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[Topic of the 2nd issue of the Forum]The machine has a "north nose", doesn’t it smell good?

Many people believe that "robot companion" will be the broadest market and the biggest driving force for the development of intelligent robots in the future. The so-called "eating sex" is not a strange idea. Of course, the companion robots we need are not limited to intimate "robot little brother" and "robot little sister", but also include chatting and heart-to-heart robot "intimate person" or playing with them.accompanyCrazy machine "idiot buddy", machine "plastic girlfriend", and even Dink family’s machine "son", "daughter" and "pet". What will happen to mankind and the world if the society is full of machines with "northern noses"? The second phase of the Forum on "Technology Generation and the Future of Human Beings" is about machine companionship. In particular, Professor Duan Weiwen from China Academy of Social Sciences, Professor Liu Yongmou from Renmin University of China, Professor Yan Hongxiu from Shanghai Jiaotong University and Professor Yang Qingfeng from Fudan University are invited to write articles from different angles in the form of North-South cooperation and Beijing-Shanghai dialogue. Yan Hongxiu’s "Distance between Man and Robot" reminds people to keep a safe distance from robots. Liu Yongmou’s "Will Machine Sex Swallow Human Nature?" I believe that robot companions will not lead to human mechanization. Yang Qingfeng’s "A robot that hates for love?" It is believed that intimate companionship will fundamentally change the relationship between man and machine. Duan Weiwen’s companion robot, really you lose? In-depth analysis of typical ethical issues of companion machines at the design level. Interestingly, from the perspective of counter)- pro companion robot, Yang Qingfeng’s and Liu Yongmou’s views on the intimate relationship between man and robot, and Yan Hongxiu’s and Duan Weiwen’s views on the distance between man and robot seem to have a little relative meaning.

Stills of American science fiction movie "She"

"Distance" Surrounded by Man and Robot

Yan Hongxiu (Shanghai Jiaotong University)

If the 18th-century French philosopher Juriens Aufrou de la Metri’s book Man is a Machine has narrowed the distance between man and machine from the perspective of human self-cognition, then the description of robot identity in the book Rosam’s Universal Robot by Czech writer karel capek in the early 20th century has switched the distance between man and machine many times. In the 21st century, martin rees, the former president of the Royal Society, a famous astronomer and a professor at Cambridge University, regarded robots as an element of his thinking about "the future of mankind on earth". In his book A Brief History of the Future, Israeli historian yuval harari wrote the threat posed by robots into his interpretation of "Great Separation", from which we can realize the complexity of the distance between human beings and robots.

The subtle distance between man and robot.

Whether people are machines, machines personify people, robots are enslaved by people, people enslave robots, robots threaten or betray and resist people, etc., they are all different expressions of mechanization of people and humanization of machines. In other words, they all describe the "distance" between man and machine. Looking back on the development of robots in recent years, the distance between robots and people is getting closer and closer. For example, according to the International Federation of Robotics’s "World Robotics Report 2019", in 2018, the annual sales of global industrial robots reached 16.5 billion dollars, and the cooperative robots (cobots) will be analyzed for the first time. This year, during the epidemic prevention and control period, the "intellectual" aid of the anti-epidemic machine has become a landscape of the anti-epidemic front.

Nowadays, robots have moved from the traditional industrialization scene to the companionship and housekeeping affairs in human daily life, and the man-machine symbiosis has moved from fantasy to reality. With this reality, the degree of anthropomorphization of robots is getting higher and higher. What goes hand in hand with this reality is that people’s mechanization has attracted more and more attention. It is these two aspects that further aggravate the subtlety of "distance" between human and robot.

Looking back on the past, when the robot can complete the tasks entrusted to it by human beings, human beings feel that the distance between the robot and themselves is getting closer in the cooperation between human beings and machines; On the other hand, if it can’t, it will bring the distance between the robot and people. But at present, the research and development and application of chatting robots and emotional robots are aimed at bringing people closer to robots, but at the same time, they bring some distance. Obviously, this far and near point to different dimensions.

Closer the distance between who and who, and farther the distance between who and who.

Jerry Kaplan, an American expert in artificial intelligence, described the robot as a new "virus" spreading wildly, and in his book "The Age of Artificial Intelligence-The Great Future of Wealth, Work and Thinking under Man-Machine Symbiosis", he highlighted the judgment that "you must adapt to the requirements of the robot because he will not obey your requirements" with emphasized fonts. In other words, from this time on, in the process of being surrounded by robots, the "distance" between people and robots is being squeezed closer by robots. It is also in this process that robots discipline or domesticate people. For example, in daily life, the interaction between people and robot assistants is actually the interaction between human thinking and robot thinking, and it is frustrating that in this interaction, in the process of robots adapting to people through deep learning, there are also signs that people are beginning to adapt to robot thinking.

Taking human beings reaching a destination with the help of navigation system as an example, human thinking is influenced by machine thinking as follows: people turn on the navigation system as masters, but then interact according to the machine thinking of the navigation system; When several people sitting in the same car receive several different schemes to achieve the same goal, there may be scenes in which human beings shelve the navigation system, there may be heated discussions about which system is better, and there may be a choice between different systems. On the other hand, the latter two scenes, in essence, are actually pulling people apart in the process of getting closer to robots.

When robots are getting closer and closer to people through continuous learning, human beings suddenly realize that their subjectivity is constantly being squeezed. Maybe human beings will be a leisure class, but they may also be useless. However, in any case, when swarm robotics attacks systematically, it may change the distance between people and robots into the distance between robots, and human beings’ ability to control the distance is getting smaller and smaller, or further, they lose this ability. Obviously, this "distance" is not what human beings expect.

We should keep a safe distance between people and robots, thus creating beauty.

So, what kind of distance should we keep in the face of the development of robots? On this issue, it is not so much the ideal distance between man and robot as the safe distance. Pierrot Scarufi, a global expert in artificial intelligence and cognitive science in the United States, once pointed out that human civilization will go through three stages based on the Turing test between man and machine: machine stupidity coexisting with human intelligence, machine intelligence coexisting with human intelligence, and machine intelligence coexisting with human stupidity. There is no doubt that human beings expect their own intelligence to be always online and have the ability to control machine intelligence, no matter whether the machine is stupid or intelligent.

When human beings focus on building robot ethics, in fact, human beings have realized that the distance between human beings and robots is no longer safe; When humans try to improve the similarity between robots and people, humans try to embrace robots and try to make robots embrace humans. However, when this two-way hug turns into a tight embrace, especially when the seemingly moist embrace of the robot hypnotizes people into a dream, and there is a sense of suffocation in this dream, at this time, perhaps not all but some human beings’ instinct for survival will suddenly come and demand to defend themselves by keeping a proper distance to preserve their human nature.

Therefore, humans may realize that the embrace between humans and robots really needs a little "distance", that is, a safe distance. However, it seems unclear how far or how close this "distance" is, because it still takes a process for human beings as a whole to reach a consensus on their desire to survive.

Will machine sex devour human nature?

Liu Yongmou (Renmin University of China)

Needless to say, "machine sex" is the most eye-catching topic in the field of artificial intelligence.

Many opponents believe that companion robots are becoming more and more realistic, and more and more people will live with them-some people have married inflatable dolls and virtual dolls "Hatsune Hatsune"-and over time, people will become more and more like machines, that is, lose humanity to a certain extent. I call it "the worry of human mechanization" in the intelligent age.

The "worry about human mechanization" has a long history, which can be traced back to the industrial revolution. Morrison believes: "The victory of industrialism is not only to turn individuals into slaves of machines, but also to turn individuals into components of machines." So far, people don’t think that people have been "mechanized". But opponents will say that the robot companion is not a general machine, and deeply invades the core sex area of human emotions and interpersonal relationships. Won’t this shake, damage or even devour human nature?

Physical relationships are not mysterious.

Many people look at physical relationships very differently. Lady white snake has been practicing for thousands of years, but he still doesn’t understand human nature. He must fall in love and get married with Xu Xian, and he can’t understand human nature until he is "indescribable" many times. It seems that human nature is a kind of flowing "hot element": snakes are intimate with people and can be slowly "injected" into human nature. On the other hand, will Xu Xian "snake"? Having been with snake spirits for a long time, Xu Xian’s life is worrying. Is this the result of the "loss" of human nature? Should the "flow" of human nature obey the law of conservation of transformation?

If there is a difference in the "spiritual value" between human beings and snakes, is there a difference in the "human value" owned by individuals of different races, sexes and regions? Many people think that cruel criminals and severely mentally retarded people are less human. If there is a gap in "human nature value", should the treatment enjoyed be different? Another one, the higher the "human value", the better? As far as loyalty is concerned, is "dog nature" better? What is human nature?

It is very important, mysterious and "essential" to regard sex, leaving a strong breath of sexual obscurantism. Freud tried to explain all human behaviors with sex and Libido, and his psychoanalysis was questioned as a modern version of ancient sexual worship. Many theorists have excluded it from science and regarded it as a philosophical or literary reverie.

Some people will argue that sexual relationship is not a simple physical exercise, but more importantly, the feelings attached to it. The question is: can people only have feelings with people, but not with robots? Many people have deep feelings for their pets at home. Opponents will say that pets are different from robot companions. Pets have life and spirituality. Can there be life to be spiritual? Chinese always believed that jade has spirit, and the Monkey King was conceived from stone. When a companion robot can "talk" and move like a human, its intelligence is far superior to that of a pet, and it can also copy itself. Why is it lower than the "spiritual value" of a pet? Besides, why can’t people have feelings for inanimate things? We like wenwan and antiquities, and build various museums. There are no emotional factors for them?

Love is not eternal.

Of course, opponents can say that they are worried about the love between people and their robot partners, not all feelings, because love is the most precious emotion of people and machines are not allowed to get their hands on it.

However, fetishism is not uncommon, and stockings, uniforms and underwear are the most common fetishes. In ancient Greek mythology, there is a fetish story of King Pygmalion, which tells that he fell in love with a beautiful girl carved with ivory. The king dressed her, named her Cerati, and hugged and kissed her every day. Later, the goddess of love turned the statue into a living person and married Pygmalion. Some people think that fetishes can be used to explain China’s ancient foot-binding, 19th century western waist-binding and contemporary breast augmentation fashion. From the fetish point of view, people may certainly fall in love with robot companions.

Opponents will say that sacred love cannot be defiled by fetishes. Indeed, the supremacy of love is very popular in metropolises, especially for the middle class and Wen Qing, who are well-fed and well-dressed. It is simply sublimated into "emotional ideology": "If you have money and leisure, don’t talk about Buddhism, just talk about love." However, in reality, how much constant love is enviable and respectable? Some studies believe that love is the result of the secretion of certain dopamine substances, which lasts for 18 months. In theory, people’s love for robot partners can last so long.

It is only in the last few hundred years that the saying of "eternal love" between a man and a woman prevailed, mainly due to the tireless advocacy after the rise of Christianity. In the Middle Ages of Europe, on the one hand, the church preached the one-on-one relationship severely, and on the other hand, the relationship between lovers was in fact chaotic. Bebel pointed out in "Women and Socialism" that since the rise of chivalrous novels, boasting about conquering women has gradually turned into so-called "chivalry" of praising love and respecting women, but the true chivalrous love is mostly a story of beginning chaos and ending abandonment, and the faithful love is only written in books. The situation in China is even worse. A hundred years ago, it was polygamy, and the "young couple" were so affectionate that their in-laws might accuse the kannika nimtragol of being a "fox" and delay her husband’s business. Generally speaking, the traditional marriage system is attached to the property relationship, emphasizing the housewife’s right to manage family property and affairs, which is neither a "love crystallization" nor a "love grave". There is no doubt that when women are economically independent, they can ask for a one-on-one love relationship.

I don’t want to talk about the philosophy of love. I just want to say that "love" is never eternal, but a social construct in a certain historical period. This is not a matter of human nature, because there is no evidence that it is more human to love only one person all one’s life. As you can imagine, the intimate relationship between human and robot partner is unlikely to be one-on-one. In fact, I don’t think there is universal, consistent and unchanging human nature. The above judgment is based on common sense only.

Strive to be an interesting partner.

There are also some opponents who are worried about human reproduction: contemporary life is busy and anxious, and sexual life is becoming more and more "depressed"-it is said that many couples in their thirties in big cities are now in an asexual state-if robot partners "take away" some more, human beings’ willingness to have children will definitely become weaker and weaker, and they may eventually become "extinct". Eating sex and not having children, isn’t it another kind of human nature decay?

It makes no sense to blame the companion robot for the fertility decline. Since the birth of safe contraception technology, the fertility rate in developed countries has been declining, but the robot companion has not been commercialized on a large scale. Obviously, people don’t want to have children. The crux is not technology, but system and culture. If you really want to have children, the robot partner can put on the robot uterus and engage in "robot IVF".

It must be admitted that the robot companion will have a great impact on the existing concept of love and marriage system. However, when it is more and more difficult to fall in love with someone or be loved by others, do you have to think about it: Is people getting more and more boring, and it is not as fun as a mobile phone? More and more people don’t want to get married. Do we have to think about this: Is there something wrong with our marriage, and it has really degenerated into what the "great mentor" called "legal prostitution" or "disguised prostitution"?

In a word, the sex robot may leak electricity, but I’m worried that it will devour human nature, basically thinking too much. In fact, no one knows how to be more human or less human.

A robot that hates for love?

Yang Qingfeng (Fudan University)

More than 20 years ago, a Taiwan Province singer sang a song like this: "… how much love can be renewed and how many people are worth waiting for. When love has changed, do you still have the courage to love? ….. "This song sings a person’s regret and regret after losing love. Nowadays, artificial intelligence technology brings us to a difficult problem: if I once fell in love with a robot, but I didn’t catch it, I would eventually obey the value discipline of human society; Or a machine friend confided to me that he once fell in love with a human being, but he had to part because of the value pressure of human society. Then will I or she still feel the regret and regret of losing "love"?

Standing in the blank space of words, there is no love?

When it comes to robots related to love, we can easily think of such images in sci-fi movies, such as "Su Xin" in "Mechanical Painted Skin" which has just aired recently, and the meaning of seeking true love after self-awakening. But for me, what impressed me the most was Samantha, the heroine with no visual image in the American science fiction movie She. Theodore, the hero, can’t handle the relationship with his ex-wife in reality. Occasionally, he uses an intelligent operating system product, which gives the system a female voice and is named Samantha. "She" can help T-Bag deal with many things, and her voice is soft and considerate. Later, T-Bag fell in love with her. At the end of the film, Samantha fell in love with hundreds of people at the same time through learning and evolution, and finally the relationship between Theodore and Samantha came to an end. At the end of the film, Samantha explained, "… just like I’m writing a book, a book I love deeply. However, my writing speed slowed down, so the distance between words became extremely far away, and there was endless blank space between paragraphs. I can still feel your temperature and the weight of the words that write our story. But I am standing in the blank space, standing in the distant distance between words. " From this line, we can easily think of Heidegger’s saying that "there is nothing where words are broken." For Samantha, as the writing speed slows down, the distance between words becomes larger, and there are endless gaps between paragraphs. "I" stands between words and has nothing to rely on, watching the once "love" disappear. When "her" love for T-Bag turned into a sea change,Will there be endless regrets and regrets? There is no explanation at the end of the film, but it leaves people with such a daydream problem.

Accompanying robot in reality

Compared with the robots in movies, the robots in reality are extremely retarded. It is gratifying that the artificial intelligence technology is maturing, mainly in the following aspects: First, the intelligent robot technology is also maturing. Various micro-expression recognition technologies based on artificial intelligence have become increasingly mature, and robots have been able to perceive various emotional changes of human beings and realize mind reading. An article in Science magazine in 2019 pointed out that the team of scientists was able to reconstruct the whole sentence according to the brain activity captured from language and motor areas caused by epileptic patients reading aloud. The new material technology enables robots to give people good perception and feelings, and the new robot skin is even more sensitive than the touch of human skin; Secondly, the language understanding ability of artificial intelligence is improving day by day. Although the current artificial intelligence deep learning has limitations in understanding human language and daily life, it is completely believed that it is more a matter of time to overcome this. Nowadays, the communication between human beings and intelligent robots in some fields is relatively smooth. Thirdly, we often see companion robots in various scenes at the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES). Such as human companion robots in hospitals, nursing homes and kindergartens, and pet companion robots.

Mature technology is the guarantee for the realization of functional robots. People are not satisfied with functional robots and begin to realize the ideal of companionship in science fiction movies. Robots that can chat, robots that can take care of children, etc. can be seen more and more in daily life. Of course, most intelligent robots are still too weak to produce love. However, a noteworthy fact is that robots are no longer an empirical object in the world of human life, but constitute the source of our vision to reflect and examine the companionship relationship.

The essential change of man-machine companion relationship

With the establishment of the concept of strong artificial intelligence and the gradual realization of the ideal in the film, the development and maturity of the companion robot is inevitable. We can easily imagine such a future scene: companion robots with various functions will appear in human life. An unavoidable question is, how to treat the companion relationship between man and robot? Is it a realistic presentation of Heidegger’s free relationship? This question is difficult to answer. At present, it is clear that only looking at these robots from the perspective of tools and objects is far from being able to cope with future problems. When some companion robots are in the stage of weak artificial intelligence, we don’t have to consider such problems. They are just tools, such as sweeping robots and sprinkling robots. When some escort robots can communicate with the escorted, they can no longer be regarded as a daily appliance or a tool to solve a specific problem. In the process of long-term communication, it is understandable that human beings have feelings related to robots. If intelligent robots go deep into the field of human feelings, the thinking at the level of instrumentalism can no longer cope with the emergence of such robots, and we need a non-instrumentalism concept to help us deal with future relationships. What needs to be clear is that in the long run, companion robot is not only one of the added items in our daily life, but also a dispensable and functionally replaceable product. When getting along with the companion robot,The formed world, feelings and significance make people have to worry about a quasi-subject who can communicate with me, comfort me and give me peace of mind. I will form a unique individual memory with my companion robot, which is unforgettable.

Once in the future human-computer relationship, the most romantic thing is no longer to grow old with you, but to grow bad with you. From the perspective of a robot, maybe: Finally, one day, "I" sat in a rocking chair, sleepy, thinking about the past with my human lover. We cried, laughed, envied and suffered. Suddenly, the power went out and everything went back to zero. No one has ever told me that you won’t have regrets and regrets about losing love.

Accompany the robot, and you really lose?

Duan Weiwen (China Academy of Social Sciences)

Since the appearance of information technology, the boundary between reality and virtuality has been broken again and again. Especially with the development of social robots, all kinds of companion robots begin to appear in people’s lives, and it may not be long before everyone should seriously think about how to get along with robots. Judging from the overall situation of the accelerating era of science and technology, people may not wait to come up with comprehensive and perfect technical solutions, so that all kinds of robot products and services will flood into our life world, and everyone may become an experiment of this new magic. Before rushing to the beautiful new world, let’s look at some possible problems and scenarios.

Can people establish real interaction with machines?

It is not difficult to see from the Turing test proposed by Turing that artificial intelligence is a functional simulation of intelligence. All kinds of companion robots, whether intangible intelligent software or intelligent speakers, or humanoid robots that may appear in the future, are agents or actors who can interact with people functionally. The word "agent" seems abstract, but when you grab a high-speed rail ticket with an application on your mobile phone, or go in and out of the airport and high-speed railway station through face recognition equipment, it is not difficult to find that your life is increasingly connected with the world through these intelligent machines, which are called agents. In the next step, intelligent machines will play the role of servers, caregivers, chaperones and even partners in your life.

In this vision of a pan-agent society, the first ethical question is, can humans and machines establish a real relationship? In other words, if people regard this relationship as a real relationship, will it cause some harm that cannot be ignored.

Recently, in the discussion on this issue, the distinction between "I-you" and "I-it" by contemporary philosopher martin buber has become an important starting point for thinking. Roughly speaking, whether the relationship between man and companion robot should be based on mutual equality and respect like the "I-you" relationship, or whether we can just regard companion robot as the tool I use like the "I-it" relationship. Starting from this dichotomy, people who are not optimistic about the relationship between people and companion robots can easily demonstrate that it is difficult for people and machines to form a real interactive relationship based on the "I-you" relationship, that is to say, they cannot really interact, communicate intimately and even love each other like people.

Undoubtedly, because opponents obviously can’t stop the appearance of companion robots, instead of obsessing about the authenticity of the interaction between people and machines, it is better to discuss how to face practical challenges such as children’s companion robots and elderly companion robots. For example, if children rely too much on companion robots, they may be "bad" by robots, will they be deprived or weakened of the opportunity to get care and care from parent-child interaction, or even lose the ability to establish intimate and social relations like wolf children. Similarly, some people question that the companion robot for the elderly can not fundamentally solve the needs of the elderly for interpersonal feelings, and even strengthen their loneliness when they know that the other person is a robot.

Can you break the robot doll at will?

To be fair, the interaction between human and companion robot is neither true nor false. This answer seems a bit tricky, but at this stage, this kind of ambiguity helps to think more openly and pertinently. For example, when you are in a bad mood, can you fight your robot doll? Is this a new type of domestic violence that may appear in the future? The answer to this question seems to go back to the distinction between "I-you" and "I-it". In other words, should the companion robot be regarded as the object of moral consideration or care like people themselves? Will people regard robots as "people"? From the perspective of perception, for intangible chat robots such as Xiao Bing and Xiao Du, people need to use their imagination to supplement their "personality", while the "identity" of humanoid robots is relatively easy to grasp. With the help of the theory of Levinas, a contemporary French philosopher, it is pointed out that robots should be given a face that can be recognized and distinguished, so that people can more easily regard robots as the "other" that should be treated morally. This requires that all kinds of companion robots in the future have their own faces and unique eyes.

But so far, one of the troubles that this kind of philosophical thinking will encounter is that the robot is unconscious, or even doesn’t really know that it is a robot. Its expressions and emotions are just the result of emotional calculation-the robot captures people’s expressions and emotions according to the intelligent recognition program designed by people, while making appropriate expressions and emotional reactions. Before the robot has no self-awareness, no matter how you treat it, the joy or sadness it presents is designed for people to see, and the robot itself has no inner heart that can truly feel the joys and sorrows. Therefore, whether you can beat the robot doll at will is not directly related to the ethical relationship between people and robots in the interactive sense, but mainly depends on whether people accept this behavior morally. On the one hand, to what extent do people think it is acceptable or unnecessary to pay attention to deliberately "abusing" robots; On the other hand, to what extent, people will think that the intentional "abuse" or more "violent" behavior of robots is morally unacceptable, and even what reasonable moral restrictions should be imposed on them.

It must be pointed out that the factual basis on which these moral restrictions need to be based is still unclear. Just like whether violent behavior in video games helps to vent bad emotions or strengthens violent tendencies, it is difficult to draw a clear conclusion whether "violence" against robots should be restricted. Generally speaking, the governance and supervision of companion robots in various countries is based on the principle of not restricting their development. The research interest of technology giants in the negative consequences of companion robots is often based on the premise of not affecting their application and promotion, and it is difficult for most users to rationally reflect on the physical and mental harm that "violence" may bring to robots. In short, this issue is still in the stage of conceptual discussion. From the point of view of avoiding technology abuse, we should carry out necessary research in sociology and anthropology of technology, find out the details of possible problems in specific scenarios, explore feasible ethical norms, and make them penetrate into the whole life cycle of related products, such as design, application and use.

Is the cute robot really what you want?

Robots usually imitate people’s words and deeds in the form of machines, and make them meet people’s needs more and more through continuous improvement. This brings two levels of problems. On the one hand, people will be influenced by the behavior of machines in the process of interacting with machines; On the other hand, in order to make machines cater to people, robot designers often make robots more attractive emotionally on the basis of insight into people’s psychology.

The influence of the first aspect is often invisible, but it does exist, and sometimes it even affects people’s "hardware". Many years ago, Shirley Turk, a scientific sociologist, encountered a mental illness in which some people thought they were machines. Philosophers like to call this phenomenon the colonization of the life world by technology. Taking GPS navigation as an example, the avant-garde Paris taxi drivers are used to using the navigator, while the relatively conservative London taxi drivers mainly use memory to navigate. A three-year comparative study shows that the cortex responsible for mapping time and space in the brains of Paris taxi drivers has shrunk, and some people not only can’t determine the correct driving route in real time and space, but even suffer from some kind of dyslexia. Fortunately, these symptoms are not irreversible.

On the other hand, the impact may be more significant, and some people even worry that the destruction of this "software" level will lead to the collapse of human society. Although this dystopian prospect may not come true, at least two aspects are worthy of attention. First, the companion robot may be designed to be more and more clever, and even learn to tell some white lies to people slowly. This may make people feel that robot companions are more intimate and easy to communicate, and the resulting illusion of congeniality will make people more willing to get along with robot companions. Some people may even become addicted to robots, and regard real interpersonal communication and intimacy as a fearful road. Moreover, once the robot’s ability to lie is developed, it is inevitable to accompany the robot to cover up human misconduct or illegal behavior. Of course, some philosophers may wonder whether it is possible to make a less obedient debating robot so that they can discuss philosophy with the robot, but if it is made, it is hard to say that users of philosophers with insufficient cultivation will not be annoyed because they are not as smart as robots.

Secondly, the design of robot companion is based on the acceptance of human emotions, which is likely to make the interaction between human and robot companion more attractive and satisfy their imagination of desires. In addition, the combination with games and virtual reality is hard to say that they will not indulge in it and will eventually destroy the foundation of human reproduction and civilization development linked by emotional relations. Whether this worry is groundless or not undoubtedly returns to the question of the authenticity of the interactive relationship between people and robots and even the intimate relationship. For example, will the intimate relationship between people and robots weaken the ability to form intimate relationships between people? Will this behavior change lead to the degeneration and change of the "brain circuit" of people related to it? And once we realize the virtuality of this intimate relationship, will people’s attitude towards emotions go to complete nothingness?

Although some critics believe that the love relationship with sex robots is just an extension of traditional sex trade or sexual violence on the machine, it is a manifestation of male chauvinism and misogyny. However, its advocates point out that, on the one hand, robot technology can at least copy the love activity and its psychological attraction process functionally; On the other hand, human beings have a psychological tendency to personify animals, objects and machines emotionally. In their view, it is a new evolution of human beings to establish attachment or love relationship with entities other than their own species, and the combination of robots’ catering to human emotions and people’s anthropomorphic psychological tendency to machines will make the love between people and their partners become a new way of love.

Although the related technology has not really been realized, we can still make necessary reflection on its possibility. Perhaps the future of companion or companion robot has infinite possibilities, and it is hard to predict whether it is a blessing or a curse. But in terms of intention, we should try to limit those designs with ulterior motives from the beginning. Therefore, at least from the perspective of ethical design, companion robots that deliberately lie should not be made, and at the same time, companion robots that fool and manipulate people’s emotions should be put an end to.

As far as everyone is concerned, under certain circumstances, companion robots can be used as an auxiliary tool for learning and practicing intimate relationships, and can also be used as a temporary comfort method when emotional injuries occur; But in this process, you should take a tentative and reflective attitude, especially be alert to the self-abandonment and addiction caused by it. Technology is neither Niu Mowang nor Bai Gujing. Facing the hole dug for you by the monkey Sun, you need more entertainment spirit and game attitude. You may even use self-mockery and humor to make the robot companion an opportunity for you to understand your emotions and give up your troubles. For example, you can learn the design principle of the robot’s blurred eyes with the robot while chanting "and a moment that ought to have lasted for ever". In the era of advanced technology, technology permeates the surroundings like air. In order not to get lost by it, everyone should learn to get along with technology alone, and this new self-regulation or self-ethics is actually the Zen machine that every human individual needs to understand and practice most.

Of course, this topic also involves many interesting issues. For example, if people and machines really love each other, do we have to let robots learn to dream about electronic sheep? Will the gender and role distribution of robots bring social gender problems to robots? Also, before the machine awakens itself, will the robot itself form its own group and society with its own identity, and thus realize the differences between robots and people? In other words, in the future world, people and machines will merge and coexist, and become indistinguishable life beings …

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　　Since the beginning of this year, the development of new industries such as new energy, hydrogen energy and new energy storage in China has accelerated, and a number of major projects such as large-scale wind power photovoltaic bases and advanced nuclear power have started construction one after another.

　　The first million kilowatt offshore wind farm in China, which was just put into operation last year — — The Shapa offshore wind farm in Yangjiang, Three Gorges has produced 1 billion kWh of clean electricity safely, which can replace 307,600 tons of standard coal.

　　In Wulanchabu, Inner Mongolia, the first large-scale R&D and experimental base of "source network and storage" technology in China is accelerating. The test base has built seven kinds of energy storage technology verification platforms, including the first solid-state lithium ion battery energy storage power station in China and the first 3 MW sodium ion battery demonstration power station.

　　In the next step, China will intensify the development of new energy storage, improve the regulation ability of energy system, and promote the digital transformation of energy and the reform of energy system. During the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the increment of renewable energy generation accounted for more than 50% of the total electricity consumption, and the generation of wind power and solar energy doubled.

Hello, this is the second issue of our special column "jargon"

Special feature of 1905 film network 　As expected, the musical starring Hugh Jackman didn’t arouse much splash after it was released. Compared with its beautiful counterattack curve in the North American market, the "dream master" P.T. barnum failed to create a miracle in the mainland, and the box office of the film only closed at 50 million after five days of painting, which is really regrettable.

Of course, this is not the first time that mainland audiences have not bought musical films. Last year, despite its reputation, its final box office in the mainland was only 247 million. European and American musical films, as a kind of classic films, have always been "acclimatized" in the mainland. There seems to be no successful case of local musical films in China. The only film with a box office of over 100 million yuan can be traced back to that directed by Jay Chou in 2013 (with a cumulative box office of 120 million yuan).

What is the definition of musical? Why did the musicals, which sold well in North America, go to the mainland? Why is the development of local musical films in China blocked? We also try to find answers to all kinds of questions about musical films.　

【Is it difficult for musical films to break the box office curse in the mainland?】

　

At present, the best-performing imported musical film in the mainland box office is (2017), which made a final box office of 590 million yuan in the mainland, but it is obvious whether the audience bought the song and dance or Disney and Big IP.

In the second place, la la land (2017), a well-known masterpiece with numerous awards, won 247 million RMB in the Mainland. Compared with the quality of the film, this achievement seems to be unsatisfactory. Followed by "The King of Circus" which is currently being released, the film won 54.82 million box office in six days, and the final box office is expected to stop before the 100 million mark.

《The Greatest Showman?"box office"

The box office of other imported musical films in the mainland can be described as bleak: (2013) the final box office was 63 million, (2011) the final box office was 13.98 million, (2011) the final box office was 3.97 million, (2003) the final box office was 3 million and (2015) the final box office was 2.25 million;

As for the achievements of Chinese musical films, they are not satisfactory: The cumulative box office of Love on the Rooftop (2013) was 120 million, that of 47.5 million, that of 30 million, that of 2005, and that of 2017 was less than 2 million, while that of China (2010) and (2014) were all less than one million.

There is no clear definition of musical film as action film and horror film.

Baidu Encyclopedia defines musical films as: "A film composed of a large number of songs and dances. Musical films are films that record opera performances or are adapted from operas. Most of them are played by singers, who mainly rely on singing to portray characters and unfold plots." Strictly speaking, only this kind of film, which is born out of musicals and is narrated by songs and dances, can be called musical films.

But nowadays, people are used to referring to musical films (including biographies of musicians, musical stories, musicals, operas and musical films) as musical films. But even in a broad sense, there are still very few musical films in the domestic market that can be called by the audience.

　

【The road of butterfly change in European and American musical films】

Musical films are one of the most famous types in the film industry, and when it comes to this "imported product", we have to talk about the history of European and American musical films first. Mainly Hollywood musical films, European and American musical films have made brilliant achievements after nearly 40 years of development from the late 1920s to the 1960s.

However, with the rise of television and the decline of Hollywood’s large-scale studio system, the song-and-dance utopia, which was stylized and avoided social problems, began to decline in the 1970s. By the 1990s, the production of song-and-dance films had fallen sharply, and there were almost no representative films, so the production of song-and-dance films entered a recession. After the 21st century, the musical in 2001 regained its attention, and in 2002, it won the Oscar again after a lapse of 34 years.

Since then, musical films have gradually recovered, and a number of musical films with their own styles and innovations have emerged, and many films have made sequels one after another. The creation of musical films has gradually begun to flourish again in the 21st century.

This prosperity not only refers to a breakthrough in the number of musical films, but also shows differences from previous musical films in the innovation of genre elements, narrative and theme expression of musical films and cultural orientation. Most of the classic musical films avoid talking about real problems, deliberately avoiding problems that plague social development, such as race and class.

Since the 21st century, with the opening of society and the diversified development of culture, many musical films have begun to face up to racial issues and draw fresh elements from black culture. Based on a true story starring Beyonce, the film sharply touches on the difficult situation that black music in the United States could not enter mainstream radio stations because of discrimination in the 1960s. It also focuses on the racial conflict between blacks and whites in the United States in the 1960 s; In 2015, the musical biopic also focused on the growth experience of the rap group N.W.A Different themes and diverse genres also cultivated a new generation of audience of song and dance/musical films.

　

【There are no musicals in China? All wet!】

　

When was there a musical in China? In fact, it was there when the first Chinese film was born. Traditional Chinese opera film is a unique type of Chinese film. In 1905, Peking Opera films made by China people themselves started the localization of films in China.

As the first film in China, Dingjun Mountain is a drama film. After that, Mei Lanfang, a Peking Opera artist, boldly explored and borrowed the advantages of Kunqu Opera and starred in the Kunqu Opera movie "A Dream in the Garden" (1960), which not only used feature film technology, but also fully retained the characteristics of stage performance.

Mei Lanfang’s photo with the movie queen mary pickford in the United States.

Fei Mu, the director, also explored the traditional Chinese opera films earlier, and made three traditional Chinese opera films successively (1937), (1941) and (1948). In 1950s, traditional Chinese opera films began to rise. In 1955, the film directed by Shi Hui was released in Hong Kong, which was a great success and attracted the attention of Hong Kong audiences and filmmakers.

Shaw Company took the lead in producing a large number of Huangmei films (1958), (1960) and (1963), which were all very successful in the market. Directed by Cui Xie and Chen Huaiai in 1960, he won the Best opera film Award in Hundred Flowers Award in 1962. At the same time,, and so on were the models of traditional Chinese opera films at that time. According to incomplete statistics, since the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), more than 300 traditional Chinese opera films have been filmed, involving more than 60 kinds of operas.

　

Since the 1980s, the social and cultural life has become increasingly rich, and the traditional Chinese opera films have suffered a certain impact, but until now, there are still many traditional Chinese opera films produced every year.

The newly edited Peking Opera film (2013) won the Best opera film Award in the 29th China Film Golden Rooster Award, and the Cantonese Opera film (2015) was adapted from the large-scale Cantonese opera classic "Legend of Lun Wenxu". In 2015, a 3D version of Peking Opera film appeared for the first time.

In addition, there are many musical films of ethnic minorities in China, but we can hardly see them in mainstream cinemas. Most of these musical films are broadcast through local TV media.

【Can musical films regain their popularity】

　

Zhong Jinwen, dean of the School of Literature and Journalism and Communication of the Central University for Nationalities and director of the China National Film and Television Research Center, believes that talking about whether a musical is a minority depends on the standards it refers to. Obviously, the above-mentioned traditional Chinese opera films and folk song and dance films are destined to belong to the minority in the current film market environment. Musical films in mainstream movies are often difficult to succeed. In recent years, Gorgeous Office Workers and 52 Hz, I Love You have not only been dismal at the box office, but also caused great controversy in word of mouth.

In the mainland, which lacks musical culture, the audience doesn’t know much about traditional musical films. Most people have little musical influence since childhood, and many people can’t understand the plot of "singing as they play". When the singing competition was hot, The Voice of China tried to imitate Glee’s column drama My Youth is Eight Degrees Higher, but most viewers thought it was "accepting incompetence".

"My Youth is Eight Degrees Higher" is not recognized by the public.

In addition, in mainland cinemas, the number of musical films released each year is very limited, and it is not easy for the audience to cultivate their interest in this type. For investors, musical is not a good choice.

Yang Yan, a senior producer and a member of the Film Critics Association, said that she rarely encountered musical scripts in her career. "The narrative of musical is confined by the form. It is necessary to condense the story and match it with appropriate dance and genre. When the audience watches it, there will be a sense of alienation, because everyone doesn’t sing and dance without saying a word. It is different from the viewing habits of China audiences. China audiences are more willing to go to the cinema to watch a story, which leads to few companies willing to invest in a musical. In addition, the big directors’ musical films are basically discounted, and the rate of return is not good. Everyone rarely discusses the investment of musical films in the market. "

　

【So, what about the future market of musical films?】

Yang Yan affirmed, "Absolutely not." She revealed, "In order to bind some directors, some film companies need to exchange some film contracts for some filming by this director, but this belongs to’ no way’. If the photographer evaluates the market normally, the film company is unlikely to shoot a musical."

　

In addition to investment, musical films are also facing many practical difficulties in creation.

A producer who has participated in musical films also revealed that musical films put forward higher requirements for many positions in the film crew, such as director, screenwriter, composer, lyricist, costume, etc. It is difficult to make a musical film with visual quality, and there are few actors with musical literacy, acting skills and popularity.

But the producer also thinks that musicals are very suitable for mixing, because music can be added to various story scenes, and there may be many possibilities for musicals in the future.

At present, films such as "The King of Circus" and "la la land" may be doomed to fail to rival other blockbusters at the box office in the Mainland, and audiences are still skeptical about Chinese musical films such as "Gorgeous Office Workers" and "52 Hz, I Love You".

However, they let more people know about musical films, and also let the mainland film market see the hope of musical films: even if there is a minority, there is still demand. It is believed that these films with an overwhelming reputation can make more people fall in love with musicals, and it is also hoped that the box office "curse" of mainland musicals can be really broken in the future, and more China musicals will appear in the "new era".

□ Feng Huanhuan (Jiangxi Normal University)

Recently, the stand-up season of iQiyi’s "king of comedy" has come to an end. The high-quality PK of the finalists has made many netizens hooked up, but the blind player’s black light’s spit on the blind road has caused deeper thinking. With the popularization of various social welfare, there are still many neglected "blind areas of civilization" in life.

From the perspective of the blind, Black Light tells the hardships of the disabled humorously. As a public figure, this is not the first time he spoke out about the public facilities for the visually impaired, such as the blind road in the subway going straight to the cab, the blind road being closed, causing the blind people to "circle around" in it, the stainless steel blind road slipping like a shrimp in snowy days, forcing the blind people to take barrier-free carriages without seats, the blind road being occupied and suddenly interrupted. These jokes made the audience laugh, but also brought sadness, because although these problems are common, they have not received enough attention from the relevant departments.

We need to reflect, blind roads should provide convenience for the visually impaired, but why have they brought more troubles? Black light mentioned in the performance that he showed that he was blind when catching the high-speed train and flying, and the other party reacted wrongly. On the one hand, visually impaired people are rarely seen in public spaces; On the other hand, there are still many problems in barrier-free facilities in society. Due to the difficulties encountered in going out, visually impaired people have reduced the number of going out or even stopped going out at all.

The plight of visually impaired people represented by black lights is actually a microcosm of the lives of disabled people in China. Due to the existence of special education schools, there are almost no disabled people on ordinary campuses. This invisibility makes many disabled facilities become furnishings, even occupied or misused, while people with disabilities seldom express their dissatisfaction publicly, which further aggravates the unreasonable use of facilities.

Black-light talk shows not only make more people pay attention to the situation of disabled groups, but also remind us that social systems and facilities still need to be further improved. The government should introduce more targeted policies, increase capital investment in public facilities, rectify the existing non-practicality, and effectively help more disabled people. The media should also strengthen publicity to help the public understand the importance of barrier-free facilities and guide people to pay attention to and support the construction of these facilities. For every ordinary person, parking can be regulated, blind roads can not be occupied at will, people with disabilities can not be discriminated against, and they can lend a helping hand when they need help, so that sincerity and goodwill can flow in society.

Watching talk shows can’t be laughed off. How to better care for the disabled is an important social issue. The blind spot of civilization is often not on the road, but in people’s hearts. Only by taking real action to make the barrier-free environment no longer "hinder" can more disabled people go out of their homes, share the fruits of social development equally and feel the world better.

　　The supermarket paper towel wedding dress, known as the "masterpiece of supermarket aunt", became a hot spot for forwarding and commenting as soon as it appeared in Weibo. As a result, various creative displays against the sky, such as toothpaste bicycles, towel tropical fish and mat armor soldiers, began to appear frequently … The reporter visited Changsha supermarket and learned more detailed stories behind these amazing "masterpieces". Network observer (reporter) Li Jin

　　Recently, some creative supermarket product display photos have been circulated wildly on the Internet, among which Weibo, the model of tissue wedding dress, has the largest forwarding volume. Because many supermarket waiters are already aunts, these creative displays have also been praised as naughty "supermarket aunts" by netizens. "I just went to the supermarket and met a sexy beauty. I found that supermarket aunts are all talents, and I admire them. I specially photographed them to share with you! " Some netizens commented on Weibo.

　　@ News Background: Supermarket aunt works against the sky

　　Recently, Changsha netizens have also found mop lucky plates, mahjong mat armor and cute fruits in the supermarket … Mr. Li, a citizen, went to the second floor of Wonderful Life Supermarket to buy fruits. As soon as he entered, he was attracted by a huge "bicycle" on the promotion shelf. Looking intently, it was actually made of hundreds of toothpastes!

　　"How creative!" Mr. Li, who originally only needed to buy fruit, was surprised and bought toothpaste when he saw that the price was very cost-effective.

　　In supermarkets such as Carrefour, there are beautiful wedding dresses made of toilet paper: a tube of toilet paper is wrapped around the model statue, connected from the waist, dragged to the ground, and fixed with paper clips to form an elegant "toilet paper wedding dress"; There are "tropical fish with towels": towels are rolled into rolls, with green and blue towels as the bottom, pink towels as the outline, and a vivid "tropical fish" seems to be swimming … There are also cute cartoon characters piled up with dishwashing cloths, huge "cattail leaf fans" made of mops, handsome "armored soldiers" made of sleeping mats, "Totoro honey pomelo" and other series of works.

　　However, is it really that supermarket aunts are bored and POSE with all kinds of goods? If you think so, you are really "naive". The reporter learned that in fact, this is a "promotional artifact" carefully developed by marketers, and the technical term of anti-God is "creative display".

　　@ 丫丫丫丫丫丫: Behind the supermarket aunt is a marketer.

　　Who came up with these ideas? Is it really a supermarket "aunt" who is idle to kill time?

　　The reporter visited a large supermarket in Changsha and learned that in fact, there are not only supermarket aunts with specific arrangements behind the masterpiece, but more importantly, a group of creative professional marketers.

　　The staff of Carrefour supermarket told the reporter: "This is not the masterpiece of’ Aunt’, but mainly planned by professionals from businesses and supermarkets. Generally, it is only available when manufacturers promote their products. "

　　The reporter learned from several supermarkets that these ideas generally originated from the planning department of suppliers.

　　After they make creative planning, it is time for the supermarket "aunt" to show her talents. "After the supplier designs the shapes and props, he will send someone to the supermarket to lead the waiter to be responsible for splicing the goods." Only in this way can we see those "works of God".

　　In addition, many supermarkets also have their own planning departments and art departments. In order to improve the popularity of supermarkets, they will also make some planning plans for the display of goods.

　　@ 中中中中: Attracting customers and improving sales performance.

　　Why do manufacturers and supermarkets make masterpieces? In fact, the goal of "making you look good" is to "make you pay" and attract consumers and improve sales performance by "aunt’s masterpiece".

　　Just like Li Mian, I just went to the supermarket to buy paper, but I was attracted by the idea of "bicycle" toothpaste. When I saw that it was quite affordable, I bought an extra toothpaste. Many citizens are naturally attracted when they see the creative display in the supermarket. Take a closer look at how it is put out under research, so as to pay more attention to the product.

　　"Ordinary goods display is difficult to attract customers’ attention." Ms. Li, a staff member of Carrefour, said that this kind of creative display can especially attract customers to stop and watch.

　　In addition to the need for creative display for manufacturers’ promotion, supermarkets will also use this creative display to create a festive atmosphere and gather popularity when holidays come. While adding vitality to the supermarket, it can also make customers happy.

　　(Original title: Supermarket Auntie’s creative drink bottles are arranged into a stadium (Figure))

(Source: Red Net)

Ready Player One

Special feature of 1905 film network After four days of release, the box office was 450 million, and the Douban score soared to 9.1.

Completely fired!

This film is adapted from the novel of the same name by the otaku Ernst Klein, and there are hundreds of game movies.

I really can’t think of a more suitable candidate than Spielberg to turn such a book into a blockbuster.

Cover of Ready Player One’s original novels in English and Chinese

Ready Player One is indeed a bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages. However, it caters to some people’s feelings, and at the same time, it is also considered by some readers as "otaku’s cool writing".

Among readers all over the world, some people dislike this book, and some people call it "Wikipedia about the 1980s" — — That is, those eggs are useless for narrative, and the only value is to let readers pat their thighs: ah, I know this!

At that time, Xiao Dianjun was made to want to throw a book by its narrative way of constantly throwing stalks.

The original author was called "the sexiest geek on the planet today" by USA-Today.

But when Spielberg first read this book, he was shocked by the author’s foresight for the future through these stalks. In order to make more people accept it, he injected what he was good at into this "history of popular culture in the 1980 s": longing for the future and trembling; Passion for creativity; There is even an inner observation of a lonely and talented boy.

When it was released in the past, the audience queuing to buy tickets filled several streets, and some people watched it several times.

They all want to immerse themselves in such a scene again:

In john williams’s soundtrack, pterosaurs flew across the sky, and giant Tyrannosaurus rex leisurely crossed the grassland. For the first time, people and ancient creatures hundreds of millions of years ago were separated by only one screen, and their hearts must be filled with awe.

After more than 20 years, we are lucky enough to look at a half-gorgeous and half-barren future through a screen, and we are as excited as those people in those years.

These dreamlike experiences are all attributed to Spielberg. A 72-year-old man, a big child.

As a famous director who has filmed the seventh sci-fi film, five of which have become classics in film history, Spielberg’s talent and imagination are well known. However, few people may notice that after close encounters of the third kind, he stopped writing his own plays, but explored and visualized the works of first-class best-selling novelists.

For example, Melissa Mathison, a female screenwriter, was hired for E.T. Alien, and the inspiration came from Kubrick, who wanted to adapt this short story herself.

Stills of E.T. Alien

Today, Xiao Dianjun wants to talk to you about two other classics — — Jurassic Park and, like Ready Player One, they are adapted from famous science fiction.

As one of the greatest directors of commercial films in Hollywood, Spielberg did this … …

　

Jurassic park

Come on, try Spielberg icing?

Jurassic Park is the first sci-fi film adapted by Spielberg, which comes from michael crichton’s novel of the same name.

　

It created a box office miracle.

After the film was released, it won 900 million dollars at the box office and became the highest-grossing film in history at that time. At that time, there was a crazy dinosaur craze, which inspired a lot of movies featuring dinosaurs and monsters, such as Godzilla in Japan.

　

A movie can sell well in a short time, perhaps just because of IP or dazzling special effects technology. But to become a classic, a solid script has become the top priority.

　

Michael crichton, the author of the original novel, is outstanding in his professional level. The man with a bright resume transferred from Harvard Literature Department to Anthropology Department, and also got a doctor of medicine from Harvard. It is precisely because of this hard-core knowledge of anthropology and medicine that his sci-fi thrillers are horrified … … Especially cultured.

　

Michael crichton, the author of the original novel

The most important genetic engineering technology in Jurassic Park was studied in 1970s. In 1984, scientists cloned gene fragments from the fur of spotted donkey 140 years ago, which proved that DNA can be replicated in inanimate biological tissues. Michael has been paying attention to this field. It took him seven years to publish Jurassic Park in 1990.

After the film was made, someone specially asked Paul Barrett, a dinosaur researcher at the British Museum of Natural History, if the film was all nonsense. The researcher replied: "Many scientific theories in the film are actually reasonable. Even the use of frogs makes sense, because they are quite commonly used laboratory animals in this field, and we know their gene sequences very well. Therefore, Jurassic Park was very avant-garde at that time. "

If such a novel is made into a movie, it must be changed greatly. Coincidentally, it met Spielberg — — Hollywood is the director who will sugar-coat all kinds of hard goods to satisfy the curiosity and security of most audiences.

　

What does Spielberg do?

　

His first step is to make the grandma selling tea eggs on the street understand the original professional and obscure words in the book.

　

For example, there is a classic "dinosaur DNA recovery animation" in the movie. What is said in the book is particularly complicated, but it is shown in a way similar to flash in the movie.

Animation explanation version of DNA restoration

　

Secondly, he will use the most advanced technology to revive the dinosaurs he was obsessed with since childhood, and then Amway will give them to audiences who have never been interested in them.

　

Spielberg once said in an interview: "When I was young, I even dreamed of dinosaurs. Therefore, when filming Jurassic Park, I thought more about my childhood memories and fantasies than the original novel. "

　

His favorite is Triceratops. When he saw Triceratops in a museum when he was a child, he sympathized with it. He once fantasized about what happened to it before it became extinct. So he deliberately set up a sick triceratops when he was filming.

He found the most advanced industrial light and magic studio at that time to build dinosaurs with computer special effects, and a small part of them spent huge sums of money to make models. Among them, the mechanical Tyrannosaurus Rex props weigh 12,000 pounds (about 5.4 tons), which can really crush people to pieces when started.

　

Designers also draw materials from various animals for the movement patterns of dinosaurs. For example, the brachiosaurus, the first appearance in Jurassic Park, is the first creature made entirely by computer special effects in the history of cinema. Its action of lifting its legs off the ground and roaring to the sky is taken from an elephant.

Brachiosaurus was taken from elephants.

　

The last layer of icing, which is also the thickest layer, is on the theme and narrative mode of the novel.

　

As many movie fans know, all the series of Jurassic Park add up, and only one tenth of the content of the novel is selected for adaptation.

　

In addition to too much professional knowledge, the original novel is also a dark, pessimistic and cruel world, full of all kinds of bloody and dark fragments as bad as Alien. In particular, the author’s attitude is calm and merciless. He thinks that there is no essential difference between natural creation of human beings and natural creation of dinosaurs. On the contrary, people make their own decisions to become creators, and the consequences they bring must be borne by themselves.

　

Just like the following fragment in the original work, if it is put on the big screen, it is estimated that many parents will stop their children from entering the cinema.

　

“Elena opened the door. The baby is lying in the cradle of wicker, wrapped in a light blanket, and only his little face is exposed. There are three dark black lizards squatting on the edge of the cradle, just like three grotesque statues. When they saw Elena, they looked up at her curiously, but they didn’t run away. In the light of the flashlight, Elena saw blood dripping from their mouths. A lizard barked softly, lowered its head, shook it quickly and tore a piece of meat from the baby’s face. Elena screamed and rushed forward, and the lizards flew into the darkness. However, as early as when she walked to the front of the cradle, she had already seen what the baby’s face looked like. She knew that the child must have died. "

　

Spielberg added a soft lens to the story. A lot of discussion in this part is omitted, and the main line of the film is taken as the story of the ultimate victory of the great escape of mankind, which promotes the brilliance of human nature. After letting the audience experience the thrill, they breathed a sigh of relief in happy ending.

　

In this way, the whole film is no longer sharp, but has played a psychological soothing role for the American audience at that time.

Minority report

Fans will be disappointed, but I am concerned about the future within reach.

If we say Jurassic Park, Spielberg is wrapping a dark kernel with syrup; Then, for Minority Report, what he did was to pick up a knife and carve the original mysterious shape into an angular shape.

　

After the release of Minority Report, its income was 350 million dollars, which was three times its cost. In the Hollywood Reporter’s best list of films starring Tom Cruise in 2016, the first place was Minority Report.

In fact, if Tom Cruise hadn’t recommended it, Spielberg probably wouldn’t have touched the novel at all. When he made this film, he once said: Philip Dick’s novels are not suitable for most movies, and I’m sure die-hard fans will be disappointed with the movies.

　

If michael crichton, the author of Jurassic Park, is an elite science fiction writer, then Philip Dick is a real diaosi geek. He dropped out of primary school, dropped out of secondary school, and was often in financial distress when he grew up. Writing science fiction became a pillar of his life. He started writing at the age of 27 and died at the age of 53. He published 44 novels and 121 short stories in his life.

Philip dick

　

His novels have a unique temperament and a surprisingly wide range of concerns. Unfortunately, when he was alive, most of his novels were published in some cheap science fiction magazines, and he was poor until he was old, even eating dog food for a time; After his death, he was gradually recognized and became the first science fiction writer recognized by the history of American literature. Blade runner, Total Memory, and the previous TV series Electronic Dream: Philip Dick’s World are all adapted from his novels.

　

Minority Report is one of his short stories, which is extremely short and the theme is very obscure. I guess Spielberg had a big head when he got it.

　

So, how to change it?

　

First, add a 50% murder case first!

　

Spielberg once said, "The success of this film depends on the characters 50% and the mysterious murders 50%."

There are only two murders in the novel Minority Report, but there are five murders in the film.

Although the protagonist in the novel is also a captain, he is an old man in his fifties who worries that his young subordinates will rob him of his seat every day. Tom Cruise, the captain of the film, is handsome and strong, with thick hair and bad habits such as taking drugs.

In order to enrich the plot, besides murder, Spielberg also added many action elements.

For example, fighting

Kidnap (a prophet)

The protagonist in the novel has only one core contradiction in the plot, that is, finding a way out, and has no previous history. However, in the movie, the director added a very deadly pre-historical trauma to the protagonist — — His five-year-old son was abducted by a swimming pool and has been missing ever since.

On the one hand, this design is to add key plots; On the other hand, it also aroused the audience’s sympathy for the protagonist who had been traumatized, and better integrated into this plot that was too cold.

　Tom hanks looked at his son’s holographic projection.

　

Second, carefully build a future world

　

Philip Dick’s sci-fi novels are not only full of brains, but also famous for their imprecise techniques, which may be attributed to his extensive interests, but he has never systematically studied science and technology.

For example, some people laughed at him for still using the old TV set … …

Spielberg-style science fiction films, in addition to the complexity of the plot, must also have technology linked to the most cutting-edge technology at present. He is crazy about creating the "future", and he does not hesitate to make great efforts for it.

　

Starting with E.T. Alien, his way is not only to rely on imagination, but also to find experts to dig into details.

Three years after the film started shooting, he found 15 experts in different fields, including architects, novelists, computer engineers, biological scientists, MIT dean and so on, and brainstormed in a hotel for three days.

He wants these people to give him some advice on how to make a future world that is both convincing and different from ordinary science fiction movies. In three days, they actually worked out an 80-page plan, from architecture to technology.

　

Some inventions they came up with in 1999 have actually come true in today’s world.

　

Such as 3D screen, such as iris recognition authentication.

　

Spielberg described his imaginary future world like this: "The Internet is watching us, and the TV is watching us. We lost our privacy. An advertisement will suddenly appear in front of us and talk to us. "

　

Compared with the pessimism in Philip Dick’s novels, Spielberg is an optimist. He is always full of enthusiasm for new technologies that may come. When talking about this film, he once said: "I hope all the small technologies in the film will come true. We will have pollution-free transportation and newspapers that are automatically updated. "

Third, empathize with the audience, not scare them away.

　

The inspiration of Minority Report comes from Philip Dick’s own anxiety about the Cold War. In the struggle between the two great powers in the book, it is like a miracle that a little person wants to find a way out and survive. The whole novel is like a gloomy joke.

In the movie, the core of this story is replaced by the mainstream values of Hollywood, and it becomes a survival story that people should not lose hope under any circumstances and should fight against fate.

Some scary details in the novel have also been changed to more acceptable settings.

　

For example, in the novel, those prophets are actually mentally retarded and squeezed by the government without human rights. But in the movie, it was changed to a normal person, named after several crime novelists. Agatha, led by Agatha, guided Tom Cruise out of danger again and again with the image of "Goddess".

Changed mental retardation into a goddess

　

These changes have undoubtedly reduced the lingering pessimistic background and self-torture in Dick’s novels, and replaced them with Spielberg’s value that "human nature will always find a way out". If reading the original novel is like witnessing the fate of mankind being hung in the air, Spielberg will finally make everyone who watches it land on his feet and be satisfied.

Over the years, all the children who were shocked by such a big film have grown into middle-aged people, and it seems that Spielberg is the only one who hasn’t changed.

In last year’s documentary Spielberg, Xiao Li commented on Spielberg when he was young:

The child in the Arizona desert kept watching TV and movies, and one day slipped into the film company and found his destiny there. This is a touching Hollywood story in itself.

And Daniel Day Lewis said he was old:

We all have a shelf life, and it slipped away without our knowledge. But this may not be the case for Spielberg. He will love his job until he dies.

　

At least from Ready Player One’s point of view, they are all right.

On November 19th, China Telecom Shanghai Company (hereinafter referred to as Shanghai Telecom) held the 2021 Digital Life Festival conference, launched the 11th round of broadband speed-up action, implemented "Gigabit speed-up in the whole city, all-round speed-up, family sharing", promoted gigabit speed-up on a large scale and increased the scale of Gigabit users, provided high-quality networking services to meet the different needs of different users, and launched a 2000M home broadband package. At the same time, Shanghai Telecom has created a variety of digital portals, provided leading digital applications in the innovation industry, and promoted the arrival of a new era of digital life for all.

Ruan Li, Deputy Director of Shanghai Economic and Information Technology Commission, Zhao Dandan, Deputy Director of Shanghai Health and Wellness Commission, Wang Tianguang, Deputy Director of Shanghai Communications Administration, Zhao Hongwei, Vice Chairman of Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai Songjiang District CPPCC, Gong Bo, General Manager of China Telecom Shanghai Company, and Bian Yanfeng, General Manager of Tianyi Digital Life Technology Co., Ltd. attended the ceremony, and guests from relevant municipal and district government departments, representatives of cooperative enterprises and industrial chain partners attended the conference.

Shanghai Telecom’s move is following many leading moves, such as building the first broadband city in China in 2005, the first broadband city in 2011, the first gigabit city in the world in 2018, and taking the lead in launching the "3 Gigabit" upgrade in 2020. Shanghai Telecom once again leads the trend. Moreover, this time it is not just a "hardware upgrade" of information infrastructure. At the same time, Shanghai Telecom pays attention to deepening customer needs and application scenarios, building an integrated digital life product and service system, and truly realizing the digital transformation of life.

"Shanghai Telecom hopes to work together with its partners to make Shanghai a gigabit leading city and provide better products and services for the general public, and jointly enter a new era of digital life of’ the digital life of gigabit telecommunications in the whole city’." Gong Bo, general manager of Shanghai Telecom, said at the press conference.

At the press conference, Shanghai Telecom signed the Agreement on Building a Gigabit City with the competent commissions in Changning District, Songjiang District, Jing ‘an District, Baoshan District, Hongkou District and Pudong New Area, so as to light up the "Gigabit Broadband Community" in the whole city, carry out broadband upgrade to Gigabit, build a digital home, and release new digital application scenarios, so that the general public can truly enjoy the convenience and benefits brought by "Gigabit in the whole city".

The city is gigabit, so that more users can use and make good use of Gigabit broadband.

Whether it is digital industry or intelligent life, it is inseparable from a solid base, which is Gigabit network. Gigabit network is like a "blood vessel", which connects thousands of households and industries at high speed and safely, realizes the integration and sharing of the physical world and the digital world, and promotes the improvement of digitalization level.

As the vanguard and main force of Shanghai’s urban informatization construction, Shanghai Telecom has been actively promoting the upgrading of urban informatization level and promoting Shanghai’s comprehensive digital transformation and upgrading.

In 2016, Shanghai Telecom took the lead in launching gigabit broadband construction and scale promotion plan in China, and officially promoted gigabit broadband access services throughout the city. In 2018, Shanghai Telecom successfully upgraded FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) network in the whole city on the basis of completing the super project of the cooperative construction of ultra-large-scale access network and metropolitan area network, realizing the city-wide coverage of gigabit optical fiber network, thus building the world’s first gigabit city. Since then, Shanghai Telecom has fully launched the construction of "5G+ Optical Network Double Gigabit Demonstration City" in 2019, and in 2020, it took the lead in promoting the "Three Gigabit Upgrade" of Gigabit 5G, Gigabit Broadband and Gigabit WiFi.

The "small goal" of the city’s gigabit coverage, Shanghai Telecom has been completed in 2018, and has now covered 10 million home users in the city. However, for Shanghai Telecom, building a gigabit optical network is not the ultimate goal. The key is to make users widely use it and make good use of gigabit broadband.

Promoting gigabit speed-up on a large scale and increasing the scale of gigabit users is the core content of Shanghai Telecom’s "Digital New Life of Gigabit Home Telecom in the City".

To this end, Shanghai Telecom has launched the activity of "Using Telecom 5G, Increasing the Age of Broadband Network by Gigabit". For telecom 5G home users, and the broadband network age is 10 years or more, the home broadband is directly accelerated to 1000 m; The network age is 5 to 10 years (excluding 10 years), and the home broadband speed is directly increased to 500 m; If the net age is less than 5 years (excluding 5 years), the speed can be increased to 1000M at a preferential rate. This broadband network age acceleration activity for 5G users in telecom households is expected to benefit 3 million broadband users in Shanghai Telecom. For non-5G home users, after upgrading to 5G package, they can also participate in broadband network age acceleration activities.

At the same time, users can also participate in the perfect 5G convergence package, which can not only use the communication service with the highest broadband rate of 1000M, the highest traffic rate of 300G/ month and the highest voice rate of 3000 minutes/month, but also share the package content with up to ten mobile number cards, which is more cost-effective for the whole family. They can also participate in popular activities such as the direct drop of 5G mobile phones, the doubling of package traffic, and the rights lottery.

Through this action, it is estimated that by the end of 2021, broadband users of 500M and above will account for at least 25% of Shanghai Telecom’s broadband users, and by the end of 2022, 1,000 m users will account for 40%.

2000M broadband is launched, and high-quality networking services are upgraded.

Shanghai Telecom is a leading broadband operator in Shanghai, occupying a dominant position in the market. At present, there are 4.5 million home broadband users in Shanghai Telecom, and the average bandwidth of users exceeds 300M m..

Driven by Shanghai Telecom, Shanghai’s network speed continues to lead in China. According to the data of Broadband Development Alliance, in the second quarter of 2021, the average available download rate of fixed broadband in China reached 56.7Mbit/s, while the average available download rate of fixed broadband in Shanghai reached 60.06Mbit/s, ranking first among all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China. In terms of gigabit broadband development, by the end of September this year, broadband users of 1000Mbps and above in Shanghai accounted for 6.2% of the total users, significantly ahead of the national average of 4.05%.

Although the network speed level is in the lead in China, Shanghai Telecom has not stopped. At the press conference, Shanghai Telecom launched a heavy measure and released a 2000M home broadband package, which brought users a high-quality experience of millisecond network delay, super gigabit high bandwidth and over 256 smart device connections.

During World Telecommunication Day 517 this year, Shanghai Telecom officially launched the whole-house Gigabit service based on FTTR (Fiber to Room), which extended the optical fiber from the home information box to every room in the home. Up to now, nearly 20,000 users have used the FTTR-based whole-house Gigabit service of Shanghai Telecom. At the press conference, Shanghai Telecom announced that broadband can be accelerated to 2000 m free of charge for users of existing whole-house Gigabit gift packages (monthly rental version); From now on, users of 199 and above perfect integration package will apply for the whole house gigabit package (monthly rental version), and broadband can enjoy 2000M directly.

On the basis of 2000M home broadband, Shanghai Telecom has formed a more complete product system, which can meet the needs of different users and provide high-quality networking services, including: whole-house WiFi service consisting of "Broadband+WiFi6", whole-house WiFi exclusive service consisting of "Gigabit Broadband+WiFi6+", whole-house Gigabit service consisting of "Ultra Gigabit Broadband+FTTR" and "Ultra Gigabit Broadband+FTTR+"

Create full-scene applications and share a new era of digital life.

Shanghai Telecom has continuously consolidated the development base of digital economy, built an integrated digital life product and service system, and provided all-round digital life services for urban and rural residents.

Shanghai Telecom said that on the basis of "5G+ Broadband +WiFi" 3 Gigabit, it will gather a wealth of pan-intelligent terminal categories, and provide personalized design, own combination and professional delivery of intelligent customized solutions for the whole house. Based on a variety of explosive terminals, it will focus on creating a series of scene applications such as smart homes and digital homes, giving users diverse choices.

Relying on "Gigabit Broadband+Whole House Gigabit +5 Smart Home Scenes", Shanghai Telecom has built a smart model room for home users. Gigabit access coverage in the whole house eliminates the dead angle of signal in the home. Winglet Manager APP can control multi-brand terminals to realize scene linkage and interactive experience. On this basis, Shanghai Telecom provides users with five intelligent scenes of the whole house, such as intelligent life, intelligent balcony, intelligent bedroom, intelligent access control and intelligent lighting, which gives them a sense of security, makes the whole house appliances smart every second, and makes the whole house lighting be controlled at will, and bid farewell to manually opening and closing curtains.

It is difficult to do things at home, send and receive express delivery, and charge cars … People have been troubled by these troubles for a long time. The digital home resource aggregation service platform created by Shanghai Telecom provides digital applications such as open government affairs, smart party building, healthy old-age care, smart travel, family entertainment, surrounding business districts, and one network office to help people have a happy and warm home and eliminate these troubles.

Information technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, big data and Internet of Things have profoundly changed the health service and management mode. Based on its powerful cloud network resources and computing power resources, Shanghai Telecom has joined hands with industrial chain partners such as Shangtang Technology to enable "5G+AI" to empower more hospitals, promote the establishment of a fast and accurate intelligent medical system, and help solve major livelihood issues such as people’s difficulty in seeing a doctor.

There is also cloud broadband, which provides users with high-quality services of cloud network integration. Cloud broadband is to build a cloud-edge collaborative broadband system based on edge cloud. Personalized management and control are realized through a software-based virtualized cloud gateway, and broadband access is cloud-based, providing users with unique cloud network integration quality services.

The professional service team led by the national model workers is a powerful guarantee for Shanghai Telecom to provide users with quality digital life. At present, Shanghai Telecom has more than 5,000 gold medal engineers to provide users with digital life services.

The whole city lights up the "Gigabit Broadband Community" and accelerates the landing of the scene system.

At the launch conference of Digital Life Festival that day, Shanghai Telecom signed contracts with the competent commissions in Changning District, Songjiang District, Jing ‘an District, Baoshan District, Hongkou District and Pudong New Area. The two sides jointly focused on key areas and industries, focusing on information infrastructure, smart community governance, digital home and other aspects, and accelerated the implementation of the digital life application scenario system as soon as possible.

First of all, through the activity of speeding up the age of home broadband network, the "Gigabit Broadband Community" will be lit up one by one, so as to further increase the broadband rate and ensure that the proportion of users 500M and above in the region will reach 25% of all fixed broadband users before the end of the year. Secondly, we should make concerted efforts to refine the scene requirements on the basis of the life cycle management of community data, build benchmark cases, and build a "digital home" governance service system with more in-depth one network management, one network management and more perceptive people’s livelihood services, so as to jointly promote digital beautiful homeland and build a smart community. Furthermore, build a digital home, actively carry out smart home business, provide FTTR (light to room) /FTTD (light to desktop) access for residents, promote the popularization of home networking, build a home network environment with high bandwidth, wide coverage, low power consumption, strong security and easy management, and provide more rich smart home products and applications.

Looking forward to the future, Shanghai Telecom will continue to join hands with industrial partners for mutual benefit and win-win with the development concept of openness and integration, and strive to build an innovative ecology of digital life to better meet the people’s growing needs for a better digital life.

1. Paleolithic Age in China (about 3 million years ago-about 10,000 years ago)

1. Introduction to Paleolithic Age

Paleolithic period, the stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of forged stone tools (see stone tools). The geological age belongs to the late Pliocene to the Pleistocene, starting about 3 million years ago and continuing until about 10 thousand years ago.

"Paleolithic Age" is a concept of time zone put forward by archaeologists. The so-called Stone Age does not mean that people at that time only used stone tools.

2. Paleolithic characteristics

People in this period of Paleolithic mainly hunted, fished and collected by making simple tools. Take Beijingers found in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China as an example. According to research, they used stone tools and wooden sticks to hunt wild animals and knew how to collect fruits to satisfy their hunger.

They mainly lived in caves, but in archaeology, a large number of traces such as charcoal, ashes and burnt bones were found in their caves, indicating that people at that time had mastered the technology of using fire and would cut down trees as fuel.

The main characteristics of paleolithic human beings are that the stone tools are mainly made of stone tools, including stone axes, chopping devices, scrapers, pointy devices and so on; Bone horn is very developed, and new tools such as bone fork, bone needle, bone fish dart and spear throwing device have appeared. Have learned to make, have begun to learn to sew, make decorations, paintings and sculptures; There has been the earliest burial custom.

3. Development of Paleolithic Age

Generally speaking, in the early Paleolithic period, human beings had learned to use fire, bone tools appeared in the middle period, simple combined tools were made in the late period, and matriarchal clans began to form.

Yuanmou ape-man, Lantian ape-man, Beijinger, Jinniushan man and caveman are basically in this period.

2. Neolithic Age in China (ranging from about 10,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago to more than 2,000 years ago)

1. Introduction to the Neolithic Age

Neolithic Age is a time period set by archaeologists, which started about 10,000 years ago and ended from 5,000 years ago to 2,000 years ago.

Neolithic Age refers to the last stage of the Stone Age in archaeology, and the stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of grinded stone tools.

This name was first put forward by British archaeologist lubbock in 1865. This era has entered the Holocene in geological age, and developed after the Paleolithic Age or the transition of the Mesolithic Age, belonging to the late Stone Age.

2. Characteristics of Neolithic Age

(1) the emergence of primitive agriculture;

(2) the manufacture of pottery;

(3) the extensive use of polished stone tools;

(4) The emergence of villages and the formation of clan system.

3. The significance of the Neolithic Age.

The agricultural revolution in the Neolithic Age has far-reaching significance. The emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry has transformed the human economy from a predatory economy based on gathering and hunting in the Paleolithic to a productive economy based on agriculture and animal husbandry.

Humans have changed from food gatherers to food producers. This change in the way of obtaining food has changed the relationship between man and nature. The occurrence of agriculture and animal husbandry marks a leap in human understanding of nature, and marks that human beings have changed from relying on and adapting to nature to using and transforming nature in terms of "the production of food, clothes, housing and tools necessary for this".

All the production activities of agricultural animal husbandry require human beings to know more about and transform nature and use natural resources to serve human economy. On the basis of agricultural production, people began to observe the activities of the sun, moon and stars, the characteristics of water and soil, and climate phenomena, and accumulated experience, thus generating preliminary knowledge of astronomy, geography and mathematics, and pushing human understanding of the objective world to a new height.

Third, China Xia Dynasty (about 2070-1600 BC)

1. Introduction of Xia Dynasty

Xia Dynasty was the first hereditary dynasty recorded in China’s history books. There are a certain number of bronze and jade ritual vessels in the cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty, dating from the late Neolithic Age to the early Bronze Age.

According to historical records, the biography of Yu was located in Ziqi, which changed the abdication system of primitive tribes and initiated the hereditary precedent in China for nearly 4,000 years. Therefore, the "home world" in China’s history began with the establishment of the Xia Dynasty.

2. Characteristics of Xia Dynasty

(1) The Xia Dynasty established armed forces, established official posts and prisons, and formulated criminal laws. The establishment of this whole set of state machinery shows that the Xia Dynasty has already possessed the characteristics of a country;

(2) Economically, Xia Dynasty belonged to the era of gold (copper) and stone, and its initial economic development laid the foundation for the economic prosperity of future generations;

(3) Culturally, some outstanding cultural achievements of the Xia Dynasty, such as the Xia calendar, have a far-reaching impact on future generations.

3. The significance of the establishment and development of Xia Dynasty.

It represents the improvement of productivity and the progress of mankind, and it is the beginning of slave society in China.

The direct cause of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty probably originated from the Yellow River, which was flooded in the era of Three Emperors and Five Emperors. Because the flood affected the production and life of the surrounding people for a long time, Dayu mobilized all ethnic groups in China to carry out water control work for 20 years, which not only united the Chinese ancestors unprecedentedly, but also greatly enhanced his reputation. After the flood was cured, with the improvement of living environment, the first unified kingship was established.

Fourth, China Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC-about 1046 BC)

1. Introduction of Shang Dynasty

Shang Dynasty, the second dynasty in the history of China, is the first dynasty in China with direct written records of the same period.

Shang Tang, the monarch of Shang Kingdom in Xia Dynasty, led the kingdom to destroy Xia Hou in the battle of Mingtiao, and established Shang Dynasty in Bo (now Shangqiu) with "Shang" as the title. After that, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently, and it was not until its descendant Pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang) that the capital was established in Yin for 273 years, so the Shang Dynasty was called Yin or Yin Shang by later generations.

The Shang Dynasty experienced three major stages. The first stage is "first business"; The second stage is "early business"; The third stage is the "Late Shang Dynasty", which has been passed down from generation to generation to 31 kings in the 17th century, lasting for more than 500 years. Di Xin, the last monarch, set himself on fire and died after being defeated by Zhou Wuwang in the battle of Makino.

The excavation of Yin Ruins confirmed the existence of Shang Dynasty in China. The Shang Dynasty was in the heyday of slavery, and the slave owners and nobles were the ruling class, forming a huge bureaucratic ruling institution and army. The records of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen are the earliest systematic written symbols in China. During the Shang Dynasty, there were also developed non-Central Plains civilizations in the Yangtze River Basin.

2. Characteristics of Shang Dynasty

Worship ghosts, slavery economy, bronze ware is expensive, and Oracle bones and tortoise shells are the main ones.

Shang Dynasty’s records of astronomical phenomena and the application of the time-keeping method of cadres and branches were reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture in Shang Dynasty developed rapidly, especially handicrafts, and the smelting and manufacturing of bronzes were quite mature, and all kinds of commonly used utensils, ritual vessels and wine vessels were very exquisite.

3. Historical significance of Shang Dynasty.

In Shang Dynasty, the state machinery was constantly strengthened, and great achievements were made in economy and culture. Its activity area and influence far exceeded that of Xia Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the further development of ancient civilization in China and occupied an important position in the history of ancient civilization in the world.

V. China Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC)

1. Introduction of Zhou Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty is the third dynasty in China history after Shang Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty handed down 37 kings in 30 generations and enjoyed the country for a total of 791 years.

Among them, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, also known as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, was divided into two parts: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in which Han, Zhao and Wei jointly defeated the ruling Zhishi family and the three families were divided into Jin.

Before the extinction of the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou tribe originated from the Huaxia (Han) nationality. Because of the harassment of nomadic tribes in the northwest such as Rong and Di, the leader of the Zhou tribe, Gu Gongqi, led the Zhou people to move to the plain under Qishan and settle down.

Living in the Weihe River valley, Ji Yi, the ancestor of Ji Yi, was Hou Ji, known as the agricultural god. Shuowen said, "The Yellow Emperor lived in Ji Shui, taking Ji as his surname, and Zhou people inherited his surname." The language was ancient Chinese, and the characters still used ancient Chinese characters. In folk records, tortoise bones and ox bones were still the main ones, while the royal family mainly used new brocade and silks. The Zhou Dynasty established the enfeoffment system (the state was founded), and the king of Zhou was the "co-owner of the world".

2. Characteristics of the Zhou Dynasty

The land was owned by feudal princes, and the so-called "all over the world, is it not the land of kings?" Herod the royal family, sealed the state and founded the country, and made it a prosperous week. At the same time, a set of patriarchal clan system was established to coordinate and maintain the development of feudal system. Consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

3. Historical significance of Zhou Dynasty.

Zhou Dynasty’s culture of Zhou Dynasty was called pre-culture of Zhou Dynasty before King Wu took the place of Shang Dynasty. Then, after King Wu took the place of Shang Dynasty, Zhou people absorbed the culture of Shang Dynasty and other nationalities, and formed a unique culture of Zhou Dynasty in Chinese history, which was fully reflected in the political ethics of Western Zhou society. Zhou Culture was the cornerstone of Chinese national culture and the source of China traditional culture.

After the inheritance and innovation of hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the development of Confucian Classics in Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, Zhou Wenhua finally formed the unique spiritual temperament and mentality structure of the Chinese nation and became a cultural system with long-term vitality.

All kinds of laws and regulations, rites and music systems and ideological and moral norms contained in Zhou Culture became the ideological and political basis of China’s feudal rule for thousands of years and the source of Confucianism, which influenced the history of Chinese civilization for nearly 3,000 years after Zhou Dynasty.

In the ancient history of China, the rule of the Zhou Dynasty was very distinctive, and there were four main systems: feudalism, patriarchal clan system, well field system and ritual system, which had great influence on the future society.

Six, China Qin Dynasty (221-207)

1. Introduction to Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified dynasty in China’s history, which was developed by the State of Qin during the Warring States Period. Dafei, the ancestor of the Qin people, was a descendant of Zhuan Xu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and was given a surname of winning.

Qin Wangzheng destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, thus completing the great cause of reunification. In the first 221 years, the king of Qin proclaimed himself emperor, which was called "Qin Shihuang" in history.

The Qin dynasty set up three officials and nine ministers in the central government to manage state affairs; Abolish the enfeoffment system locally and replace it with the county system; The implementation of books with the same language, cars with the same track, unified measurement. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering hundreds of places in the south, building the Great Wall to repel foreign enemies, and digging Lingqu to connect the water system.

The establishment of centralization of authority laid the basic pattern of China’s political system for more than 2,000 years, and laid the foundation for the rule of China’s unified dynasty, so it was called "all generations practiced Qin politics and law".

The Qin Dynasty ended the 500-year-old separatist regime of princes since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and became the first centralized state with multi-ethnic integration in the history of China. Which had a far-reaching influence on the history of China.

In the first 210 years, Qin Shihuang died of illness in a sand dune during his cruise (now northwest of Guangzong County, Hebei Province). His son Hu Hai acceded to the throne as Qin Ershi. Although the Qin dynasty had a great influence in history, it abused the people’s power and was unified only for more than ten years.

In the first 209 years, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang cut the wood for the soldiers, rose up, and the world responded. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu rose up against the Qin Dynasty. Before 207, Qin died.

2. Characteristics of the Qin Dynasty

Qin and Han dynasties were the "great unification" period that ended the melee situation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The stage feature of this period is the historical period of the formation and initial development of feudal society, and it is also the period when social politics changed from chaos to governance, and social economy changed from stagnation to initial recovery and development.

Politically, the political power is generally stable, but there are unstable factors. The political system is autocratic centralization of authority.

Economically: After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, it ended the situation of scuffle between the warring states and resumed production to a certain extent.

Ethnic relations: the relationship between Qin and Han dynasties and ethnic minorities was peace and war, peace was more than war, and ethnic relations were harmonious and friendly on the whole.

Culture: Due to national unity and production development, political and economic ties among ethnic groups have been strengthened, and science, technology and culture have also developed rapidly.

3. The historical significance of the Qin Dynasty

Qin Dynasty is the first unified centralized country in Chinese history, with Xianyang as its capital. The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the long-standing situation in which the vassal regime dominated, which was conducive to the stability of people’s lives and the development of social production, and was in line with the common aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups at that time.

The territory of the Qin Dynasty, stretching to the sea in the east, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea, greatly exceeded that of the previous generation.

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic county system country in the history of China.

Seven, China Han Dynasty (206 -8 years, 25 -220 years).

1. Introduction to Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty is a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty, mainly divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, which lasted for 29 emperors and enjoyed the country for 405 years.

The Han Dynasty and the Peace Treaty were ranked as the advanced civilization and powerful empire in the world at that time. During the Han Dynasty, the scope of the Han Dynasty was established. At its peak, it was annexed to Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south, Qingling in the west and Gobi in the north, with a land area of about 6.09 million square kilometers. In AD 2, the population of the Western Han Dynasty reached more than 60 million, accounting for one third of the world at that time.

The Huaxia nationality has been called the Han nationality since the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty also made great achievements in the field of science and technology. For example, Cai Lun improved papermaking and became one of the four great inventions in China, and Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and the armillary sphere.

2. Characteristics of the Han Dynasty

Han inherited the Qin system, and at the same time carried out the feudal system, which included the kingdom and the Hou state. These two parallel systems were also called "county state system". This practice laid a hidden danger to the central rule of the Western Han Dynasty. After quelling the rebellion of the kingdom and promoting the decree of mercy, the kingdom no longer poses a threat to the central government.

3. The historical significance of the Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty with a county system in the history of China. Because the history of the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, was too short to leave much experience for the Han Dynasty to learn from, so many ruling methods of the Han Dynasty need to be explored by themselves.

We can see that the Han Dynasty actually did quite well, although there were twists and turns, but after all, it operated for 400 years, leaving a rich legacy to the later dynasties.

With his pioneering spirit, brilliant martial arts, prosperous culture and technology, the Han Dynasty marked the youthful spirit and vitality of China’s unified dynasty, and his influence touched almost every level of the Han nationality, so that today, 2000 years later, we can still feel that we are still connected with him by blood, and we can still gain confidence and courage from the Han history.

Eight, Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 -581)

1. Brief introduction of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the most frequent periods of regime change in China’s history, which were mainly divided into Wei Dynasty (Cao Wei), Western Jin Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Due to the long-term feudal separatist regime and continuous wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding performance is the rise of metaphysics, the import of Buddhism, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek cultures.

During the 360-odd years from Wei Dynasty to Sui Dynasty, and during the alternation of more than 30 dynasties, the development of Confucianism and the image and historical position of Confucius in this period became complicated as a result of the interaction and infiltration of many new cultural factors mentioned above.

2. Characteristics of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

(1) The feudal state was divided and the regime alternated frequently.

(2) The south is relatively stable and the economy of the south is developing.

(3) There are frequent wars in the north, and ethnic integration has been strengthened.

(4) The formation, development and decline of the gentry system.

(5) With the development of science and technology, Buddhism prevails.

3. The historical significance of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

This stage of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties is a period of national division and national integration in China’s feudal society.

It is between the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is not only the product of the aggregation and intensification of social contradictions in the Qin and Han Dynasties, but also the origin of the unification and prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It serves as a link between the preceding and the following and occupies a special position and role in China’s feudal society.

Investigating the history of this period is of great benefit to our understanding of the relationship between division and unity in feudal society.

Nine, China Sui and Tang Dynasties (581 -907)

1. Introduction to Sui and Tang Dynasties

The Sui and Tang Dynasties, as the collective name of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907), were also the most prosperous periods in the history of China. It is two unified dynasties after two long periods: the Five Chaos and the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

More open in national thought. The two dynasties achieved unprecedented development in politics, military affairs, culture, economy and science and technology. The emperors in Sui and Tang Dynasties were more open-minded in governing the country, which also influenced neighboring countries to pay tribute and learn from China.

At its peak, the Sui Dynasty reached Liaoning in the northeast, Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang in the west, the East China Sea in the east and northern Vietnam in the south. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, it reached the northern and outer Xing ‘an Mountains of Lake Baikal in the north, the Aral Sea in Central Asia in the west, Sakhalin Island in the east and northern Vietnam in the south.

2. Characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties

(1) Politics

A, the system innovation and the system of Tang-Cheng-Sui, such as the formation and development of the system of three provinces and six departments, the establishment and improvement of the imperial examination system, the evolution from the government military system to the recruitment system, the modulation of rent and commission and the implementation of the two tax laws.

B, from division to reunification.

C. Implement strong centralization.

(2) Economy

In the early stage, the rulers carried out the policy of paying taxes lightly and persuading farmers to teach mulberry. The transportation was developed, the domestic ethnic groups had close contacts, and the domestic and foreign exchanges were needed, and the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous.

(3) Social life

Great changes have taken place in social life, and an inclusive, colorful and open social atmosphere has emerged.

(4) Culture

Eclectic, multi-ethnic, extensive and profound, all-round prosperity, leading the world.

(5) Foreign communication

The transportation is developed, and the land and maritime Silk Road are relatively smooth. The government has adopted a relatively open foreign policy, and foreign exchanges have become more frequent than ever before.

(6) Ethnic relations

The rulers, especially those in the early Tang Dynasty, pursued a relatively open ethnic policy, and the contacts between the Han nationality and the frontier ethnic groups were unprecedented. The frontier ethnic groups developed greatly, and their relations with the central government were closer, and the unified multi-ethnic country was further developed and consolidated.

The outstanding characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties are: this is an era of great change and openness; The development of politics, economy and culture in Sui and Tang Dynasties influenced many countries in Asia, especially in East Asia, and formed China cultural circle.

3. Historical significance of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Sui and Tang Dynasties made dazzling achievements in developing economy, culture, strengthening ethnic relations and strengthening international exchanges, which made China’s history reach its second peak. The history of the late Sui and Tang Dynasties opened a clue for the great changes in China feudal society. Sui and Tang Dynasties were indeed an extraordinary era.

Ten, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 -979)

1. Introduction of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is a period of great division in the history of China. This title comes from the New History of the Five Dynasties, which is a combination of the Five Dynasties (907-960) and the Ten Kingdoms (902-979).

The Five Dynasties refer to the five dynasties whose capitals were in the Central Plains after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely, Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou. In 907 AD, after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen established a back beam in the Central Plains, with Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo as its capital (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao in the latter Zhou Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty was established after the usurpation of the latter Zhou Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties ended.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there were many separatist regimes outside the Central Plains. Among them, more than ten separatist regimes, such as Qianshu, Houshu, Nanwu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan) and Beihan, were collectively referred to as "Ten Kingdoms" by the New Five Dynasties History and later historians. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the remaining regimes of Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan were unified successively, which basically achieved national reunification.

2. Characteristics of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Compared with the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ten kingdoms in the Five Dynasties have remarkable characteristics in the form of separatism:

(1) The status of the Central Plains Dynasty in the Five Dynasties.

(2) The differences in political relations between the Ten Kingdoms and the Central Plains Dynasty.

(3) "Protecting the environment and saving the people" is the main theme of the domestic and foreign policy of the southern separatist regime.

These characteristics of the separatist regime have had a great influence on the process of national reunification. First of all, the status of the Central Plains Dynasty determines that the cause of reunification is bound to be completed by the Central Plains Dynasty, just waiting for the opportunity.

Secondly, the differences in political relations between the ten countries and the Central Plains dynasty and the policy of "protecting the environment and benefiting the people" of the southern separatist regime made the various separatist forces in the south form a pattern of checks and balances, and prevented the south from taking the lead in reunification and forming a confrontation situation between the South and the North again, thus accelerating the process of reunification.

3. Historical significance of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries

(1) The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is the product of the historical decline of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Anshi Rebellion and Huang Chao’s anti-Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty has entered an irreversible decline, and then history has staged an overlapping process of belligerence and defeat. Therefore, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is not a new historical stage, but only a time-space portrayal of the Tang Dynasty’s prosperity and decline, extreme division and inability to return to heaven.

(2) The founders of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were all military strategists, who were brave and foolhardy, and relied on the meritorious military service to favor the king. Most of their heirs were men without great talents. The northern dynasties all died in two generations, and the war was endless. In addition, the Qidan plundered, the Central Plains completely disappeared the political, economic and cultural prosperity pattern created in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and thus lost its consistent cultural core position since the Spring and Autumn Period.

On the other hand, the ten southern countries, far away from the Central Plains, zoned land for prison, maintained a relatively stable situation, and inherited the legacy of the Tang Dynasty, and were fortunate enough to retain the fire of Tang Wenhua, thus starting a new pattern of leading China culture.

(3) In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty began to differentiate from the majestic whole in the social and historical context of the kings’ separatist regime, especially in the south, and gradually became mature and meticulous in the hands of literati, with extremely distinctive regional cultural characteristics of Jiangnan water towns.

As a result, the "Tang and Five Dynasties Culture" was formed, which was a cultural transition stage with unique social and historical characteristics and vivid regional characteristics, and thus constituted the forerunner of the Song Dynasty culture and its cultural forms.

(4) The culture of the Tang and Five Dynasties has a prominent "eschatological complex": on the one hand, it gives vent to the satisfaction of eating, drinking, and enjoying in time, on the other hand, it is full of perplexity, pain, sadness, despair and other emotions that are hard to get rid of.

On the one hand, it gave up the mission of social morality and turned back to the internal observation of itself, on the other hand, it showed its resentment against reality and struggle. On the one hand, it turns to folk customs, on the other hand, it pursues spiritual detachment and dust-free.

In a word, these are typical features of "eschatological complex" in China’s classical culture, and they are vividly reflected in the culture of Tang and Five Dynasties.

Xi. China Song Dynasty (960 -1279)

1. Introduction to Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty is a dynasty in the history of China, which inherited five dynasties and ten countries and started the Yuan Dynasty. It was divided into two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and it lasted for 18 emperors and enjoyed the country for 319 years. Song Dynasty is an era of high prosperity in commodity economy, culture, education and scientific innovation in the history of China.

Neo-Confucianism emerged in the Song Dynasty, Confucianism was revived, science and technology developed rapidly, politics was enlightened, there was no serious eunuch dictatorship and warlord regime, and the number and scale of mutiny and civil unrest were relatively small in the history of China.

Chen Yinque said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years, and it was the culmination of the Zhao and Song Dynasties." There are not a few scholars in western and Japanese historians who think that Song Dynasty is the Renaissance and economic revolution in China’s history.

The Song Dynasty was founded more than 300 years ago, and it was overturned twice, all due to foreign invasion. It was the only dynasty that did not die in civil strife.

2. Characteristics of the Song Dynasty

(1) Farming and pastoral cultures are gradually merging (farming and nomadic cultures are fighting and negotiating with each other);

(2) Prosperous urban commerce (the traditional market structure has been broken);

(3) Colorful literature and art (the world of literati appeared);

(4) Extremely prosperous traditional science and technology (the model and peak of ancient science and technology in China);

(5) Frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries (in the heyday of Sino-foreign relations, there was an unprecedented situation of opening up and exchanges)

3. The historical significance of the Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty was a unified feudal dynasty established after the Five Dynasties. Influenced by traditional ideas, people often call it "weak Song". However, Deng Guangming and Qi Xia, famous experts in the history of the Song Dynasty, all believed that the Song Dynasty was the peak of China’s feudal society.

Politically, the imperial system of the Song Dynasty had a great influence on later generations, and its outstanding phenomenon was the elimination of the separatist regime of the buffer region, which further formed a unified multi-ethnic country, the autocratic centralization of authority of the Song Dynasty, which was inherited by the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In agriculture, the population of Song Dynasty exceeded 100 million, twice as much as that of Han and Tang Dynasties, and the agricultural productivity was greatly improved.

The handicraft industry has made great progress, and the commodity economy has developed prominently, among which the relationship between commodity and currency has made remarkable progress and the maritime trade has never been developed before.

In terms of culture and science and technology, the three great inventions were perfected or invented in the Song Dynasty, which had a great influence on the world. Outstanding achievements have been made in literature, history, education and philosophy.

In a word, the Song Dynasty was at an extremely important stage in the overall process of China’s historical development in terms of economy, politics and culture.

XII. China Yuan Dynasty (1271 -1368)

1. Introduction of Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolians, which was the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China. The capital of Dadu (present-day Beijing) was handed down to the Fifth Emperor and the Eleventh Emperor, which lasted for 98 years.

2. Characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty.

(1) a unified multi-ethnic feudal country was consolidated and developed.

The Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country with an unprecedented vast territory; The provincial system has been implemented, and the central authorities have exercised jurisdiction over Tibet, Taiwan Province, Yunnan and other border areas.

(2) The feudal economy continued to develop.

Widespread planting of cotton has promoted the development of cotton textile industry; The smooth transportation of water and sea has promoted economic exchanges; Most of the larger cities are prosperous; Quanzhou’s foreign trade is developed.

(3) frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries

Caravans and envoys from Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa came in an endless stream. Italian Kyle Poirot has lived in China for more than ten years; Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons spread to Europe through Arabs; Quanzhou is the largest foreign trade port.

(4) ethnic integration has been further strengthened.

The Han people have contributed to the development of the frontier, and a large number of ethnic groups in the frontier have moved to the mainland to live together with the Han people. The Khitan, Nuzhen and other ethnic groups who originally entered the Central Plains have merged with the Han nationality; A new minority, the Hui nationality, has been formed. However, the policy of ethnic differentiation in Yuan Dynasty played a negative role in social development.

3. Historical significance of Yuan Dynasty.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Shangshu Province and Menxia Province were abolished, while Zhongshu Province, Privy Council and Yushitai were kept in charge of politics, army and supervision, and the provincial system was implemented locally, which was the first of its kind in China.

The Yuan Dynasty also carried out many malpractices, such as various policies, casting system, expelling system, craftsman system, no system of membership, human sacrifice, curfew, sea ban, etc., which interrupted the process of reform in the Tang and Song Dynasties and profoundly reshaped the history of China after the Song Dynasty.

XIII. China Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644)

1. Introduction of Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was a unified dynasty established by the Han nationality, which passed down to sixteen emperors and enjoyed the country for 276 years.

In the Ming Dynasty, the territory included Han, and in the early Ming Dynasty, the northeast reached the Sea of Japan and the outer Xing ‘an Mountains, and then it was reduced to the Liaohe River Basin. Reach Yinshan in the north and retreat to the Ming Great Wall; West to Hami, Xinjiang, and then retreat to Jiayuguan; It faces the Bay of Bengal in the southwest and then turns back to Yunnan today. He also set up a detention center in the Qinghai-Tibet region and recovered Annan.

In the Ming Dynasty, handicraft industry and commodity economy flourished, commercial market towns and capitalism sprouted, and culture and art showed a trend of secularization. According to Records of the Ming Dynasty, the peak population was 71.85 million, but most scholars thought it actually exceeded 100 million, and some scholars pointed out that the population in the late Ming Dynasty was close to 200 million.

The Ming Dynasty was the golden age after the Han and Tang Dynasties. There are no consorts of the Han dynasty, the buffer region of the Tang dynasty, and the old coins of the Song dynasty. The emperor guards the country and the king dies. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty rated Ming Taizu as "Ruling the Tang and Song Dynasties", and The History of Ming Dynasty rated Ming Chengzu as "Yuanmai Han and Tang Dynasties".

2. Characteristics of the Ming Dynasty

The absolute monarchy has been strengthened unprecedentedly; The commodity economy developed unprecedentedly in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The seeds of capitalism have emerged; Political corruption, high concentration of land, continuous peasant uprising and gradual decline. In the ideological field, anti-feudal thoughts, at the same time, the fields of literature and art are bound to have anti-feudal colors.

3. The historical significance of the Ming Dynasty

(1) from the perspective of worldwide influence.

In the early Ming Dynasty, through Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas, countries from Southeast Asia to the Persian Gulf were connected, and China’s influence was enhanced. This should be the last time that China took the initiative to communicate with the West after the Tang Dynasty, which is of great significance.

Then, the Japanese pirates were rampant in the southeast, which led to the implementation of the policy of closing the country to the outside world, which affected the Qing Dynasty and eventually accelerated the demise of the feudal dynasty in China.

(2) from the perspective of economic development

The Ming Dynasty was the seed of capitalism in China, which was also an important stroke in the history of China. Although the germination of capitalism in China was only a flash in the pan, the historical position of the Ming Dynasty could not be denied.

(3) from the territorial theory

The territory area of the Ming Dynasty, though not the largest in China history, is basically the main activity area of Han people now. Although the territory was further expanded after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the territory of the Ming dynasty was also very large.

(4) from the political system.

The Ming Dynasty abolished the prime minister system in China for thousands of years, and the centralization of monarchy was further improved. In addition, the cabinet system of the Ming dynasty and the three provinces and six departments have been used until the Qing dynasty. The political system of the Ming Dynasty is an important part in the history of China.

Fourteen, China Qing Dynasty (1616-1912)

1. Introduction to Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty (1616-1912) was the last feudal dynasty in the history of China, with 12 emperors, totaling 296 years. It was 276 years since the name of the country was changed to Qing Dynasty. It is 268 years since the Qing soldiers entered the customs and established national political power.

After the Opium War, it was invaded by foreign powers, and its sovereignty and territory were seriously lost. It also began the exploration of modernization, and carried out modernization reforms such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898. The Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance’s invasion of China further deepened the national crisis.

In the late Qing Dynasty, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. On February 12, 1912, Yuan Shikai, the minister of Beiyang, induced Pu Yi, the Qing emperor, to abdicate, issued an abdication edict, and realized the Republic of the five ethnic groups, thus ending the Qing Dynasty.

2. Characteristics of the Qing Dynasty

The Qing army carried out shaving and changing clothes politically, and militarily attacked the peasant army and Nanming regimes, and gradually occupied China. Then, after three dynasties in Kang Yong, it developed to Dingfeng. During this period, the unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated, which basically laid the territory of China, and at the same time, the autocratic monarchy reached its peak.

However, in the middle and late period, due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, closed doors and ideological stagnation, it gradually fell behind the world. The Sino-British Opium War broke out in 1840, which was invaded by foreign powers and seriously lost sovereignty.

3. The historical significance of the Qing Dynasty

Kang Yong’s three dynasties reached its peak, during which the traditional society of China made unprecedented development achievements. It was unified and consolidated in a multi-ethnic country, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty unified the Mongolian ministries, incorporated Xinjiang and Tibet into the territory, and implemented the policy of returning land to the southwest. Finally, the modern territory of China was determined, and the integrity of the country’s territorial sovereignty was actively safeguarded.

However, feudal autocracy also reached its peak, and gradually fell behind the west in the middle and late period due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, and closed doors.

Source: China History Network

　　In Jiaguan Town, Qionglai City, the embroidered mothers embroidered the ordered products in Yang Hua Treasure Qiang Embroidery Studio. Our reporter Yang Shushe

　　Wei Qin (middle), deputy chairman of the Yibin Municipal Committee of the Agricultural Workers’ Party and professor of Yibin College, studies the cultivation of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings. Photo courtesy of the United Front Work Department of Xuzhou District Committee, Yibin City (data picture)

　　— — A sample survey on the practical innovation of United front work in counties and districts to help the high-quality development of county economy

　　In July, the provincial county economic development conference was held in Chengdu. More than two weeks ago, the on-site meeting of United front work in counties and districts of the province was held in Yibin. Two conferences have been held successively, focusing on the same field — — County territory.

　　"The development of county economy is a major event related to the overall situation and the long-term. The province’s United front will give full play to its advantages and specialties, focus on the practical innovation of county-level United front work, and help the high-quality development of county economy in the province." The relevant person in charge of the United Front Work Department of the Provincial Party Committee said.

　　How can the United front work in counties help the high-quality development of county economy through practical innovation? A few days ago, the reporter went to Xuzhou District, Qionglai City, Shehong County and other places in Yibin City to learn about relevant exploration attempts in various places.

　　focus

　　□ Yu Shuman Our reporter Fu Zhenqing

　　It not only introduces wisdom but also attracts investment. The advantageous industrial chain has become longer.

　　Observation point

　　Xuzhou District, Yibin City

　　Innovation practice

　　Set up a think tank of scientific and technological experts to "open the pulse" for the development of characteristic and advantageous industries

　　Give full play to the advantages of extensive contacts and "attract investment with emotion" to help complete the last link of the oil and camphor industry chain in Xuzhou

　　On July 18th, Wei Qin, vice chairman of Yibin Municipal Committee of the Agricultural Workers’ Party and professor of Yibin College, completed the latest research report "High-quality development strategy of Yibin characteristic agricultural industry — — Present situation and countermeasures of high-quality development of Cinnamomum camphora industry. In recent years, Wei Qin and her research team have been focusing on the efficient cultivation and utilization of Cinnamomum camphora. Cinnamomum camphora is the most important characteristic advantage industry in Xuzhou District of Yibin City.

　　There is a long history of Cinnamomum camphora planting in Xuzhou District. There are 370,000 mu of Cinnamomum camphora bases, with an annual output of more than 10,000 tons of Cinnamomum camphora oil, accounting for 70% of the country’s total, and it has the reputation of "Zhanghai in the world".

　　However, the development of Cinnamomum camphora industry in Syria is not smooth sailing. According to the reporter’s understanding, the development of Cinnamomum camphora industrial chain is not complete, especially the lack of terminal industries, the low level of management and protection of Cinnamomum camphora planting, and the low oil yield have become bottlenecks for further industrial upgrading.

　　Jing Hong, deputy director of the United Front Work Department of the Xuzhou District Committee, told the reporter that in order to help the further development of the oil camphor industry in Xuzhou, the United Front Work Department of the Xuzhou District Committee implemented the "Concentric Helping the Bohai Sea" project and set up a think tank of Bohai science and technology experts represented by Wei Qin. "We bring together non-party experts to build a platform, provide convenient conditions and services for them to carry out research."

　　The team of experts has rich scientific research achievements. The research report "Growth Characteristics of Cinnamomum camphora Plantation in Yibin" provides a scientific theoretical basis for the improvement of Cinnamomum camphora planting. By changing the traditional planting method of Cinnamomum camphora, the oil yield is increased by 10%. The team of experts also took the lead in establishing the first pilot extraction point of high-efficiency extraction of crude oil from Cinnamomum camphora and production of biomass fuel from Cinnamomum camphora leaf residue in Xuzhou District, realizing the market-oriented application of research on planting edible fungi from Cinnamomum camphora leaf residue.

　　On the one hand, the United Front Work Department of Xuzhou District Committee and the Federation of Industry and Commerce also play the advantage of extensive contacts, "inviting investment with emotion" to help complete the last link of Xuzhou Oil Cinnamomum camphora industrial chain. "Foreign chambers of commerce have played an important role." Jing Hong told reporters that in recent years, Suzhou has set up seven chambers of commerce in different places in Beijing and Shanghai, and established friendly relations with 12 foreign federations of industry and commerce, and collected information on the upstream and downstream industrial enterprises of oil camphor through their strength. After the target was locked, the United Front Work Department of the District Committee, the District Federation of Industry and Commerce and local enterprises in Syria jointly formed a small investment team to conduct an inspection tour of the deep processing project of Cinnamomum camphora at home and abroad and discuss cooperation intentions.

　　In the end, five leading enterprises in related supporting industries of Cinnamomum camphora terminal industry chain, including Taiwan Province Yulixing Daily Chemical Company and Indonesian Eagle Label Group, chose Xuzhou, and successively invested 320 million yuan to build two deep processing plants of Cinnamomum camphora, producing 800 tons of handmade soaps, 1,000 tons of shampoo and bath products, 1,500 tons of washing and cleaning products, 300 tons of sesame oil and essential oil products with an annual output value of 1.08 billion yuan.

　　[opinion]

　　"Consolidating industrial support is an important task for the high-quality development of county economy. The practical innovation of United front work in counties should give full play to the advantages of talent pool, resource-intensive and extensive contacts, and provide intellectual and outreach support for county industrial development." The relevant person in charge of the United Front Work Department of the Provincial Party Committee said.

　　Great changes have taken place in the small towns where "concentric mulberry" gathers talents.

　　Observation point

　　Qionglai city

　　Innovation practice

　　Create a "concentric mulberry" talent organization, aim at local rural talents and foreign talents, and gather United front talents in farming, cultural tourism and social governance.

　　Qionglai City reached a three-year cooperation plan with eight democratic parties, striving for the strength of democratic parties and helping Qionglai rural revitalization.

　　On the afternoon of July 22, in Jiaguan Town, Qionglai City, 51-year-old Shi Xiaorong stuck her head in embroidery. "The small pattern on this notebook can be embroidered in two days, and the scarf takes half a month." Shi Xiaorong is already a skilled embroidered mother, and her master is Yang Huazhen, a well-known inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage and a master of arts and crafts in Sichuan Province.

　　In Jiaguan Town, Yang Huazhen’s Tibetan and Qiang embroidery studio has become a well-known brand of rural revitalization and cultural creation. Yang Huazhen is from Xiaojin County, Aba Prefecture. Why did he settle in Jiaguan Town, Qionglai, a hundred miles away? This stems from the "concentric mulberry" talent organization created by the United Front Work Department of Qionglai Municipal Committee.

　　"What is most lacking in rural revitalization is talent." Chen Jianyuan, executive deputy director of the United Front Work Department of Qionglai Municipal Committee, told reporters that in May last year, the United Front Work Department of the Municipal Committee began to plan "concentric mulberry" and took Jiaguan Town as one of the demonstration bases.

　　Choose Jiaguan Town, because it is the most remote town in Qionglai, and its development needs are urgent. Another reason is that there are many rural talents gathered here. For example, Yang Dazhu, an expert in tea planting, led the establishment of Tianguan Tea Specialized Cooperative to lead villagers to grow tea and get rich.

　　"We will first organize the local township sages and play a role." Chen Jianyuan said, on the other hand, "Tongxin Mulberry" aims at foreign talents, regardless of occupation, age and education, giving priority to attracting rich experts and characteristic practical and technical talents. Yang Huazhen was attracted to Jiaguan Town in this way.

　　In less than a year, the "Tongxin Sangzi" project has gathered more than 80 United front talents in breeding, cultural tourism and social governance for Jiaguan Town, of which 1/3 are from outside Qionglai.

　　But this is not the biggest innovation of "concentric mulberry". In August last year, a group of people from the United Front Work Department of Qionglai Municipal Committee visited the democratic parties in Chengdu, striving for the strength of the parties and helping the rural revitalization in Qionglai. After three months of repeated consultations, Qionglai reached a three-year cooperation plan with eight democratic parties.

　　"Our cooperation is very pragmatic. According to the advantages of the sector, each party only focuses on one field and takes three years to complete." Chen Jianyuan said, for example, the Chengdu Municipal Committee of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese People’s Republic of China, which has a large number of legal professionals, sent 11 lawyers to 11 villages in Jiaguan Town as deputy directors of the rule of law of village committees. The Chengdu Municipal Committee of the NLD gives full play to the advantages of the cultural sector and plans to arrange a program for each of the 11 villages in Jiaguan Town every year. The Chengdu Municipal Committee of the Agricultural Workers’ Party organizes medical experts to sit in Jiaguan Town and give lectures every month. "Every party has a small goal. I believe that after three years, these small goals will make great changes in Jiaguan Town." Chen Jianyuan said.

　　[opinion]

　　County economy is a regional economy with the county as the center, towns as the link and rural areas as the hinterland. The development of county economy can not be separated from the in-depth implementation of rural revitalization strategy.

　　"In the process of promoting rural revitalization, the new United front forces represented by new generations, new rural sages and new literary and artistic groups can play an important role." The relevant person in charge of the United Front Work Department of the Provincial Party Committee believes.

　　Serving innovation and starting a business, building a demonstration park for United front work of "new-generation people"

　　Observation point

　　Shehong county

　　Innovation practice

　　Create a new demonstration park of United front work for people from all walks of life, which integrates education guidance, social service, innovation and entrepreneurship.

　　The new demonstration park of United front work for people from all walks of life has successfully hatched nearly 50 enterprises.

　　"Without the help of the United Front Work Demonstration Park, our team would not have developed so fast." On July 22, Huaqiang, member of Jiu San Society and executive deputy general manager of Sichuan Puli Technology Co., Ltd. told the reporter.

　　Puli Technology is a scientific and technological enterprise successfully hatched in the new social stratum United Front Work Demonstration Park in Shehong County. A backup power supply product for communication equipment base stations developed by the company has been widely used in 21 cities and states in the province.

　　Huaqiang still remembers that at the beginning, a total of six people with his partners came to Shehong to start the journey of innovation and entrepreneurship. "From the beginning, we got the support of the United Front Department and helped us get investment in capital and technology." Huaqiang said, especially the new demonstration park of United front work for people from all walks of life has provided a lot of help for the development of enterprises. "Our team mainly focuses on research and development, and is not good at docking with the government and industrial and commercial finance. These demonstration parks all help us solve it."

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the United Front Work Department of Shehong County Committee, in 2017, in order to create better conditions for innovation and entrepreneurship for returnees and corporate executives in the Western International Technical Cooperation Industrial Park, the United Front Work Department of Shehong County Committee was responsible for creating a new demonstration park for the United Front Work of social strata, which integrates education guidance, social services, innovation and entrepreneurship. In the park, innovation and entrepreneurship incubation center, concentric garden, United front knowledge corridor and other functional areas are set up.

　　"On the one hand, through the platform of the demonstration park, we will provide innovative and entrepreneurial services for small, medium and small enterprises." The person in charge introduced that on the other hand, the demonstration park has built a platform for communication. In 2018, there were three democratic parties and two social groups in Shehong County to carry out activities here.

　　Up to now, Shehong’s new demonstration park of United front work for people from all walks of life has successfully hatched nearly 50 enterprises, including Sichuan Silicon Micro-technology Co., Ltd., Sichuan Alfatek Technology Co., Ltd. and Sichuan Puli Technology Co., Ltd., among which Silicon Micro-technology successfully established a cooperative relationship with German PT Company this year, and promoted the development of wafer-level packaging, semiconductor discrete devices and integrated circuit components production technology in China through international cooperation.

　　At the same time, more than 10 enterprise executives and senior technicians in the park were recruited to join the new social stratum people’s association in Shehong County, and 9 new social stratum people with master’s degree or above formed a professional tutor team to actively participate in innovative research and development around emerging industries such as information technology, modern agriculture and new materials, and provide consulting services for the local entrepreneurial teams in Shehong.

　　[opinion]

　　"The private economy is an important force in the development of county economy. There are a large number of United front objects such as non-public economy and new social strata in small and micro enterprises and innovation and entrepreneurship teams. The practice and innovation of United front work in counties should effectively build a service platform for them and create a good environment. Help them grow up healthily and inject vitality into the development of county economy." The relevant person in charge of the United Front Work Department of the Provincial Party Committee said.

Core reading

In recent years, various Internet platforms such as video, take-away, and network disk have launched member products. There are more and more members, but all kinds of "routines" follow one after another-speed limit is imposed without membership, and advertisements are still kept after membership … This makes many users call "having so many members, you still can’t enjoy the carefree service". What are the chaos in the current network service member market? What are the deep-seated reasons behind it? The reporter launched an investigation into this.

Members’ routines are deep, and users are hard to parry.

There are exclusive advertisements for members, even members have less preferential treatment than non-members, and svip has eroded the normal welfare of standard members.

Membership, for what? Almost all users have the same answer: for better service.

This "better", the members of the video website want to go to advertisements, member film libraries and high-definition movies; Network disk members pursue high-speed, lossless and private uploading and downloading; Music APP members go for more good songs … but in reality, members often encounter the situation that the service is "discounted".

"I opened a Tencent video member, and I thought I could avoid advertising. As a result, there are still advertisements, which is really irritating." Zhu Qianling, a white-collar worker who works in a foreign company in Shenzhen, is a fan of online drama. She wanted to be "clean and refreshing" after becoming a member, but the result failed.

According to the reporter’s investigation, under the membership system of online video service providers, there are many forms of advertising "variants", which makes people hard to prevent: Iqiyi video will have more than 10 seconds of "member recommendation" before playing, and some Sohu videos cannot block advertisements because of copyright issues …

The same problem exists in the takeaway platform. Under the constantly revised rules, there are even strange things that it is more expensive to be a member.

Some netizens in Guangzhou broke the news on the Internet. In the same store, the same order, the unit price of dishes, online discounts, etc. are all the same. The difference is that the original price of the member delivery fee is 8 yuan, and after enjoying the 50% discount, the delivery fee becomes 4 yuan, and the red envelope deduction is only 3.9 yuan; Although the distribution fee for non-members is 5 yuan, the red envelope deduction is 6 yuan. In contrast, members pay more than non-members by 1.1 yuan.

Wen Hao, a Beijing citizen, has also been cheated by the randomly changing membership rules: in September last year, he opened a member when he was "hungry". At this time, the membership rule is: no matter how much money he spends, users will give 5 yuan a red envelope without threshold for every five orders they complete; However, after a period of time, he found that the membership rule was changed to that the order must be full in 20 yuan before sending the 1 yuan Prize.

A similar situation also occurred in the network cloud disk. Members have different levels, and the introduction of high-level members has eroded the product functions that originally belonged to ordinary users or low-level members.

Take Baidu’s network disk as an example. Members are divided into standard members and svip. The former has an annual fee of 96 yuan, while the latter has an annual fee of 269 yuan. Correspondingly, the space capacity and download speed of the two different members are quite different. Among them, the most important difference is that svip has the privilege of speeding up, while standard members do not. This is exactly the problem: many experienced users of network disk said that standard members also had the right to accelerate in the past, but only after the launch of svip. Many network disk users said that "the so-called member welfare is actually reducing the user rights of non-members and low-ranking members in various forms."

The membership system has gone bad, and the merchants have broken their promises frequently.

The essence of membership system is contractual relationship, and the violation of contract by merchants is harmful to consumers’ rights and interests.

What is the legal relationship behind the word "member"?

Liu Junhai, a professor at the Law School of Renmin University of China, believes that the act of users obtaining membership is a paid service, that is, consumers only enjoy the corresponding benefits after paying a certain fee. Therefore, there is a contractual relationship between members and operators, that is, a contractual relationship, which is a civil relationship with two services paid, equality and voluntariness. This means that the marketing model of membership system should follow the principles of mutual benefit and equal value and compensation.

"At the moment, some Internet membership systems have gone bad. To put it bluntly, the card issuer has broken a promise." Liu Junhai told reporters.

Can the confusion of members be explained simply by "businessmen seeking profits"?

According to Zhu Wei, deputy director of the Communication Law Research Center of China University of Political Science and Law, there are complex market and economic factors behind the "membership routine": the Internet economy model of "free+value-added services" has emerged, and the Internet has developed to the stage of free opening to the general public, but the value-added services are charged, and the expression mode is membership. The amount of payment determines the level of members such as diamonds, gold and supreme, and the benefits they can enjoy are also different.

On the criticized issue of "watching advertisements", Zhu Wei pointed out that to some extent, it is an obligation for ordinary users to watch advertisements. The huge user base has brought massive traffic to the platform, and "advertising privilege" means that members directly spend money to buy out this "obligation".

What rights and interests of consumers have been infringed by the distortion of membership system?

In Liu Junhai’s view, whether it is "the acceleration of members is actually equal to the speed limit of non-members" or "the take-away rules are changed at will, and the final interpretation right belongs to the merchants", they are all real infringements, which violate the contract law and the consumer protection law, and even are suspected of violating the anti-monopoly competition law, which is a disregard for the spirit of the contract.

Regulating the membership system, supervision is indispensable.

Consumers have the right to hold service providers liable for breach of contract, and relevant departments should strengthen supervision.

Faced with the "barbaric growth" of the membership market, experts believe that the key lies in clarifying the boundaries of powers and responsibilities and strengthening management.

"Supervision must be strengthened." Liu Junhai said that for all kinds of member marketing practices of water injection and discount, the supervision should be stable and accurate, and those who take the lead will be accurately attacked; When necessary, relevant departments can jointly issue a document, issue special documents to clean up and rectify the dishonesty of membership system, and carry out special law enforcement actions throughout the country.

Liuyong, an assistant researcher at the Institute of Law, Hebei Academy of Social Sciences, also said that the channels for safeguarding rights should be unblocked, the analysis and application of big data on complaints and reports should be strengthened, the joint punishment of credit should be strengthened, and the cost of dishonesty should be increased for operators who refuse to perform their legal obligations.

Liu Junhai believes that consumers have the right to investigate the liability for breach of contract of recruiting member operators, and require enterprises to either continue to perform their duties and provide the services promised before; Either cancel the contract, return the consumer’s funds and pay some interest. If you are suspected of inducing fraud, you can directly introduce the compensation rule of "fake one loses three" in the Consumer Protection Law to effectively increase the illegal cost of illegal businesses.

Consumers themselves also need to raise their awareness of rights protection. Professor Ge Xiaobin of Anhui Finance and Trade Vocational College believes that the popularity of membership system has caused some businesses to have bad motives. Consumers need to learn to identify true and false membership businesses and effectively improve their ability to prevent consumer risks.

According to industry sources, the market environment is changing, and within a reasonable range, the membership rules will sometimes change accordingly. However, due to technical reasons, sometimes users can’t find the changed content in the website or application page in time, which requires service providers to display the changed membership rules as promptly, openly and transparently as possible. At the same time, it is also necessary for member users to update the knowledge map of member rights and interests to avoid losses.

Zhu Wei believes that users choose to register as members because they pursue better services. This requires enterprises to return to the essence of competition and provide better, safer and more efficient services, so that ordinary users and real members are willing to stay for a long time.

■Reporter’s notes

Customer first, sincerity first.

Being a member is a win-win situation: consumers can enjoy more benefits and businesses enjoy it. However, the reality of "skinny" makes consumers vomit constantly. A penny for a penny, if you can’t buy comfort after spending money, users are naturally reluctant to buy it.

The essence of Internet economy is user economy. Whoever provides better services will be more popular. In order to attract users, some service providers first attract consumers to register as members by means of preferential benefits, and then "play tricks", modify the membership agreement without authorization and release it unilaterally, and fail to inform consumers clearly and in time. This is a typical overlord clause, which seriously infringes on consumers’ basic rights such as the right to know, the right to choose independently and the right to fair trade. If the quality service that should be provided is discounted or even terminated because of profit impulse, or even the members are divided into "three, six and nine grades" and the rights and interests of members are reduced in disguise, playing this clever platform will eventually be abandoned by consumers.

People’s Daily (April 21, 2018, 06 edition)