taken out and put together, Han Yingcai is slightly relieved.

"Every time she appeared, Han Ying rushed to go, just like’ playing chicken blood’, and she was very enthusiastic about the investigation work."Liu Zhijun and the old comrades in the team like this studious young man very much.

In 2018, the DNA laboratory of Yongqing County Public Security Bureau was officially put into use. At present, more than 800 exfoliated cell tests and 3 bone tests have been completed.Once, an arson case occurred in a township under the jurisdiction of Yongqing County. Han Ying quickly locked the suspect through DNA testing of the physical evidence extracted from the scene and solved the case in three days.

　　To be a qualified forensic doctor

　　Once, one of Han Ying’s children died in a unilateral accident. At that time, some students came to intercede and asked if they could not have a wine test, saying that the deceased still had a wife and children, and if the insurance could be reported, they could still leave some living expenses for their families. However, Han Ying refused very firmly at that time: "No! This is a fraud and a crime! "

　　"The captain often warned me that the forensic doctor is to let the body’ speak’, expose the truth, provide real direction for case investigation, and provide accurate basis for conviction and sentencing, which is impartial and unbiased." When talking about this matter, Han Ying said firmly.

　　There was a couple who were injured and found Han Ying for forensic identification. In the process of inquiring about the case, Han Ying learned that the other party’s family was in difficulty, and Han Ying immediately took the initiative to help the couple apply to the leader for exemption from the appraisal fee, so that the case could smoothly enter the court proceedings …

"The master often warned me that the forensic doctor is to expose the truth, be impartial, and be impartial." Han Ying keeps this principle firmly in mind.

　　"Now many people are afraid to shake hands with me, and I try to avoid attending other people’s weddings and birthday parties. Because I want to bend over to do anatomy, I don’t wear skirts, and some things that make women beautiful gradually have nothing to do with me anymore … "

Speaking of life now, Han Ying said that she was most afraid of her lover’s business trip, because at this time she had to leave her son with her elderly parents in the middle of the night and go to the scene alone. Speaking of this, Han Ying wiped the tears from the corner of her eyes with her hand: "This is the characteristic of the job of legal doctor. I have never regretted choosing this career!"

As a frontline female forensic, Han Ying stuck to her post with full enthusiasm and positive attitude, and set an example for the police in the province.

In August 2016, Han Ying was recorded as a second-class individual by the Hebei Provincial Public Security Department; In May 2017, he was awarded the honorary title of "National Excellent People’s Police" by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Public Security; In December 2017, he was elected as the representative of the thirteenth provincial people’s congress; In May 2018, he was awarded the "May 4th Youth Medal" by the Hebei Provincial Committee of the Communist Youth League. (Zhang sweet song)

　　Zhang Gan, a professor at Tsinghua University Academy of Fine Arts, recently gave a special report entitled "Plague and Western Art —— The Influence of Disease and Plague on Western Painting" in Lecture 10 of "Spring Breeze Lecture Hall" in Tsinghua University. He studied the influence of "disease and plague" on western art from the perspective of art appreciation from three aspects: the plague in works of art, the new theme of the birth of plague and the art interrupted by plague.

　　No.1Plague in works of art

　　Plague and disease run through the development of human civilization. People who have experienced disasters often record or express disasters and the thoughts they bring to people in the form of literature and art.

　　For example, works of art with the theme of war, some patrons at that time hoped to show their military achievements or achievements through their works, and some artists hoped to accuse the atrocities of war by expressing the theme of war.

　　However, there are not many works that show plagues and diseases in paintings. Because the plague brings painful memories to everyone and the state of illness has no aesthetic feeling at all, artists rarely show the sick scenes directly in their works. However, the rethinking of life caused by disease and plague, such as the cycle of life and death, the relationship between man and society and the influence of plague itself on human society, all play a lasting role in art.

　　In western painting, there are some works related to plague or disease, and occasionally artists directly express the visual impact brought by plague in their works. These worksIt reflects the disaster and catastrophe brought by plague and disease to human beings, and the brilliance of human nature highlighted in it..

　　01

　　Plague has been accompanied by human history, and the most serious one in western historical records is the Black Death in 1348. American writer Joseph P. Bourne once wrote in The Black Death: "Neither Western Christianity nor the Islamic world can express such a disaster as the Black Death with visual images." Although few works of art are expressed, we still found some images. These paintings played a certain role in the later study of the Black Death.

　　The scene of survivors burying the dead,

　　The only existing work during the first outbreak of the Black Death.

　　Scenes of priests helping to treat and bury the dead,

　　Bronze prints during the outbreak of Florence plague in 1348.

　　The doctor who treated the Black Death wore a beak mask as a protective measure.

　　02

　　The painting of the altar of Isenheim in the museum of Antlinden in Coma, France, shows the monastery’s treatment of the disease under the epidemic of ergot poisoning. The work comforts the believers through the theme of Christian resurrection, and will surely overcome the disease.

　　Eisenheim altar painting

　　Matthias Gruenewald

　　Painting of the Altar in Isenheim (Unfolded), the central altar was carved by nikolaus Hagenau in 1490, and the hospital chapel of St. Anthony’s Cathedral in Isenheim, Germany, about 1510 ~1515. Altar, painted gilded basswood, 298.4cm× 250.1cm× 92.7cm (center), 74.9cm× 340.4cm (lower sketchpad), oil painting on the side boards, 250.1cm× 92.7cm..

　　Saint Anthony is the patron saint of patients with skin diseases (Isenheim is a village 15 miles from Cole Ma Yinan). In art, pigs are usually accompanied by Saint Anthony, which refers to the use of pork fat to treat skin infections. But it also led Saint Anthony to become the patron saint of pig farmers, and the protectors of basket weavers, pen makers and grave diggers had nothing to do with his treatment (he lived as a hermit, a religious hermit for the first time, in an empty grave).

　　At Isenheim Hospital, the monks of St. Anthony’s Monastery devote themselves to taking care of sick and dying farmers, many of whom suffer from ergot disease. Ergot disease is a disease caused by eating rye grains infected with fungi. Ergotism, commonly known as the fire of St. Anthony (St. Anthony‘s fire) can cause hallucinations, skin infections and attacks on the central nervous system, eventually leading to death.

　　03

　　In the history of western art, there are some outstanding works that reflect plagues and diseases.

　　3.1　The plague of Ashdod

　　In the 17th century, the works of Nicolas Pu Sang, a famous French classicism representative painter, according to the description in Samuel, showed the scene of children crying on the body of their mother who died of the plague, and showed people’s desire to be free from the plague.

　　The Plague of Ashdod， 1628-1630

　　Oil on canvas, 148×198, Louvre, Paris.

　　3.2　Napoleon visited the plague patients in Jaffa.

　　In the 19th century, the works of Antoine-Jean Gro, a pioneer of romanticism and a famous French painter, described Napoleon’s inspection and care of soldiers infected with plague in the monastery of Saint Nicholas, Armenia, and showed Napoleon’s heroic image as a leader who loved soldiers like children and the real scene of treating plague patients.

　　In 1804, oil painting on canvas, 532×720, Louvre, Paris.

　　3.3　Death in the Sickroom

　　At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, several works by Norwegian expressionist painter edvard munch set off the sad and depressed mood with cool colors, and showed the atmosphere of suffering from diseases incisively and vividly.

　　1893， 134cm ×　160cm，　Munch Museum， Oslo

　　1895， oil on canvas， 150cm ×　168cm， Nasjonalgalleriet， Oslo

　　3.4　Science and Kindness

　　In 1897, Picasso’s work was only 16 years old. The doctor in the picture is modeled after his father, and the girl in the hospital bed is modeled after a gypsy girl Picasso met in the street. This kind of works expressing the theme of science and technology and benevolence was very popular at the end of the 19th century, which was closely related to the development of medical science and technology in this era, and expressed the theme that although the disease was painful, science and technology brought hope to mankind.

　　Pablo Picasso， Science and Charity， 1897， 200 x 250cm

　　3.5　The Plague

　　Marx klinger’s prints depict the sudden appearance of a crow symbolizing death, which shocked the nuns who comforted the patients and filled the whole environment with an ominous atmosphere.

　　1857-1920， From Vom Tode II （Berlin， 1898-1910） Engraving and drypoint， 36 × 31.4cm

　　The psychological impact of the plague on human beings is well reflected in the form of painting. Art is a record of human history, not only an aesthetic expression, but also an important carrier of human thought and civilization.

　　No.2

　　A new theme born of plague

　　Due to the plague, some new themes were born in the history of western painting. For example, after the Black Death, the themes of "Death’s Victory" and "Death’s Dance" appeared. These two themes remind us that people can’t avoid death: the former is more active, persuading people to work hard in this life and strive for good results; The latter is more pessimistic, emphasizing that no matter whether he was a king, a monk or other people from all walks of life, he would eventually be born to die.

　　These thoughts related to death were very popular in the 14th century, which was closely related to the underdevelopment of medicine and technology at that time. People were helpless in the face of diseases and plagues, and their despair and helplessness were understandable. Today, through unremitting efforts and exploration of mankind, there is new hope to overcome the epidemic.

　　Three living people meet three dead people

　　"Death’s Victory" has been popular in Europe since the 14th century. The above picture is selected from the book "Poems and Prayer Books" written by Bonn, Duke of Normandy in Luxembourg, who died of the plague. The dead in the painting said to the living, "We used to be like you, and now we are you in the future." This theme became more popular in the late Middle Ages.

　　The theme of "Victory of Death" series has been shown in Italy, Belgium, France and Germany. The Italian work The Triumph of Death with the Dance of Death is very typical. At the top of the picture is an image of a god of death wearing a crown and the helplessness of people from all walks of life in the world in the face of death, indicating that no one can defeat death; The bottom of the picture embodies the "dance of death", expressing that death has accompanied people all their lives and cannot escape.

　　Giacomo Borlone de Burchis， The Triumph of Death with The Dance of Death， 15th century， Oratorio dei Disciplini in Clusone， Italy

　　The image of death gradually fixed in the Middle Ages: a skeleton with a sickle and an hourglass representing time, and some with wings similar to bats.

　　"Seven Ages of the World: The Image of Death" is a woodcut illustration made by Michal Wohlgemuth for Hartman Scheedel’s Chronicle. In the picture, corpses with different degrees of corruption are dancing, and there is a paragraph under the image: "Nothing is better than death …" It reminds people that death will eventually overcome the body.

　　Death shoots an arrow from a bow on a skinny horse, targeting people of all social classes. The horse occupies the center of the whole scene, its ribs are clearly visible, and its bony head shows its teeth and tongue. Death has just shot an arrow and hit a young man in the lower right corner. Death will also wear a sickle beside the saddle, which is its typical feature.

　　Wet frescoes of Abbatilis Palace in Palermo, circa 1446. Entrusted by the king of Aragon in Naples.

　　01

　　Ponico Di Martino or Ponico Boufard Marco has a famous work "Victory of Death". The picture is divided into two parts: on the left, a young man rides a horse for an outing and meets a hermit. The old man shows you three coffins with the bodies of a king, a priest and a noble respectively. The bodies are swollen and rotted, and the young people cover their noses and mouths; On the right is the scene of young people playing the piano, playing and dancing in the garden. It shows that people were powerless in the face of death at that time, and people were happy in time, while angels and demons in the sky were fighting for people’s souls, which warned everyone that life is short and we should live actively.

　　Cemetery of Pisa Cathedral, Buona Mico di Martino or Buona Mico Buffalo Macco (Active C.1315-1336).

　　02

　　Part of Gorgeous Daily Classics was written by Jean Collomb. In the picture, armed soldiers were beaten out of the water by three skeletons, which also represented the victory of death.

　　A variant of death’s victory

　　Most classic: Old Peter Bruegel, Victory of Death

　　In the lower left corner of the foreground of the painting is the king caught by death, who is still thinking about his gold and silver when he dies. On the right is the priest caught by death, and a pilgrim in white who is lying asleep on the ground in the middle is also killed by death. The skeleton on the left pulls a car full of human skulls. Under the car, there is a woman who is cutting off the textile thread representing the thread of life with scissors, which is a metaphor for the fragility of life. There is a dining table in the lower right corner of the picture. Everyone who is having a banquet is interrupted by death. On the right, there is a trap like a mousetrap. All human beings are driven here by death, which means that human beings will eventually be defeated by death. The background of the whole picture is a barren battlefield, filled with smoke, and the skeleton army completely defeats human beings.

　　Pieter Bruegel the Elder，　Triumph of Death， c。 1562， oil on panel， 117x162cm， Museo del Prado， Madrid。

　　The Dance of Death by the German artist Hans holbein (1497-1543) is an excellent print work in the Renaissance. In a series of dynamic pictures, death invaded the daily life of 34 people from all walks of life, from the Pope to the doctor to the farmer who plowed the fields.

　　Adam and Eve were expelled from the paradise, and death waited excitedly.

　　The samurai struggled with death, and it was hard to defeat after all.

　　A lady was visited by death.

　　Al Brecht Diu Lei was the greatest painter in the German Renaissance. There are four knights in his Four Horsemen in Revelation, representing conquest, war, hunger and death. Among them, death can kill a quarter of the people on the earth with swords, famines, plagues and wild animals. Although this work does not directly show the plague, it warns everyone about the influence of the plague on human beings through the image of death.

　　These works represent the pessimistic attitude of the west in the face of plague in this specific period of the 16th century. These emotions are a portrayal of the world at that time, representing people’s views and understanding of the world. At the same time, artists also satirize social reality through their works, which also reminds us how to look at the present world.

　　But in the history of western painting, this is only a small part, and most of the works face life with a positive and optimistic realistic attitude. The themes derived from the plague are not all pessimism, but there are some changes in the later period.

　　Corpse monument

　　During the outbreak of plague, many people can only be buried in nameless graves or graves. Out of fear of this feeling of complete disappearance, people with conditions demand that enough marks be left on their graves. For about two centuries, rich people put life-size statues of themselves on the top of tombs. In the 1490s, a new form of burial emerged, which was mainly characterized by the juxtaposition of neatly dressed images of bishops, cardinals or nobles and life-size decomposed corpses, and was called the Cadaver monument.

　　The earliest carrion tomb in England belongs to Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury. The inscription in the mausoleum reads: "I was born in poverty and was later promoted to bishop." If you can’t afford to get sick now, it will become food for maggots … You will be like me after death: all terrible dust, maggots and carrion. "

　　John FitzAlan’s body monument, 14th Earl of arundel, died in 1435. Arundel Chapel in Arendal Castle, Sussex.

　　Ma Saqiao: Trinity, 1425-28 wet mural, Notre Dame de Florence.

　　At the bottom of the picture is a painted corpse monument. This work is the earliest known preserved work using scientific perspective in the history of western art.

　　A patron saint from the plague

　　Based on everyone’s wish to avoid plague infection, two protected saints came into being: St. Sebastian (St. Sebastian) and St. Roche (St. Roch）。

　　San sebastian

　　San Sebastian lived in the early 4th century. His relationship with the plague stems from the fact that he can survive the rain of arrows. In western tradition, arrows are associated with diseases initiated by God. There are many times in the Old Testament that arrows are used to compare God’s punishment. Such as Deuteronomy (32: 23): "Shoot my arrows at them." Psalm (64: 7): "But God wanted to shoot them, and suddenly they were wounded by arrows." Psalm (7: 12): "The bow must be bent and ready." Wait a minute. Classical writers and Christian writers in the first Black Death pandemic also compared the plague to an arrow. The earliest known recourse to Sebastian occurred in pavia and Rome in the 7th century.

　　The earliest known work of Saint Sebastian is a mosaic of the existing New Saint Apolinar Church in ravenna, Italy, which was created around 527-565 AD. Another earlier painting, St. Sebastian, a mosaic of St. Peter’s church in chains in Rome, was created around 682 AD.

　　South Nederland painter Levering Cox

• Josse Lieferinxe (Working CA 1493–1503/08) The intercession of Saint Sebastian for the Plague Stricken, The Walters Art Museum.

　　St. Roche

　　Saint-Roch was born in Montpellier, France, in a noble family, between the 1990 s and 1350 s. On his way to Rome for pilgrimage, he encountered a plague, so St. Roch stayed in Akua Pontent, Tuscany to help the patients. A few years later, he was infected with plague on his way home. A dog licked his wound and brought him food, and finally recovered. After returning home, he was mistaken for a spy and died in prison. People found "angel handwriting" on him, saying that he would become a patron saint of plague patients after he ascended to heaven. The earliest evidence of worshipping him appeared in the early 15th century. His legend is very popular in Venice. St. Roch in the portrait is usually standing, wearing a pilgrim’s hat, holding a cane and a shell, with a dog giving him food. The left leg is exposed, showing a lymph node mass at the root of the leg.

　　Burial place of Saint Roch， Church of San Rocco in Venice， Italy

　　During the Black Death that ravaged northern Italy from 1477 to 1479, people’s worship of St. Roch was growing.

　　St. Roch Hall in Venice

　　Scuola Grande di San Rocco

　　No.3

　　Art interrupted by plague

　　In 1951, art historian Milad Mais published The Paintings of Florence and Siena after the Black Death: Art, Religion and Society in the Mid-14th Century. In the book, he pointed out that the Black Death had a profound influence on the artistic style and content of Florence and Siena. It is precisely because of the fear of plague that the patrons of religious painting gave up the artistic development for half a century and turned back to a more traditional, more religious and spiritual style.

　　Mays believes that the Black Death delayed the reality of Renaissance style and the development of humanistic art for decades. However, more art historians, such as Hank Van Oath, point out that many key artists and patrons died because of the plague, which is the reason for the delay in the change of artistic style. For example, Luo Renzetti, a painter in Siena, died of the Black Death, and the nine-member government in Siena collapsed, which led to the end of the sponsorship of art. Judith Steinhoff, an art historian, believes that the "new patron" with low taste led to the decline of artistic taste at that time. Italians who experienced the plague became very concerned about being remembered, which was reflected in the construction of churches, art sponsorship and donations. The individual’s concern for the name behind him directly triggered human’s concern for artistic realism, which will be the symbol of Renaissance art in the 15th and 16th centuries.

　　Giotto di Bendone

　　（Giotto di Bondone， c.1277-1337）

• Boccaccio said Giotto brought light to the art of painting.

• Dante wrote in the eleventh song "Proud people become humble people" in the Divine Comedy Purgatory: Chemapu wanted to be invincible in painting, but now Giotto has won the praise, so the other one’s reputation is unknown.

• A monument commissioned by Lorenzo de’ Medici in Florence Cathedral to commemorate Giotto. The inscription was written by humanist Poliziano: I am the one who gave new life to the lost painting art.

　　One of the earliest works using the central single-point perspective method.

　　The Birth of Mary 1342， Tempera on wood， 188 x 183 cm， Museo dell‘Opera del Duomo， Siena

　　Titian (1488/90-1576), Mourning Christ.

　　Pietà，　1576，　Oil on canvas， 352 x 349 cm，　Gallerie dell‘Accademia， Venice

　　Titian was infected with the plague and died of a high fever on August 27, 1576. Mourning for Christ was not finished before his death, but was finished by his student Palma.

　　the spanish flu

　　■ Another plague that has an important impact on western art is the Spanish flu. The Spanish flu lasted from January 1918 to December 1920, and about 500 million people were infected in the world. It was estimated that the death toll reached 17 million to 50 million, and some people thought it might reach 100 million.

　　Two very important Austrian painters died of Spanish flu, Egon Schiele and Klimt.

　　Emergency hospital set up in Kansas

　　Egon Schiele painted himself in the image of San Sebastian. The arrow not only represents the plague, but also represents the gossip that denies his art.

　　Self-Portrait as St。 Sebastian （Poster for Arnot Gallery exhibition）， 1914/15，　Indian ink and opaque， 67 x 50 cm， Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien， Vienna

　　02

　　Aids and Art in the 20th Century

　　In the 1980s and early 1990s, AIDS caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) broke out and swept across the United States and other parts of the world. Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, more than 70 million people have been infected with HIV, and about 35 million people have died of AIDS.

　　Posters designed by keith haring:

　　Keith Haring，　Ignorance = Fear， 1989， Poster Collection Noirmontartproduction， Paris。　

　　In 1990, Harlem died of AIDS at the age of 31.

　　The test of human nature brought by the plague is also what we need to face today. Diseases make us think about several issues: first, the relationship between man and nature (man and environment, man and animals); Second, the relationship between people and society (individual and whole); Third, the relationship between people (with relatives, friends and strangers); Fourth, the relationship between countries (equality, fraternity or narrow nationalism).

　　In this thrilling art history related to the plague, we have seen the despair and struggle of mankind, the untimely death of many outstanding artists, and more hope and strength. Art constantly reminds us how to get along with nature, society and the past. We should face challenges together and build a community of human destiny with a more universal, equal and broad mind.

　　I hope that the power of art will continue to advance with mankind, and that mankind will never die and art will never die.

　　(This article is reproduced from Tsinghua University)

Original: SME SME technology story

In the women’s 400-meter final of the national track and field competition last month, Liao Mengxue and Tong Zenghuan, two female players who swept the gold and silver medals, caused a heated discussion inside and outside the international sports circle-these two female players really look like male players.

In addition to appearance, Liao Mengxue’s voice is slightly low and neutral. So the public opinion is full of doubts. Are China female track and field athletes men? South Korean media even shouted "China sports has no gender", expressing strong opposition.

Liao Mengxue (left) and Tong Zenghuan (right)

In fact, the Chinese Athletics Association has come forward to confirm that the two athletes are indeed women. Just in May this year, they also participated in the international track and field league. How could they pass the test of such a major event by dressing up as women? Questioning is self-defeating.

In fact, to ensure fair and just international sports events, gender identification has been improved with the application of biomedicine and other technologies, and the method is not as simple as taking off pants to check physical characteristics. How to identify people with abnormal sex? Which gender should transgender people enter the competition? Everything is scientific, rigorous, fair and elegant.

However, some unscrupulous media make hasty judgments only on the appearance of TV screens, which not only hurts the dignity of athletes themselves, but also determines the scientific reforms and efforts made by international sports organizations for gender identification in the past century.

When it comes to gender identification, the first way that comes to mind should be to observe the gender characteristics of the body, and the same is true of gender identification in the earliest sports events. The athletes are arranged naked in groups, so that the appraiser can observe their physical characteristics with the naked eye.

As early as the 1936 Olympic Games, there appeared the same gender questioning as Liao Mengxue and Tong Zenghuan. In the women’s 100-meter track and field competition, American Helen Stephens won the championship. The second place in this competition, Stella Walsh from Poland, was defeated by her, and she questioned Helen’s true gender. Stella asked the IAFF to verify Helen’s gender.

Helen Stephens

This is the first time that athletes have been tested for gender in international sports events. The Olympic Committee identified Helen by visual inspection, that is, let her undress and check her gender characteristics. It turns out that Helen is indeed a woman, and Stella’s doubts are not valid.

Surprisingly, however, the whistleblower Stella herself is "gender ambiguous". At that time, the Olympic Committee only made a gender test for Helen, and obviously would not pay attention to Stella who seemed to be on the right side. It was not until Stella’s death 44 years later that the complete truth surfaced.

Stella was unfortunately robbed and shot by robbers, but her autopsy was shocking. It turns out that Stella has a tiny but nonfunctional male organ; However, the sex chromosome types displayed by her cells are also problematic, some of them carry XY chromosomes, and some of them have only one X chromosome, which indicates that the embryonic cells divide incorrectly and lead to mosaic. Instead of appearing in the women’s arena, it should be Stella.

Stella Walsh (right) congratulates Helen Stephens (left) on her victory.

In the same year’s Olympic Games, another German high jumper, Dora Rajan, also had gender doubts. At that time, she finished fourth in the women’s high jump. Two years later, she set a new record for the women’s high jump in another competition, but a few days later, she was accidentally exposed to gender issues. On the train back to Germany, someone reported that she was a man dressed as a woman.

When the police intervened in the investigation, it was discovered that Dora was mistaken for a girl by the midwife when she was born, and her family raised Dora as a girl since childhood. The reason lies in the strange physical characteristics of Dora’s hermaphroditism, and the sexual organs in this case can’t play their sexual functions. So in fact, Dora is not a woman or a man. She is bisexual.

In Dora’s mind, she belongs to women. So she can only hide her physical characteristics, avoid being naked, and participate in the competition as a woman. Until the embarrassing gender identity was revealed, all the medals she won were confiscated and her name was deleted from the record.

High jumper Dora Rajan

A series of gender disputes made the sports community aware of the controversy, so in 1966, IAAF added gender identification steps, and two years later, the International Olympic Committee followed suit. The athletes lined up naked in front of the doctor, who roughly identified the sex by naked eye.

Although the method is intuitive and simple, it also arouses people’s psychological antipathy and is criticized as uncivilized and immoral. When complex situations arise, it is difficult to make a judgment in gender identification.

The essential difference between men and women lies in the different sex chromosomes. Male’s XY and female’s XX chromosomes determine the different sexual characteristics of human beings. So in 1967, IAAF introduced chromosome test to identify sex, and a year later, the International Olympic Committee adopted the same method.

Chromosome test is simple, just take some tissue smears from athletes’ mouths, and then check whether there is Pasteurella bodies in them with a microscope. Pasteurella bodies are mammalian somatic nuclei. Except for one X chromosome, the other X chromosomes are condensed to form chromatids with a diameter of about 1 micron. This is actually the phenomenon that most chromatin is not synchronized during the cell division cycle.

There is only one X chromosome in male, so there is no Pasteurella in male nucleus. Women have two X chromosomes, so there is a Pasteurella corpuscle. After staining the chromosomes, Pasteurella bodies will show a deeper color, and the observation will be obvious.

A female with chromosome XX contains a Pasteurella corpuscle in her nucleus.

However, in the year when chromosome testing was introduced, a Polish female athlete could not pass gender identification. Her chromosome results showed "no Pasteurella", which means that "she" was judged to be male.

In fact, she is indeed a woman, only suffering from a rare Turner syndrome. This is a chromosomal abnormality disease, and the X chromosome is partially or completely missing, resulting in a chromosome composition of 44+X instead of 44+XX of ordinary people. Therefore, under the microscope, there will naturally be no Pasteurella bodies. Finally, following the appraisal results, the female athlete was banned from participating in the Olympic Games and professional sports competitions for life.

People gradually found that there are more and more blind spots in chromosome detection. Except for women with Turner’s syndrome, there is no abnormal situation of Pasteurella, but the male sex chromosome with Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome is XXY, but a Pasteurella can be detected. Athletes with androgen insensitivity contain XY sex chromosomes, but they can’t secrete androgen normally, and they are also rejected from the competition.

In 1992, the International Olympic Committee introduced PCR (polymerase chain reaction) detection method, which is more microscopic than chromosome detection at the gene level.

There is a sex-determining regional gene, SRY gene, on the Y chromosome. Although this gene is usually located on the Y chromosome, it will be transferred to the X chromosome in rare cases. In this way, even a fetus with a sex chromosome of XX will develop into a male; Similarly, if the SRY gene on the Y chromosome fails, the fetus with XY sex chromosome will also develop into a woman. This bypasses the chromosome abnormality and directly judges its subsequent expression according to the gene situation.

A large number of copies can be amplified within one hour by taking a small amount of DNA from the tested person. At this time, sex identification is completed only by detecting whether there is SRY gene on the sex chromosome. Because of its low price, simple and reliable steps, PCR identification method later became the mainstream identification method.

Electrophoretic PCR products showed that the band size of SRY gene was 254bp.

Almost all gender identification is aimed at male players mixed with female players, and they are screened out, because there is no woman who wants to challenge male opponents and stage the drama of eggs hitting stones. However, it is unfair for men to participate in women’s competitions, mainly because of the huge difference in testosterone content between normal men and women.

Testosterone is the main male hormone, and 90% of testosterone in men is secreted by leydig cells, which promotes the development of secondary characteristics such as the maturity of male sexual organs.

The essence of testosterone is actually to promote the synthesis of protein, so testosterone can also promote the growth of muscles and strength and enhance the maturity of bones, which is a great advantage for athletes.

South Africa’s 800-meter runner Caster Semenya, a woman with high testosterone content, was asked to receive hormone therapy.

In fact, women can also secrete testosterone. Although there are no testicles, ovarian interstitial cells and adrenal glands can also secrete a small amount, which is only about 1/10 of that of men.

To some extent, in the arena, androgen has become the "strength value" of athletes, and the value range of men is obviously higher than that of women. Therefore, people strongly resist men’s participation in women’s competitions.

And hormone detection has also become an auxiliary method in gender identification. In fact, it is more important as an identification means to test whether athletes take hormone drugs.

Testosterone is also the goal that men strive for in the gym, which has the function of building muscles.

So far, almost every appraisal method in sports field has defects. Only by integrating various identification methods can the rate of misjudgment be reduced.

In the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, the "Sex Identification Experimental Center" was established, which combined clinical, sex hormone, gene and chromosome detection methods for sex identification. A comprehensive gender identification method provides a fairer basis for the current international competition.

In fact, it is impossible for male players disguised as women to mix into women’s competitions under strict appraisal methods, and it is the gender abnormal groups except men and women who are really in an embarrassing position. From the point of view of sports competition, they should also have the right to participate in the competition. After identifying the gender, how to place these athletes has become a difficult problem.

Bruce Jenner, a male athlete, later became a woman.

In the process of constantly changing gender identification methods, it is just the abnormal gender who is the most difficult to accurately determine the gender. Their gender is vague, and some people clearly believe that they are women, but they can’t participate in women’s competitions.

In 2003, the International Olympic Committee formulated a consensus on gender classification in Stockholm, which opened a door to this group.

The consensus stipulates that bisexual or transgender people are allowed to participate in Olympic events. The condition is that sex hormone therapy and transsexual surgery are needed two years before the competition. That is to say, before the game, you can make it clear that you are a man or a woman through surgery, so you can pass gender identification and participate in the competition.

In 2016, the International Olympic Committee once again reached a consensus that transgender athletes who are not qualified for women’s competitions do not have to undergo sex-change surgery, and they can choose to participate in men’s competitions. After the reform, the consensus is more humanized, which no longer opposes gender as a gender situation with only men and women, and is more tolerant of transgender people.

As long as there is competitive sports, there is people’s yearning for fairness, which has led to the change of gender identification for nearly a century. At the same time, science and technology are constantly developing, which provides a fairer appraisal measure for sports events.

From this point of view, the question about Chinese female athletes at the beginning of the article is even more out of thin air. Instead of spending energy to incite doubts, we should try to add fair scientific and technological guarantee to exciting sports events.

Under the increasingly refined identification means, the problems in identification are no longer plagued by both male and female dimensions. The criterion of gender determination in sports field is fair competition, but if masculine face, gender characteristics, chromosomes and hormones can’t determine gender, what is the criterion of gender?

Wood R I , Stanton S J .Testosterone and sport: Current perspectives[J]. Hormones & Behavior, 2012,61(1):0-155.

Vanessa Heggie. Sex testing andthe Olympics: myths rumours and confirmation bias. The Guardian, 2012.08.02.

Zhou Weihai, Xiao Guoqiang. Serum testosterone of young athletes in different events [J]. Journal of Physical Education, 2002, 9(2):34-35.

Kate Allen. How the practice ofsex-testing targets female Olympic athletes. The Star, 2016.07.31.

Settin,Ahmad et al. Rapid sex determination using PCR technique compared to classiccytogenetics. International journal of health sciences vol. 2,1(2008): 49-52.

Original title: "The foreign media questioned China’s players pretending to be women, which is simply a contempt for the 80-year history of gender identification! 》

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The vigorous development of new energy industry in China has laid a solid foundation for promoting energy transformation and building a new power system. However, the shadow under the sunshine is that although China’s new energy industry is highly competitive, the wind power, photovoltaic and energy storage industries are seriously plunged into the abyss of irrational competition, and the pace of commercialization of hydrogen energy industry needs to be accelerated.

On the afternoon of November 19th, the 7th China International Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Industry Conference in 2024 and the 21st Century Green Energy Development Forum with "New Energy and New Quality" were held in Chengdu under the guidance of Southern Finance and Economics All Media Group, sponsored by 21st century business herald, supported by the Organizing Committee of China International Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Industry Conference, and supported by the Yangtze River Delta Solar Photovoltaic Technology Innovation Center and 21st century business herald New Energy Research Group as think tanks.

Experts and senior executives from New Energy Chamber of Commerce of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, China Photovoltaic Industry Association, Public Meteorological Service Center of China Meteorological Administration, Solar Technology Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, China Photovoltaic Standardization Committee of International SEMIconductor Industry Association (Semi), Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute of Tsinghua, and more than 100 industry organizations and enterprises, including Tongwei, GCL, CIMC, Haibo Sichuang and Xiqing Energy, attended to talk about the high-quality development of scenery hydrogen storage industry.

Industrial development ushered in a new time.

On November 8, 2024, the Energy Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Energy Law) was officially passed and came into force on January 1, 2025. The Energy Law stipulates that the state promotes the development and utilization of wind energy and solar energy, adheres to centralized and distributed development, accelerates the construction of wind power and photovoltaic power generation bases, supports the development and utilization of distributed wind power and photovoltaic power generation nearby, rationally and orderly develops offshore wind power, and actively develops photothermal power generation; The state rationally arranges, actively and orderly develops and builds pumped storage power stations, promotes the high-quality development of new energy storage, and gives play to the regulatory role of various energy storage in the power system; The state actively and orderly promotes the development and utilization of hydrogen energy and promotes the high-quality development of hydrogen energy industry.

This "Basic Law", which is regarded as the legal system in the energy field, is of great significance to the development of new energy industry. According to Lu Jinbiao, co-secretary general of China Photovoltaic Standards Committee of the International SEMIconductor Industry Association (Semi), "Energy Law is to legalize the policy of developing renewable energy in our country for so many years. Over the years, we have been engaged in the renewable energy industry, which is more about thinking in the industrial chain and manufacturing chain, and the appearance of the Energy Law clearly tells everyone that wind power, photovoltaic, energy storage and hydrogen energy are the attributes of energy. "

Shen Hui, director of the Yangtze River Delta Solar Photovoltaic Technology Innovation Center and professor of Sun Yat-sen University, is a well-known scholar in the photovoltaic field in China. When talking about the significance of the birth of the Energy Law, he did not hesitate to think: "This is undoubtedly a good affirmation and promotion for the development of photovoltaics." In his view, photovoltaic has become an important energy source in the world this year, which is a great contribution made by crystalline silicon photovoltaic. "Photovoltaic has just begun from the perspective of power generation."

Wu Dan, Assistant Secretary-General of the New Energy Chamber of Commerce of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, said at this forum: "The Energy Law clearly puts forward the priority to support the development of renewable energy, including the consumption of new energy power and the establishment of market mechanism, which is both encouragement and spur for the development of new energy industries, and hopes that the industries in the field of renewable energy will develop in a higher quality direction."

Taking photovoltaic as an example, the development of this industry ultimately needs to be based on the system consideration of new power systems. "The new power system needs to be guaranteed under the premise of power and energy security, with meeting economic and social needs as the primary goal, maximizing the absorption of new energy as the main task, taking a strong smart grid as the main hub platform, and complementing or supporting the source network." Chen xingyu, President of Photovoltaic Division of Tongwei Shares and Executive Director of Energy Management Committee, said.

Business people from new energy fields such as photovoltaic and energy storage are also full of expectations for the formal implementation of the Energy Law in the future.

Hao Song, assistant vice president of GCL Technology, said that the Energy Law provides goals and directions for the development of new energy enterprises. Steve Yu, the solution director of Haibo Sitron, believes that the implementation of the Energy Law provides a clear path for the development of new energy industry, and also indicates that the new energy industry will surely usher in broad prospects. He also particularly emphasized the Energy Law’s concern for technological innovation in the energy field. "The Energy Law mentions that energy science and technology innovation should be included in the key support areas of national science and technology development and high-tech industry development." Zhou Kui, chief engineer of Xiqing Energy R&D Center, said: "The promulgation of the Energy Law is actually to fix the way of dealing with existing interests in the energy field through legal means and take it as a criterion."

Waiting for the break

At this forum, the guests deeply analyzed the development dilemma faced by the current wind power, photovoltaic, energy storage and hydrogen energy industries, and tried to give a "good prescription".

Wu Dan pointed out that the current challenges encountered in the development of new energy industry include that increasing the installed capacity ratio of new energy makes the grid more adjustable and controllable, and the stability of power generation needs to be strengthened; Industrial development is also facing the problem of homogenization competition, which brings greater pressure to the future industrial technological progress, and the new energy industry urgently needs to find new growth opportunities. In this regard, Wu Dan pointed out that green and intelligent new quality productivity has become an important focus to promote the high-quality development of new energy, and scientific and technological innovation is the core element to accelerate energy transformation and develop new quality productivity.

Shen Hui also believes that the key to breaking the game lies in technology. "China Photovoltaic has made a major breakthrough in technology. I hope that young people can spark some sparks at the forefront of technology. I am still confident that the efficiency will exceed 30% or even higher in the future." Taking the photovoltaic industry as an example, Lu Jinbiao reminded: "Our photovoltaic industry still stays in the thinking of manufacturing industry. Although we continue to improve technology and reduce costs, we still have to change our thinking. It does not mean that products with reduced costs can be supplied indefinitely."

In Hao Song’s view, the development of photovoltaic industry can not be separated from market-oriented adjustment. After this round of adjustment, "the photovoltaic industry can reach a low-level balanced state in the first half of next year. Although not all companies can make money, they are no longer losing cash as they are now. "

In the long run, photovoltaic development does face a series of complex challenges. Among them, the domestic market resources are increasingly tight, and the problem of consumption is difficult to solve. Wang Qing, director of the Development Department of China Photovoltaic Industry Association, said that in the short term, many measures will effectively support the development of photovoltaic industry, including releasing the red line to 90%, speeding up the power grid construction, accelerating the construction of large-scale base projects, and supporting distributed development through various measures. Wang Qing suggested speeding up the construction of the main network and distribution network, strengthening the grid structure and optimizing the network connection process. Secondly, with the explosion of the installed capacity of photovoltaic power generation, the situation of photovoltaic power generation consumption is becoming more and more severe, and it is necessary to continuously expand the application scenarios of photovoltaic power generation. "Such as photovoltaic hydrogen production, ammonia production, alcohol production, etc., while providing a new path for large-scale consumption of green electricity, it also provides green hydrogen solutions for chemical industry, steel, construction and other fields."

In fact, not only the photovoltaic industry, but also the hydrogen energy storage industry needs to overcome many problems. Zheng Xianling, strategic adviser to the president of CIMC, said that the industrialization of hydrogen energy is a complicated and long process, because there is almost no experience that can be imitated in the hydrogen energy industry, so it is necessary to explore the road to the future from practice. "Due to the lack of guiding policies from demonstration to industrialization, there is no closed loop in the industrial chain; The overall planning of green hydrogen industry and new power system is lacking, and the incentive mechanism is not in place. Hydrogen energy is a cross-industry and cross-sectoral complex industry, which needs an influential coordination department. "

The large-scale development of new energy must be supported by energy storage. Chen Yongxian, director of the Green Energy Storage Research Institute of Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute in Tsinghua, found that there are potential safety hazards in the whole industrial chain of energy storage, such as production, transportation, application and recycling, and finding solutions is an important issue in the development of the industry. "Through innovative technology to further solve the problems of safety, longevity and recycling, the era of large-scale development of new energy storage is coming."

From a cross-border perspective, the high-quality development of new energy industry is expected to be supported by meteorological services. Then, how to help the high-quality development of new energy with high-quality meteorological services? Ye Dong, the senior engineer of the Public Meteorological Service Center of China Meteorological Administration and the secretary-general of the Special Committee on Energy Meteorology of China Meteorological Society, believes that, first, energy production is supported by fine landscape resource assessment; The second is to integrate energy supply and consumption with accurate multi-time and space-scale new energy forecasting; The third is to ensure energy security by accurate risk assessment and early warning of energy, electricity and meteorological disasters.

The forum also released two reports, namely, Green Low-carbon Technology and Application of New Energy and New Quality in the 21st Century (hereinafter referred to as the Application Report) and Breaking the Prisoner’s Dilemma: China’s New Energy Industry Crossing the Most Difficult Cycle (hereinafter referred to as the Industry Report). Among them, the Application Report was jointly released by the Yangtze River Delta Solar Photovoltaic Technology Innovation Center and the 21st century business herald New Energy Research Group, and analyzed the energy technology innovation and the application of green and low-carbon technologies in the current energy field; The Industry Report was written by 21st century business herald New Energy Research Group, and the report analyzed the current development situation and trend in the field of scenery hydrogen storage. (21st century business herald reporter Fu Yi and Lin Dianchi also contributed to this article)

Special feature of 1905 film network The boots finally landed.On September 15th, the China Film Distribution and Screening Association issued the "Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Epidemic Situation in Film Screening Places (Third Edition)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines").In the item of "Management of Audience Access", the Guide clearly states that in principle, the attendance rate of each film screening venue should not exceed 75%, and the restriction of "cross-seat ticketing" should be abolished, which will be implemented on September 25th.

　　

This news, which makes people extremely psychologically comfortable, quickly screened the circle of filmmakers’ friends. Looking back at the behavior of the two-day premise file on September 25, it is more like a spoiler.

　

With the full assistance of favorable policies, the National Day file, which determines the fundamentals of the annual revenue performance of many cinemas and movie companies, will also complete the key step for the annual box office of the mainland movie market to exceed 10 billion.

01.Rumors become news.

With the release of the latest Guide, rumors become news. The whole industry has more confidence in achieving the high expected value of the National Day file. The highest attendance rate has increased to 75%, which has become the key to the source of confidence.

As the aorta of cinema revenue, movie ticket revenue is closely related to attendance. Further improving the attendance rate is undoubtedly encouraging cinemas to roll up their sleeves and work hard."This increase is equivalent to increasing the seating space by 50%. For cinemas with extremely tight cash flow, it has a great positive impact on the strongest National Day file." Tony chen, the head of Yuemu Studios, revealed a little joy in his words.

　　

　

Yuemu Studios, headquartered in Fuzhou, Jiangxi, has stores in Jiangxi, Hainan and Yunnan provinces. According to Tony chen, since the return to work, with the help of new and old films, the cinema as a whole has been able to maintain a balance of payments. The upcoming National Day will determine the annual profit.

　

According to the financial report in the first half of 2020, the income of cinema distribution and screening of listed film companies with cinemas, such as Happiness Blue Ocean, Hengdian Film and Television and WANDA CINEMAS, dropped sharply compared with last year. The National Day file after improving the attendance rate is naturally highly anticipated by film and television companies with cinema business.In addition, the National Day file is also the main battlefield for the annual performance of many film producers.

　

According to statistics, there are nearly 90 producers behind films such as Leap. Among them, there are many well-known film and television companies such as Light Media, Beijing Culture, Wentou Holdings and China Film. After the collective absence from the mainland market in the first half of the year, the National Day holiday in the second half will determine the annual revenue trend of these companies.

At the same time, the old version of "snacks and drinks are not sold in movie theaters in principle, and eating and drinking are prohibited in movie theaters in principle", and the new version of the Guide is changed to "no eating and drinking during movie screenings". The sales with the highest gross profit margin of about 80% gradually recovered, expanding the cinema revenue channels.

　

Popcorn, praised by netizens as the soul of the cinema, will once again be fragrant in the cinema."Selling goods is the lifeline of the cinema. This moderate liberalization means the gradual normalization of the selling service in the cinema. Although you can’t eat and drink during the screening in the cinema, the selling counter can be opened, and customers can eat popcorn that has been missed for a long time." While providing convenience for customers, Tony chen also said that the cinema will "strengthen the inspection of the cinema and strictly abide by the national epidemic prevention requirements."

　　

For the audience, the further improvement of the attendance rate means that the probability of buying a movie ticket for a favorite event increases. The cancellation of "cross-seat ticketing" has taken care of couples and families watching movies. There are many films suitable for all ages in this National Day, such as My People My Homeland, Leap and Legend of Deification.

　

The timely launch of the latest "Guide" can be described as multi-faceted, and the audience, studios and producers are all beneficiaries. It has created favorable external conditions for the National Day file, which shoulders many missions, to reach a new high.

　

02.Can the National Day file help the annual box office break through 10 billion?

After the summer file was restarted, the speed of returning to work in China mainland film market started the flight mode.According to statistics, as of 16: 00 on August 27th, on the 39th day when cinemas resumed work, in 2020, the total box office of cinema films in China exceeded 5 billion, the total number of cinemas resumed work was 9,512, the rate of resumption of work reached 88%, and the total number of people watching movies reached 140 million.

　

In the process of the annual box office exceeding 5 billion, domestic new films have become the main force of the charge. "I am waiting for you at the end of time" scored 140 million, setting a record for the first day of pre-sale box office in the mainland film market in 2020.At the beginning of September, imported blockbusters with high hopes from the market.In the face of box office difficulties, the annual box office broke through the 10 billion mark and the speed slowed down.

As of September 16, the cumulative box office of the mainland film market in September reached 1.524 billion, and the annual box office has reached 7.383 billion. There are less than 27 "small goals" from the 10 billion mark.According to the previous box office trend and the highest attendance rate, at the end of September, the annual box office results can reach about 9 billion. There is no doubt that the national day file will complete the last step of the annual box office into the 10 billion mark.

The follow-up of two good news has accelerated this process. On September 13th, Leap officially announced that the file would be raised until September 25th, so that the cinema film market could enter the rhythm of National Day file ahead of schedule. On September 15th, the regulation that the maximum attendance rate released by the latest Guide was raised to 75% was also conducive to the overall box office performance of the National Day file.

In addition to helping the annual box office break through the 10 billion mark, people are most concerned about whether the National Day file in 2020 can hit a new high in film history.

　

From the film list, this National Day has the impact strength. In 2019, the gift of Sanjie, led by the company, contracted the main box office revenue of the National Day file. In addition to My People My Homeland’s two gift films "Get Home at One Point", there are different types of commercial blockbusters such as Leap’s "Depth Charge" and Legend of Deification in this year’s National Day file, which makes the audience have more choices.

　

In addition, the 2020 National Day holiday covers the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the overall holiday lasts for eight days. Compared with the same period last year, it took one more day. This is also an advantage in time.

　

No matter whether the National Day box office can reach a new high, there is no doubt that the annual box office of China movies will exceed 10 billion in this period or ahead of schedule. When the epidemic situation is normalized, the annual box office of the mainland film market will exceed 10 billion in the future, which is not only the market’s affirmation of the way and method of returning to work, but also provides a reference answer for the orderly return to work of cinemas in other countries.

　　From May 21st to June 13th, 19 enterprises including () (603392.SH), () (605337.SH) and () (300485.SZ) successively indicated on the investor platform that there was no synthetic biology related business or application (see Figure 1) for the time being, mainly because there was no technical reserve or none.

　　In sharp contrast to the cautious attitude of these enterprises towards synthetic biology, in the last two months, the concept stocks labeled with synthetic biology in the secondary market have soared.

　　The data shows that in the past 60 days, nearly 40% of the 27 synthetic biology concept stocks have risen. Among them, () (301301.SZ), () (603739.SH) and () (002773.SZ) led the way, with increases of 39%, 29% and 29% respectively. Seven stocks rose more than 5% (the opening price on June 18th).

　　This large group increase in share prices is considered to be driven by favorable policies. At the end of April, at the annual meeting of Zhongguancun Forum, Tan Tianwei, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, emphasized that bio-manufacturing is a very important new track and new format for new quality productivity. Led by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other national ministries and commissions are jointly developing a national action plan for biotechnology and bio-manufacturing, which is expected to be introduced in the near future.

　　Synthetic biology is not a new concept, it was first born in early 2000, and it is considered as the "third life science and technology revolution" after the discovery of DNA double helix structure and the human genome project.

　　To put it simply, the way of synthetic biology is to transform the genes of microorganisms such as bacteria, so that they can produce raw materials needed by human beings in metabolism, such as plastics, food or medicines, which can be applied to medical treatment, environment, health, energy, food, agriculture and other industries. This mode of production is often more environmentally friendly than traditional chemical methods, or it can produce new products that cannot be realized by chemical methods.

　　This is not the first time that synthetic biology has set off a market boom. The last wave of capital influx was in 2021, when there were 458 financing events in the field of synthetic biology in China, and the financing amount reached 113.6 billion yuan, all of which were the highest level since 2019.

　　At that time, Ginkgo Bioworks and Zymergen of the United States successively landed on NASDAQ. Both companies are platform-based enterprises that provide synthetic biology technology, and their listing also drives domestic hot money to flood into synthetic biology start-ups.

　　However, in less than three years, the three giants of American synthetic biology were almost wiped out, and the related investment and financing also fell to freezing point.

　　Amyris, the world’s first synthetic biology listed company, was once famous for producing artemisinin by using synthetic biology technology. However, after the development of bio-fuel products failed, it expanded its cosmetics raw materials and other businesses on a large scale, and its debts snowballed until the bubble burst, and it went bankrupt and liquidated in 2023.

　　Also in 2023, Zymergen went bankrupt. At first, it only focused on the development of strains. Later, it turned to the development of products, and chose an optical film Hyaline, which can be used in electronic products such as folding screens. However, mass production failed, and the entire synthetic biology sector in the United States plummeted. Zymergen was acquired by Ginkgo Bioworks after bankruptcy.

　　However, the surviving Ginkgo Bioworks is hard to say success. They insisted on making technology instead of products, and their market value fell by 92%, and their stock price was as low as 0.99 US dollars. In May 2024, they received a warning of delisting.

　　Industry martyrs have proved with painful reality that the concept of synthetic biology is very popular, but it is difficult to do business in this crater-selecting products, mass production, and developing business models. One wrong step may lose the game.

　　Who is the real synthetic biology enterprise?

　　Many practitioners said that enterprises in China are concentrated in the downstream field of synthetic biology, product-oriented, and there are few platform-based enterprises that provide technology.

　　A reference perspective is that, as an instrument supplier, synthetic biology is one of the fastest growing sectors of Agilent’s business in China, and its customer business focuses on bulk chemical raw materials, food additives, pharmaceutical and cosmetic raw materials.

　　Figure 2 shows the top ten companies in the synthetic biology concept stocks, and they are also the players that the market thinks are more promising, including Huaheng Bio (688639.SH), Huaxi Bio (688363.SH), Tebao Bio (688278.SH), Kaisai Bio (688065.SH) and () (600298.

　　These enterprises entered the field of bio-manufacturing earlier and firmly occupied the leading position in the subdivision track.

　　Huaheng Bio’s global market share of alanine exceeds 50%; Huaxi Bio is the largest supplier of sodium hyaluronate in the world, accounting for 44%. The long-chain dibasic acid produced by Kaisai Bio-accounts for 90% of the global market share.

　　Companies with stock prices in the top ten generally have two characteristics: one is mature products, and the other is rich experience in mass production.

　　A technician who has been engaged in synthetic biology research for many years said that when a company has made clear the synthetic biology methods used, it still needs to solve the problem of mass production. This is called "crossing the Death Valley from lab (laboratory) to fab (factory)" in the industry, and it will be scaled up to the industrial level after small-scale and pilot-scale tests.

　　In the research and development stage, the screening of strains is the key, and the characteristics of chassis cells should be studied for many years. In industrial scale-up, it is necessary to control fermentation temperature, time, dissolved oxygen and miscellaneous bacteria pollution more precisely, and the difficulty coefficient increases exponentially. After the problems appear, we should go back to the most basic strain optimization, reconstruct the metabolic pathway, and repeat it many times to achieve a breakthrough in strain tolerance and yield.

　　Gong Mo, general manager of Lingdao Capital, vividly explained the differences in each stage. It takes several years or even more to do basic research in the laboratory, and it is enough for a doctor to graduate after entering the pilot stage, which requires at least five years and tens of millions of dollars. It’s not a sudden idea that can be realized immediately. She said that investors are more optimistic about the team with long-term experience in basic research and industrialization. This kind of industrialization experience is best accumulated in downstream separation, extraction and purification.

　　Different industries have different definitions of "mass production". For example, the overall demand for cosmetic raw materials is small and the unit value is high. Therefore, the pilot scale is kilograms per year and the mass production is tons. For the chemical and material industries with large demand and low unit value, the pilot scale is at least 1,000 tons, and the mass production is calculated based on an annual output of one million tons.

　　The ability of mass production is so critical that after the concept of synthetic biology broke out in 2021, many enterprises raised funds mainly for building new industrial lines and expanding production capacity.

　　See the direction of the enterprise from the location of the new factory. In coastal areas such as Yancheng, Tianjin and other places, factories are mainly built by enterprises with small mass production scale and products going to sea. There is sufficient wind power in the local area, which is convenient for export and sales near ports. Enterprises with larger production capacity will directly choose places such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia where raw materials such as electricity, energy and corn are cheaper.

　　Among the concept stocks, Huaheng Bio has completed the expansion of Qinhuangdao and Bayannaoer bases, with the current production capacity of 100,000 tons and 50,000 tons. In addition, it has built a new material production base with a production capacity of 100,000 tons in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia.

　　Kaisai Bio’s 100,000-ton bio-based polyamide production line in Wusu production base in Xinjiang has been put into production. Huaxi Bio’s Tianjin plant has been put into production, and 64 pilot production lines are planned to be built. The overall production capacity of bioactive materials is planned to reach 1,000 tons.

　　Among the synthetic biology concept stocks, most enterprises are still in the initial stage of layout.

　　For example, Angel Yeast’s subsidiary Weiqi Enterprise, with an annual output of 10,000 tons, is under construction, and the first phase is planned to be put into production in 2025.

　　Azure Bio, whose daily limit has been raised for many times, shows that the enterprise has only set up a synthetic biology technology innovation laboratory, which is still in the research and development stage of the early strain laboratory and does not have the conditions for industrialization.

　　Product homogeneity is serious.

　　Synthetic biology is still in the early stage, because people’s understanding of the biological field is less than 10%, which brings a common phenomenon in synthetic biology enterprises-product homogenization.

　　The involution of cosmetic raw material enterprises is particularly serious.

　　There are more than 40 synthetic biology enterprises engaged in the development of cosmetic raw materials in China. Many start-ups and listed companies have plunged into squalene, ergothionine, icodoline and other popular raw materials with moisturizing and antioxidant effects.

　　At present, the listed companies with mass production capacity in China are mainly Huaxi Bio and Chuanning Bio. Ultra-pure ergothionine produced by Huaxi Bio-technology has a purity of over 99%. At the end of May, Chuanning Bio announced that some synthetic biological products have entered the stage of small-scale and pilot-scale, including squalene, ergothionine, and icodoline.

　　The aforementioned technicians believe that when making the same product, the volume concentration, volume purity, volume impurities, etc. really make the quality of raw materials better, and also knock down the original inflated price. For example, the price of ergothione was 200,000 yuan/kg a few years ago, and now it is only tens of thousands of yuan/kg.

　　However, cosmetics raw materials are a relatively small market, and the enterprises that enter the market first will have advantages, and most of the enterprises that enter the market later can only fight price wars, or suffer heavy losses because of drastic price changes.

　　In February this year, Sinochem, one of the earliest enterprises that made ergothionine, declared bankruptcy. The enterprise was founded in 2016, when there were almost no enterprises that produced ergothionine in China.

　　According to public information, Zhongke Nuozhi and Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biology, China Academy of Sciences agreed to realize the industrialization of ergothionine within 4 years after it passed the verification level of 75L fermentor, which means that it should be produced in at least 1000L fermentor.

　　However, in 2020, which was supposed to be the test result, Zhongke Nuozhi suffered a triple blow from inside and outside: it failed to mass produce, the price of ergothionine began to decrease, and it was deeply involved in various judicial cases and disputes.

　　In this year, the number of judicial cases involved in Kono Knowledge exceeded 60, which was the highest in the past years, including private lending disputes, patent transfer contract disputes, service contract disputes, labor disputes and so on. A year later, the court ruled that Kono paid R&D expenses and breach of contract fees, and transferred the development patent back to Tianjin Institute of Technology.

　　The bankruptcy of Zhongke Nuozhi shows the other side behind the scenery of synthetic biology track. The market turmoil and the ability of enterprises to land can directly determine life and death.

　　In addition, for some products, even if the price is lowered by the method of synthetic biology, it can not stimulate demand, and it is a waste of production capacity to be involved, so the forward-looking selection of products by enterprises is particularly critical.

　　For example, Glutathione, a raw material drug with the functions of protecting liver and whitening, is quoted at a price of about 800 yuan/kg-900 yuan/kg by using traditional yeast, and () (300233.SZ) occupies about 90% of the market share in China. Glutathione produced by synthetic biological process is quoted at about 600 yuan/kg-700 yuan/kg, but Jincheng Medicine still occupies 90% of the market.

　　This is because, on the one hand, the price drop is relatively low, which has not impacted the market; on the other hand, the change of pharmaceutical raw materials needs to be reapplied for approval, and the process is very complicated. Safety and stability are more critical factors than cost.

　　To sum up, there are two reasons for the homogenization of involution products in synthetic biology enterprises:

　　First, the raw materials of cosmetics are mainly small molecular compounds and monomer materials. At present, both the research on the characteristics of chassis cells and the environmental control of mass production are very mature. If the price in the market is high, more enterprises will flock to do it.

　　Second, China’s current policies are relatively stricter in food, medicine, agriculture and other fields. For example, the longest approval period for biological pesticides can reach 8-10 years.

　　Many practitioners said that the standards committee related to synthetic biology in China is gradually being established, and the access and process of approval will be improved in the future. However, what determines the profitability of enterprises at present is the ability to expand diversified product lines and find materials with a wider range of applications through long-term research and development.

　　Dong Lei, dean of the School of Life Sciences of Nanjing University, told the Economic Observer that the focus of synthetic biology around the world is mainly on the synthesis of small molecules, but not on macromolecular materials, because the synthetic steps involved are more complicated and difficult.

　　New materials, new business

　　Many enterprises that started earlier are also producing macromolecular materials based on synthetic biology. The leading ones are polymers in the chemical industry, such as PHA (polyhydroxy fatty acid ester, note: a kind of bio-polyester, which has degradable characteristics) and polyamide materials (nylon).

　　In the past, chemical companies such as Kaisai Bio and Huaheng Bio mainly sold small molecular monomer materials such as dibasic acid and alanine. They made them by biological method instead of chemical method, which reduced the cost and seized a larger market share.

　　It is difficult to reduce the short-term cost of macromolecular new materials, and the market has not been widely accepted, so enterprises are also exploring new business models. The most representative is that raw material enterprises directly go off to build brands or jointly manufacture products.

　　Many synthetic biology enterprises have flocked to PHA racetrack. This material has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and thermal processability, and can be applied to food packaging, fiber fabrics, agricultural mulching films, drug delivery and medical materials.

　　Blue Crystal Microbes is one of the start-ups with the most financing in synthetic biology. Since its establishment in 2016, it has completed 10 rounds of financing and disclosed that the total financing amount exceeds 2 billion yuan.

　　Li Teng, co-founder and president of Blue Crystal Microbes, told the Economic Observer that they have been doing PHA since its establishment, providing only technical services and not making products. It is difficult for start-ups to survive. If they only make popular products at the moment, they will be eliminated in a few years.

　　Li Teng said that at first, their definition of PHA was a fine chemical, but now it has changed into a bulk chemical. He explained that this adjustment is market demand-oriented. Unlike other enterprises, blue crystal microorganisms hope to use the same PHA to meet different needs. Blue crystal PHA is made because it has the greatest potential for cost reduction, the highest product adaptability, and the corresponding technical difficulty is higher. Stability and quality are the most priority factors, followed by cost.

　　The direct profit of Blue Crystal Microbes is to cooperate with brands and manufacturers to jointly develop PHA products, including disposable products, soft and hard packaging, textile fibers and so on. The annual production capacity of blue crystal PHA is 5000 tons, and the output of downstream products is 5000 tons, which belongs to the first echelon among PHA manufacturing enterprises at home and abroad.

　　In addition, cyanobacteria also develop in the middle and upper reaches, providing platforms and technologies to incubate small enterprises.

　　Li Teng said that in the past, they only produced products, but now it may be a turning point. They have observed that more and more small enterprises are also entering. However, the capabilities provided by incubators and biomedical sharing platforms on the market are different from the actual needs.

　　For example, most synthetic biology laboratories usually emphasize the automation of Qualcomm quantity, but most strain development processes do not need Qualcomm quantity, which is different from drug research and development, which needs to screen many different molecules. Therefore, Blue Crystal is helping small enterprises to improve efficiency through its own experience, such as technical services and laboratory sharing.

　　As the leading supplier of long-chain dibasic acids in the world, Kaisai Bio is also the first enterprise in the world to realize bio-based polyamide (note: dibasic acids and diamines are important monomer raw materials of polyamide). The pilot test of this material was completed in 2014, and the production line with an annual output of 100,000 tons was completed and put into production in 2021.

　　Although the production capacity has increased significantly, the actual sales volume has increased less.

　　According to the prospectus, from 2016 to 2021, the sales volume of bio-based polyamide increased from 0.5 million tons to 0.7 million tons, and the ratio of production to sales was always around 50%. In contrast, the sales volume of long-chain diacid, the ace product, increased from 25,000 tons to 61,000 tons.

　　According to Kaiser Bio, bio-based polyamide is a brand-new material, its price is higher than that of nylon made by chemical method, and its application ability is still being explored.

　　Bio-new materials made of new polymer materials need to provide a whole set of solutions, tell customers how to process and produce, jointly research and develop with downstream, and even assist customers in carbon footprint, equipment and technology, so as to make the market accept them faster. In this regard, Kaisai Bio has established an interdisciplinary R&D center, which has made remarkable progress in the textile field, engineering materials and composite materials.

　　In addition, Kaisai Bio has established its own fiber brand TERRYL to provide fiber solutions for the textile field.

　　For example, we cooperated with Bosideng’s brand Samet to build school uniforms, and cooperated with close-fitting clothing brands such as Shushu and Ubras to develop underwear, sportswear, yoga clothes and other kinds of clothing. At the same time, we replaced the consumables such as work clothes, helmets and carpets in the internal production base with new materials.

　　Liu Xiucai, chairman of Kaisai Bio, once publicly stated: "We can’t make the business model of synthetic biology too early." In the future, there may be a model similar to the pharmaceutical industry. A startup or research institution has made an efficient and valuable metabolic pathway, but it does not do follow-up research and development, and packages the results and sells them to mature enterprises in the industry to complete it.

　　CCTV News:On October 23, 2017, the Ministry of Commerce issued Announcement No.61 of 2017, imposing anti-dumping duties on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. After a name change review, this measure will expire on October 23, 2022. At present, the corporate tax rate in Korea is 6.2%-30.4%, that in Thailand is 18.5%-34.9%, and that in Malaysia is 8.0%-9.5%.

　　On July 12, 2022, the Ministry of Commerce received the application for final review of anti-dumping measures submitted by Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd., Ningxia Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Kaifeng Yu Long Chemical Co., Ltd., Yankuang Lunan Chemical Co., Ltd., Tangshan Zhonghao Chemical Co., Ltd. and CNOOC Amano Chemical Co., Ltd. on behalf of domestic industries. The applicant claims that if the anti-dumping measures are terminated, the dumping of imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia to China may continue or recur, and the damage to China’s industry may continue or recur, and requests the Ministry of Commerce to conduct a final review investigation on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia, and maintain the anti-dumping measures imposed on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia.

　　According to the relevant provisions of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce has reviewed the applicant’s qualifications, the relevant information about the products under investigation and similar products in China, the import of the products under investigation during the implementation of anti-dumping measures, the possibility of continued or reoccurrence of dumping, the possibility of continued or reoccurrence of damage and relevant evidence. The available evidence shows that the applicant meets the provisions of Articles 11, 13 and 17 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on industry and industry representation, and is qualified to file an application on behalf of the paraformaldehyde industry in China. The investigation organ believes that the applicant’s claims and the prima facie evidence submitted meet the requirements of the final review and filing.

　　According to Article 48 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce has decided to conduct a final review investigation on the anti-dumping measures applicable to imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia from October 24, 2022. The relevant matters are hereby announced as follows:

　　I. Continue to implement anti-dumping measures

　　According to the suggestion of the Ministry of Commerce, the Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council decided to continue to levy anti-dumping duties on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia in accordance with the scope of taxable products and tax rates announced by the Ministry of Commerce in the annex during the final review investigation of anti-dumping measures.

　　The anti-dumping tax rates levied on companies are as follows:

　　Korean companies:

　　1. Korea Engineering Plastics Co., Ltd. 30.0%

　　（KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS CO.,LTD.）

　　2. (Zhu) Kelong Plastic Co., Ltd. 6.2%

　　（KOLON PLASTICS, INC.)

　　3. Other Korean companies 30.4%

　　（All others）

　　Thai company:

　　1. Thailand Polyformaldehyde Co., Ltd. 18.5%

　　（THAI POLYACETAL CO., LTD.）

　　2. Other Thai companies 34.9%

　　（All others）

　　Malaysian company:

　　1. Baoli Plastics (Asia Pacific) Company 8.0%

　　（Polyplastics Asia Pacific Sdn. Bhd.）

　　2. Other Malaysian companies 9.5%

　　（All others）

　　Second, the review investigation period

　　The dumping investigation period of this review is from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022, and the industrial injury investigation period is from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2022.

　　Third, review the scope of products under investigation

　　The scope of products reviewed is the products to which the original anti-dumping measures apply, which is consistent with the scope of products to which the anti-dumping measures announced by the Ministry of Commerce are listed in the annex, as follows:

　　Product name: copolymerized polyoxymethylene, also known as polyoxymethylene copolymer, or polyoxymethylene copolymer.

　　English name: Polyformaldehyde Copolymer, or Polyoxymethylene Copolymer, or Copolymer-type Acetal Resin, or Acetal Copolymer, etc. English name is usually referred to as POM Copolymer for short.

　　Chemical molecular formula:-[CH2-O] n-[CH2-O-CH2-CH2] m-(n > m).

　　Physical and chemical characteristics: Copolymerized polyoxymethylene is a thermoplastic resin synthesized from formaldehyde, with -CH2-O- main chain and -[CH2-O-CH2-CH2]- block bond (the content of -CH2-O- is more than 50% by weight). At room temperature, it is usually a milky white or yellowish granular solid, and it also meets the following performance indexes:

　　

　　Main uses: Copolymer polyoxymethylene has good comprehensive mechanical properties such as high mechanical strength, high fatigue resistance, high creep resistance, etc. It can partially replace metal materials such as copper, zinc, tin and lead, and can be directly used or modified for automobile parts, electronic appliances, industrial machinery, daily necessities, sports equipment, medical appliances, pipeline fittings, building materials and other fields.

　　This product belongs to People’s Republic of China (PRC) Import and Export Tariff: 39071010 and 39071090. Other products under these two tax codes, such as homopolymerized polyoxymethylene and modified polyoxymethylene, are not within the scope of the products under investigation.

　　Fourth, the content of the review

　　The contents of this review investigation are: If the anti-dumping measures against imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia are terminated, whether dumping and damage may continue or recur.

　　V. Register for the survey

　　Interested parties may, within 20 days from the date of this announcement, register with the Trade Relief and Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce to participate in this anti-dumping final review investigation. Interested parties participating in the survey shall provide basic identity information, the quantity and amount of products under investigation exported or imported to China, the quantity and amount of similar products produced and sold, and related information according to the Reference Form for Registration to Participate in the Survey. The reference format for registering for the survey can be downloaded from the website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce.

　　Interested parties who register to participate in this anti-dumping investigation shall submit the electronic version through the "Information Platform for Trade Relief Investigation" (https://etrb.mofcom.gov.cn), and submit the written version at the same time according to the requirements of the Ministry of Commerce. The contents of the electronic version and the written version should be the same, and the format should be consistent.

　　The interested parties mentioned in this announcement refer to the individuals and organizations stipulated in Article 19 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China.

　　Sixth, access to public information

　　Interested parties may download it from the website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce or go to the Trade Relief Public Information Consulting Room of the Ministry of Commerce (Tel: 0086-10-65197878) to find, read, copy and copy the non-confidential text of the application submitted by the applicant in this case. During the investigation, interested parties may search, read, copy and copy the public information of the case through relevant websites or to the consulting room of trade remedy public information of the Ministry of Commerce.

　　VII. Comments on filing a case

　　If interested parties need to comment on the product scope, applicant qualifications, countries (regions) under investigation and other related issues, they can submit their written opinions to the Trade Relief and Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce within 20 days from the date of this announcement.

　　Eight, the investigation method

　　According to the provisions of Article 20 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce can obtain information from relevant stakeholders and conduct investigations by means of questionnaires, sampling, hearings and on-site verification.

　　In order to obtain the information needed for the investigation of this case, the Ministry of Commerce usually issues questionnaires to interested parties within 10 working days from the deadline for registration and participation in the investigation stipulated in this announcement. Interested parties can download the questionnaire from the website of the Ministry of Commerce and the sub-website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau.

　　The interested parties shall submit complete and accurate answers within the specified time. The answer sheet should include all the information required by the questionnaire.

　　IX. Submission and processing of information

　　In the process of investigation, interested parties shall submit comments, answers, etc. through the "Information Platform for Trade Relief Investigation" (https://etrb.mofcom.gov.cn), and at the same time submit the written version according to the requirements of the Ministry of Commerce. The contents of the electronic version and the written version should be the same, and the format should be consistent.

　　If the information submitted by interested parties to the Ministry of Commerce needs to be kept confidential, they may request the Ministry of Commerce to keep the relevant information confidential and explain the reasons. If the Ministry of Commerce agrees to its request, the interested party applying for confidentiality shall also provide a non-confidential summary of the confidential information. The non-confidential summary shall contain sufficient meaningful information so that other interested parties can have a reasonable understanding of the confidential information. If you cannot provide a non-confidential summary, you should explain the reasons. If the information submitted by interested parties does not indicate the need for confidentiality, the Ministry of Commerce will regard the information as public information.

　　X. Consequences of Non-cooperation

　　According to Article 21 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, when the Ministry of Commerce conducts an investigation, the interested parties shall truthfully reflect the situation and provide relevant information. If the interested party fails to truthfully report the situation and provide relevant information, or fails to provide necessary information within a reasonable time, or seriously hinders the investigation in other ways, the Ministry of Commerce may make a ruling based on the facts already obtained and the best information available.

　　XI. Time limit for investigation

　　This survey started on October 24th, 2022 and should be completed before October 24th, 2023 (excluding today).

　　XII. Contact information of the Ministry of Commerce

　　Address: No.2 East Chang ‘an Street, Beijing, China

　　Postal code: 100731

　　Import Investigation Division 3 of Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of Ministry of Commerce

　　Tel: 0086-10-65197586, 65198175

　　Fax: 0086-10-65198172

　　Related websites: the website of the Ministry of Commerce and the sub-website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau (the website is https://trb.mofcom.gov.cn).

　　Ministry of Commerce

　　October 23, 2022

　　If you want to defeat the virus, you must understand the virus.

　　As a living body in the micro-world, virus must be supported by science and technology to see through the source of its disease and the principle of its poison and to crack its evolution and transmission mechanism.

The picture shows the virus picture for the Military Medical Research Institute.

　　They are very old — —

　　Appearing in the early days of the origin of life, it is the oldest and most primitive "indigenous people" on the earth.

　　They are tiny — —

　　The biggest virus is only one tenth of the diameter of a hair.

　　They are simple — —

　　It is basically a "genetic material (DNA or RNA)+ protein capsid" model.

The picture shows the personnel of the military medical expert group in the front line of Wuhan’s anti-epidemic. The picture is provided by the Military Medical Research Institute.

　　They are "fragile" — —

　　Can’t live independently, you need to find an ideal host to complete the reproduction and evolution. Once you leave the host, only death awaits them.

　　They are huge — —

　　There are more than 10 bacteriophages (viruses infected with bacteria) in the world’s waters alone. If they are lined up, the total length will reach 200 million light years.

　　They are everywhere — —

　　There are viruses everywhere on the earth where there is life.

　　From sea to land, from plants to animals, from bacteria to fungi … … Even in the human genome, there are virus genome sequences.

　　What causes it is still a mystery.

The picture shows the researchers of Wuhan anti-epidemic frontline processing the samples to be solved. Photo courtesy of Military Medical Research Institute.

　　Fortunately, most viruses are harmless to human beings.

　　So far, only 14 virulent viruses have been found to seriously threaten human life and health, such as smallpox, influenza, hepatitis, AIDS, SARS, Ebola and so on.

　　Usually,The virus only proliferates and spreads in certain kinds of hosts.It is difficult to "move" from one host to another.

　　butWhen some virus mutations accumulate to a certain extentAfter that, it can successfully cross the interspecific barrier of the host, proliferate and spread continuously in the new host, causing the disease and death of the new host, which may lead to an epidemic.

　　The picture shows that the first-line researchers in Wuhan are receiving samples from the Military Medical Research Institute.

　　Looking at the current epidemic situation, emerging infectious diseases have always affected the global nerves.

　　Establishing and perfecting the public health system is the defense strategy for human beings to prevent and control epidemics. Starting from the construction of ecological civilization, it is the fundamental way to achieve coordinated development and harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Tesla CEO elon musk visited Beijing on April 28th at the invitation of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. During this period, he met with Li Qiang, Prime Minister of the State Council, China. Li Qiang emphasized that Tesla’s growth in China is a model of Sino-US economic and trade cooperation, and reiterated China’s position of opening to the outside world, welcoming foreign-funded enterprises, including Tesla, to enjoy a better business environment and stronger support. Musk spoke highly of Tesla Giga Shanghai’s performance and expressed his desire to deepen cooperation in order to achieve more win-win results.

Tesla officially announced that the company will continue to develop in China, focusing on the fields of artificial intelligence, electric vehicles and energy storage, accelerating the application of clean energy and autonomous driving technology, and turning the vision into reality. Musk’s visit to China was speculated to be related to the promotion of the deployment of Tesla’s fully automatic driving system (FSD) in China, which has not yet officially landed in the world’s second largest market.

The market expectation for Tesla FSD in China is growing day by day, and Tesla also needs this technological advantage to attract more consumers in China. In the face of declining performance in the first quarter and fierce competition from China brands in the field of new energy vehicles, autonomous driving has become the key for Tesla to consolidate its market position. Tesla FSD technology has matured, adopting "end-to-end neural network" technology and training based on massive driving data, which is approaching the edge of large-scale commercial use, indicating a huge potential benefit.

Tesla has set up a data center in China to comply with local data management regulations and ensure that all vehicle data are stored locally. In order to accelerate the popularization of FSD, Tesla recently lowered the subscription and purchase price of FSD in the US market, showing its determination to expand the coverage of this service.

According to industry observation, if FSD can successfully enter China, it will challenge the local autonomous driving scheme and stimulate industry innovation and competition. Tesla’s remarkable advantages in autonomous driving technology, especially the data-driven pure vision scheme, keep it in the leading position even in the face of high-cost fusion sensing technology opponents. With the news of deepening cooperation with Shanghai, Shanghai may become the first place where Tesla FSD is deployed in China, and Tesla’s compliance progress in data processing has also cleared the way for the landing of FSD.

　

Municipalities and Guangde City, susong county Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, Development and Reform Commission, Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau (Urban-Rural Development Bureau), Transportation Bureau, Water Conservancy (Water Affairs) Bureau, Municipal Telecom Infrastructure Co-construction and Sharing Office (Communication Development Office), China People’s Bank’s downtown branches, and all banking supervision branches:

The measures for the implementation of wage guarantee for migrant workers in the field of engineering construction in Anhui Province are hereby printed and distributed to you, please implement them.

　

　

　

Anhui Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security Anhui Provincial Development and Reform Commission

　

　

　

Anhui Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Anhui Provincial Department of Transportation

　

　

　

Anhui Provincial Department of Water Resources Anhui Provincial Communications Management Bureau

　

　

　

China People’s Bank Hefei Central Branch China China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission Anhui Supervision Bureau

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　March 18, 2022

　

　

　

　

Wage security deposit for migrant workers in the field of engineering construction in Anhui Province

measures for the implementation

　

Chapter I General Provisions

the first　　In order to protect the wage rights and interests of migrant workers according to law, optimize the business environment, and play an important role in solving the problem of wage arrears for migrant workers, according to the Regulations on the Protection of Wage Payment for Migrant Workers (Order No.724 of the State Council), the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Wage Guarantee for Migrant Workers in the Field of Engineering Construction (No.65 issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security [2021]) and the Provisions on Wage Payment in Anhui Province (Order No.194 of the provincial government), etc.

the second　　As mentioned in these Measures, the wage guarantee for migrant workers (hereinafter referred to as wage guarantee) refers to the general contractor in the field of engineering construction (includingProfessional contracting enterprises that directly contract construction units to contract projects set up accounts in the bank and store them according to a certain proportion of the project construction contract amount, which is specially used to pay special funds for migrant workers who provide labor for contracted projects.

Wage deposit can be replaced by bank guarantee or guarantee insurance issued by financial institutions, and the introduction of guarantee company guarantee can be explored in areas where conditions permit. Actively develop electronic guarantee (insurance policy).

Article　　These Measures shall apply to the storage proportion, storage form, reduction and exemption measures and the use and return of wage deposits in the field of engineering construction.

Article 4　　The provincial administrative department of human resources and social security is responsible for organizing the implementation of the unified wage guarantee system in the province, relying on the supervision information system for ensuring the wage payment of migrant workers in the province, and implementing digital and process management of wage guarantee storage.

The administrative departments of human resources and social security at all levels should establish and improve the consultation mechanism with the local industrial engineering construction departments and financial supervision departments, strengthen information notification and law enforcement cooperation, and ensure the standardized and smooth operation of the wage guarantee system.

Article 5　　Wage margin by the municipal or county human resources and social security administrative departmentSpecific managementWhen conditions are ripe, it will gradually transition to the provincial administrative department of human resources and social security.manage.

Municipal or county-level human resources and social security administrative departments that implement specific management, hereinafter referred to as "territorial human resources and social security administrative departments"; The corresponding administrative regions are hereinafter collectively referred to as "wage deposit management regions".

The geographical location of the same project involves two or more.manageArea, designated by the common administrative department of human resources and social security at the next higher level, and the competent department of industrial engineering construction at the same level.

Chapter II Storage of Wage Margin

Article 6　　General contracting of constructionunitThe wage deposit shall be stored in the bank where the project is located, and a bank guarantee or guarantee insurance may also be applied for.

Article 7　　The bank handling the wage margin (hereinafter referred to as the handling bank) shall meet the following conditions for opening, storing, inquiring, withdrawing, canceling the account and opening a letter of guarantee for the wage margin account according to law:

(1) There is a legal person institution of a commercial bank or its authorized branch in the wage guarantee management area where the project is located;

(2) It has a good credit rating and excellent service level, and promises to provide wage guarantee business services in accordance with regulatory requirements.

Article 8　　An insurance company handling the wage deposit shall meet the following conditions for underwriting, inquiring, settling claims and issuing policies and insurance certificates for the performance guarantee insurance of migrant workers’ wage payment according to law:

(a) there is an insurance company legal person institution or its authorized branch in the wage deposit management area where the project is located;

(2) It has a good credit rating and excellent service level, and promises to provide special insurance products (one-year and multi-year) for the performance of wage payment for migrant workers filed in China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China in accordance with regulatory requirements.

Article 9　　General contracting of constructionunitIt shall, within 20 working days from the date of obtaining the construction permit (approval of the commencement report) of the project (within 20 working days from the date of signing the construction contract for the project that does not need to apply for the construction permit and approve the commencement report according to law), hold the business license, the construction contract signed with the construction unit and the differentiated deposit certification materials, and open a special account for wage deposit in the handling bank to store the wage deposit. The name of the special account is the name of the construction general contractor plus the name of the project plus the "special account for wage deposit".

If the general contractor has two or more projects under construction in the same wage margin management area, it may open a new special account, or manage the projects separately under the existing special account, provided that it meets the regulatory requirements of the project location.

For the project contracted by the consortium, the construction unit and the contractor agree in the contract agreement on the deposit subject, sharing and method of the wage deposit. If there is no agreement, the organizer or leader of the consortium will store the wage deposit.

Article 10　　General construction contract for storing wage depositunitThe Agreement on Deposit of Migrant Workers’ Wages shall be signed with the handling bank (Annex 1), and a copy of the Agreement shall be sent to the local administrative department of human resources and social security for the record.

Article 11　　The handling bank shall standardize the work of opening a wage margin account, provide necessary convenience for storing the wage margin, verify the nature of the account with the account opening unit, make special marks on the wage margin account in the business system, and make overall restrictions on seizure, freezing or transfer settings on relevant network inspection and control platforms and electronic special line information transmission systems to prevent improper seizure, freezing or transfer, and ensure the safety of funds.

Article 12　　The wage deposit shall be stored according to a certain proportion of the project construction contract amount (or annual contract amount), and shall be distinguished according to the following circumstances:

(1) If the contract amount is more than 300 million yuan (inclusive), the storage ratio of wage deposit shall be 1%, and the storage amount shall not exceed 5 million yuan;

(two) the contract amount is less than 300 million yuan, the wage deposit storage ratio is 2%, and the storage amount is not more than 3 million yuan.

Article 13　　In any of the following circumstances, the wage deposit shall be managed in a differentiated manner:

(1) General contracting of constructionAfter the unit stores the wage deposit or submits the bank guarantee and guarantee insurance, it undertakes the construction of the project in the wage deposit management area.In a certain period of time, if there is no wage arrears, the real-name management of employment and the special account for migrant workers’ wages are implemented as required, or if the employee has obtained the title of labor security integrity demonstration unit, excellent construction enterprise and A-level evaluation of labor security integrity level, after application, the salary deposit for the new project should be reduced or exempted from storage.

1. If there is no wage arrears for two consecutive years and the real-name management of employment and the special account system for migrant workers’ wages are implemented as required, the storage ratio of wage deposit will drop by 50% (the starting date will be calculated retrospectively from the date of application);

2. If there is no wage arrears for three consecutive years and the real-name management of employment and the special account system for migrant workers’ wages are implemented as required, the wage deposit is exempted (the starting date is calculated retrospectively from the date of application);

3. Provincial labor security integrity demonstration units are exempt from storing wage deposits within 3 years in the whole province, and municipal labor security integrity demonstration units are exempt from storing wage deposits within 3 years or credit rating A-level enterprises within 1 year in the administrative area of this Municipality (counting time is calculated from the date specified in the integrity demonstration unit certificate or the date of release of rating evaluation);

4. Excellent construction enterprises at the provincial level are exempted from storing wage deposits within 2 years in the whole province, and excellent construction enterprises at the municipal level are exempted from storing wage deposits within 2 years in the administrative area of this Municipality (counting from the date specified in the certificate of excellent construction enterprises).

(2) The general contractor of construction has more than 3 projects under construction in the same wage deposit management area, and the storage ratio will be lowered by 0.5% on the basis of differentiated deposit, but not less than 0.5% of the construction contract amount.

If the construction contract amount is less than 3 million yuan, and the general contractor of the project has not defaulted on the wages of the project undertaken within one year before the signing of the construction contract, it is exempt from storing the wage deposit.

(3)General contracting of constructionunitWage arrears occurred in the construction project in the wage margin management area within 2 years before storing wage margin or submitting bank guarantee and guarantee insurance.　The proportion of wage deposit storage increased by 50%; If the wage arrears of migrant workers are included in the "list of serious untrustworthy subjects", the proportion of wage deposits will increase by 100%; After the increase, it is not limited by the upper limit of storage amount.

Article 14　　General contracting of construction that meets the conditions of reducing or exempting wage deposit.unit, a written application shall be submitted to the local administrative department of human resources and social security (Annex 2), and the local administrative department of human resources and social security shall review and give a written reply within 3 working days, and issue the Certificate of Differentiated Deposit of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Annex 3). Audit should be comprehensive construction general contracting.unitDaily inspection of honesty and law-abiding, clues about unpaid wages reflect the handling of cases on the platform, and the implementation of the wage payment guarantee system in the wage payment supervision information system for migrant workers.

Article 15　　The storage ratio of wage margin can be dynamically adjusted regularly according to the actual situation of ensuring the wage payment of migrant workers in this province, and announced to the public on its own initiative.

Article 16　　The principal and interest in the wage guarantee account belong to the construction general contractor who opened the account.unitAll. During the period when the wage deposit account is supervised, the enterprise can freely withdraw and use the interest and other lawful income of the wage deposit.

Except in accordance with the provisions of Article 22 of these Provisions, no other unit or individual may use the principal in the wage guarantee account.

Article 17　　The general contractor of construction adopts bank guarantee or guarantee insurance instead of cash to store wage deposit, and the amount of guarantee or insurance of guarantee is equal to the amount of wage deposit stored in cash.

The original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate (Annexes 4 and 5) shall be submitted to the local administrative department of human resources and social security for preservation.

Article 18　　The bank guarantee shall be in favor of the local administrative department of human resources and social security, and the nature of the guarantee is irrevocable on demand.

Guarantee insurance replaces wage deposit, and the local administrative department of human resources and social security has the right to claim insurance money on behalf of the insured, and finally pays it to the insured.

Article 19　　General contracting of constructionunitEffective letter of guarantee and insurance shall be provided during the construction period of the project, and the validity period of the letter of guarantee and insurance shall be at least one year and exceed the construction contract period by more than 90 days (inclusive). If the unfinished letter of guarantee and insurance of the project expire, the general construction contract will be made.unitA new letter of guarantee and insurance shall be replaced or the validity period of the letter of guarantee and insurance shall be extended one month before its expiration.

Article 20　　In accordance with the provisions of differentiated storage, the construction general contracting unit that has reduced or exempted the wage deposit has the problem of wage arrears for migrant workers, and if the circumstances are serious and cause adverse social impact, it shall re-store the wage deposit in accordance with the provisions of wage deposit storage.

Article 21　　The local administrative department of human resources and social security shall store the wage deposit or open a bank guarantee and guarantee the general construction contract.unitThe list and the corresponding project name shall be announced to the public, and the construction general contracting enterprise shall incorporate the implementation of the wage guarantee system in this project into the content of the rights protection information bulletin board.

Chapter III Use of Wage Margin

Article 22　　General contracting of constructionunitIf the contracted project is in arrears with the wages of migrant workers, the administrative department of human resources and social security of the territory shall make an administrative decision to order it to pay off within a time limit or pay off in advance, and the general construction contract shall be made.unitIf the local human resources and social security administrative department refuses to perform at the due date, it may issue the Notice of Payment of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Annex 6, hereinafter referred to as the Notice of Payment) to the handling bank, and notify the relevant general construction contractor and the handling bank in writing. The handling bank shall, within 5 working days after receiving the Notice of Payment, pay the corresponding amount of money from the wage guarantee account to the migrant workers who are in arrears of wages designated by the local administrative department of human resources and social security by bank transfer.

General contracting of constructionunitWhere the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance is used to replace the wage deposit, the agency providing the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance shall pay the wages of migrant workers in accordance with the bank guarantee and guarantee insurance agreement within 5 working days after receiving the Notice of Payment.

Article 23　　After the wage deposit is used, the general construction contract will be made.unitThe wage deposit shall be replenished within 10 working days from the date of use.

Where the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance is used to replace the wage deposit, the general construction contract will be undertaken.unitA new letter of guarantee with the same scope and amount of guarantee as the original letter of guarantee, new insurance with the same scope and amount of insurance liability as the original insurance shall be provided within 10 working days, or the wage deposit shall be stored in cash. After the construction general contractor opens a new letter of guarantee and insurance, the original letter of guarantee and insurance liability shall become invalid.

Article 24　　Where the wage deposit is stored in cash, the handling bank shall provide the wage deposit statement to the construction general contractor and the local human resources and social security administrative department every quarter.

Article 25　　After the completion of the project corresponding to the wage deposit, the general contractor of the construction makes a written commitment that there is no unresolved problem of wage arrears for migrant workers in this project, and can apply for returning (canceling) the wage deposit or returning the original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate 30 days after the rights protection information bulletin board on the construction site and the portal website of the local human resources and social security administrative department are publicized.

The local administrative department of human resources and social security shall complete the examination within 5 working days after the general contractor submits the written application (Annex 7), and issue the Confirmation Letter of Return (Cancellation) of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers within 3 working days after the examination (Annex 8). After the handling bank receives the confirmation letter, the wage deposit account will be deregistered, and the corresponding funds will no longer belong to the wage deposit. The general contractor can freely dispose of the account funds or cancel the account.

If the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance is used to store the wage deposit instead of cash, and it complies with the provisions of the first paragraph of this article, the local administrative department of human resources and social security shall undertake the general construction contract.unitSubmit a written application and review it within 5 working days, and return the original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate within 3 working days after review.

The local administrative department of human resources and social security finds that there is an unresolved problem of wage arrears for migrant workers in the corresponding project during the audit, and should inform the general contractor in writing within 3 working days after the audit is completed. After the general contractor performs the responsibility of paying off (paying off first) according to law, it can submit a written application for returning (canceling) the wage deposit or returning the original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate again.

Article 26　　The local administrative department of human resources and social security shall establish a regular (at least once every six months) check mechanism for the wage guarantee. If it is verified that the project is completed and there is no problem of wage arrears for migrant workers, the general contractor of construction fails to submit the application for return within a certain period of time, it should take the initiative to start the return procedure.

Article 27　　General contracting of constructionunitIf an administrative act of an administrative department damages its lawful rights and interests, it may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit to a people’s court according to law.

Chapter IV Supervision of Wage Margin

Article 28　　The competent department of industrial engineering construction shall inform the relevant units in writing to store the wage deposit in time when issuing the construction permit or approving the commencement report, and feed back the basic information of the project to the local administrative department of human resources and social security in writing within 3 working days.

Article 29　　The wage deposit shall be earmarked for special purposes, except for paying off (paying off first) the general construction contract.unitThe contracted projects shall not be used for other purposes except the wages owed to migrant workers.

Unless otherwise provided by law, the wage deposit shall not be sealed up, frozen or allocated for reasons other than paying the wages of migrant workers who provide labor for this project.

Article 30　　The administrative department of human resources and social security should strengthen supervision and control over the general contracting of construction.unitFailing to store or supplement the wage deposit (or provide or update the guarantee and guarantee insurance) according to the Regulations on the Protection of Wage Payment of Migrant Workers and these Measures, the legal liability shall be investigated in accordance with the provisions of Article 55 of the Regulations on the Protection of Wage Payment of Migrant Workers.

For the general construction contract that fails to implement the wage guarantee system according to the regulations.unitIn addition to administrative punishment (handling) according to law, it should be included in its credit record in accordance with relevant regulations, and credit punishment should be implemented according to law.

If banks, insurance companies and other agencies fail to handle the wage guarantee business according to the regulations, the provincial human resources and social security administrative department will take regulatory measures in conjunction with the financial regulatory department according to law.

Article 31　　The administrative department of human resources and social security in the territory should establish a wage guarantee management ledger, strictly regulate the financial and auditing systems, strengthen account supervision, and ensure earmarking. The management ledger should include relevant information such as the storage, filing, use and return of the wage margin, and be included in the management of the supervision information system for ensuring the wage payment of migrant workers.

The competent department of industrial engineering construction shall promptly notify the administrative department of human resources and social security at the same level of the problem of failing to store the wage deposit according to the regulations found in the daily supervision and inspection.

If the administrative department arbitrarily reduces or exempts, collects over the limit, misappropriates illegally, or delays the return of the wage deposit without any reason, the responsibility shall be seriously investigated, and the relevant responsible personnel shall be held accountable according to the law and regulations; Those suspected of committing a crime shall be transferred to judicial organs for handling.

Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

Article 32　　Other projects outside the fields of housing, municipal administration, railways, highways, waterways, civil aviation, water conservancy and communications shall be implemented with reference to these measures.

Where the wage guarantee is replaced by the guarantee company’s guarantee, it shall be implemented with reference to the relevant provisions of the bank guarantee.

Article 33　　These Measures shall be interpreted by the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security in conjunction with the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Provincial Department of Transportation, the Provincial Department of Water Resources, the Provincial Communications Administration, the Hefei Central Branch of the People’s Bank of China, and the Anhui Supervision Bureau of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China. Major problems encountered in the implementation, please report to the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security in a timely manner.

Article 34　　These Measures shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

Before the implementation of these Measures, the wage deposit, bank guarantee or guarantee insurance that has been stored according to the original wage deposit policy of the territory shall remain valid, and its daily management, use and return shall be implemented in accordance with the original provisions; After the implementation of these measures, the wage margin of newly started projects and projects under construction that have not yet stored the wage margin shall be implemented in accordance with these measures.

Attachment: 1. Deposit Agreement for Wage Margin of Migrant Workers (Sample)

2. Application Form for Differentiated Deposit of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Sample)

3 migrant workers’ wage margin differential deposit certificate (sample)

4 migrant workers’ wage deposit bank guarantee (sample)

5 migrant workers’ wage payment performance guarantee insurance certificate (sample)

6. Notice of Payment of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Sample)

7 migrant workers’ wage deposit return (cancellation) application form (sample)

8 migrant workers’ wage deposit return (cancellation) confirmation (sample)

Attachment 1-8.doc