南京梧桐客栈

1. Paleolithic Age in China (about 3 million years ago-about 10,000 years ago)

1. Introduction to Paleolithic Age

Paleolithic period, the stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of forged stone tools (see stone tools). The geological age belongs to the late Pliocene to the Pleistocene, starting about 3 million years ago and continuing until about 10 thousand years ago.

"Paleolithic Age" is a concept of time zone put forward by archaeologists. The so-called Stone Age does not mean that people at that time only used stone tools.

2. Paleolithic characteristics

People in this period of Paleolithic mainly hunted, fished and collected by making simple tools. Take Beijingers found in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China as an example. According to research, they used stone tools and wooden sticks to hunt wild animals and knew how to collect fruits to satisfy their hunger.

They mainly lived in caves, but in archaeology, a large number of traces such as charcoal, ashes and burnt bones were found in their caves, indicating that people at that time had mastered the technology of using fire and would cut down trees as fuel.

The main characteristics of paleolithic human beings are that the stone tools are mainly made of stone tools, including stone axes, chopping devices, scrapers, pointy devices and so on; Bone horn is very developed, and new tools such as bone fork, bone needle, bone fish dart and spear throwing device have appeared. Have learned to make, have begun to learn to sew, make decorations, paintings and sculptures; There has been the earliest burial custom.

3. Development of Paleolithic Age

Generally speaking, in the early Paleolithic period, human beings had learned to use fire, bone tools appeared in the middle period, simple combined tools were made in the late period, and matriarchal clans began to form.

Yuanmou ape-man, Lantian ape-man, Beijinger, Jinniushan man and caveman are basically in this period.

2. Neolithic Age in China (ranging from about 10,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago to more than 2,000 years ago)

1. Introduction to the Neolithic Age

Neolithic Age is a time period set by archaeologists, which started about 10,000 years ago and ended from 5,000 years ago to 2,000 years ago.

Neolithic Age refers to the last stage of the Stone Age in archaeology, and the stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of grinded stone tools.

This name was first put forward by British archaeologist lubbock in 1865. This era has entered the Holocene in geological age, and developed after the Paleolithic Age or the transition of the Mesolithic Age, belonging to the late Stone Age.

2. Characteristics of Neolithic Age

(1) the emergence of primitive agriculture;

(2) the manufacture of pottery;

(3) the extensive use of polished stone tools;

(4) The emergence of villages and the formation of clan system.

3. The significance of the Neolithic Age.

The agricultural revolution in the Neolithic Age has far-reaching significance. The emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry has transformed the human economy from a predatory economy based on gathering and hunting in the Paleolithic to a productive economy based on agriculture and animal husbandry.

Humans have changed from food gatherers to food producers. This change in the way of obtaining food has changed the relationship between man and nature. The occurrence of agriculture and animal husbandry marks a leap in human understanding of nature, and marks that human beings have changed from relying on and adapting to nature to using and transforming nature in terms of "the production of food, clothes, housing and tools necessary for this".

All the production activities of agricultural animal husbandry require human beings to know more about and transform nature and use natural resources to serve human economy. On the basis of agricultural production, people began to observe the activities of the sun, moon and stars, the characteristics of water and soil, and climate phenomena, and accumulated experience, thus generating preliminary knowledge of astronomy, geography and mathematics, and pushing human understanding of the objective world to a new height.

Third, China Xia Dynasty (about 2070-1600 BC)

1. Introduction of Xia Dynasty

Xia Dynasty was the first hereditary dynasty recorded in China’s history books. There are a certain number of bronze and jade ritual vessels in the cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty, dating from the late Neolithic Age to the early Bronze Age.

According to historical records, the biography of Yu was located in Ziqi, which changed the abdication system of primitive tribes and initiated the hereditary precedent in China for nearly 4,000 years. Therefore, the "home world" in China’s history began with the establishment of the Xia Dynasty.

2. Characteristics of Xia Dynasty

(1) The Xia Dynasty established armed forces, established official posts and prisons, and formulated criminal laws. The establishment of this whole set of state machinery shows that the Xia Dynasty has already possessed the characteristics of a country;

(2) Economically, Xia Dynasty belonged to the era of gold (copper) and stone, and its initial economic development laid the foundation for the economic prosperity of future generations;

(3) Culturally, some outstanding cultural achievements of the Xia Dynasty, such as the Xia calendar, have a far-reaching impact on future generations.

3. The significance of the establishment and development of Xia Dynasty.

It represents the improvement of productivity and the progress of mankind, and it is the beginning of slave society in China.

The direct cause of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty probably originated from the Yellow River, which was flooded in the era of Three Emperors and Five Emperors. Because the flood affected the production and life of the surrounding people for a long time, Dayu mobilized all ethnic groups in China to carry out water control work for 20 years, which not only united the Chinese ancestors unprecedentedly, but also greatly enhanced his reputation. After the flood was cured, with the improvement of living environment, the first unified kingship was established.

Fourth, China Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC-about 1046 BC)

1. Introduction of Shang Dynasty

Shang Dynasty, the second dynasty in the history of China, is the first dynasty in China with direct written records of the same period.

Shang Tang, the monarch of Shang Kingdom in Xia Dynasty, led the kingdom to destroy Xia Hou in the battle of Mingtiao, and established Shang Dynasty in Bo (now Shangqiu) with "Shang" as the title. After that, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently, and it was not until its descendant Pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang) that the capital was established in Yin for 273 years, so the Shang Dynasty was called Yin or Yin Shang by later generations.

The Shang Dynasty experienced three major stages. The first stage is "first business"; The second stage is "early business"; The third stage is the "Late Shang Dynasty", which has been passed down from generation to generation to 31 kings in the 17th century, lasting for more than 500 years. Di Xin, the last monarch, set himself on fire and died after being defeated by Zhou Wuwang in the battle of Makino.

The excavation of Yin Ruins confirmed the existence of Shang Dynasty in China. The Shang Dynasty was in the heyday of slavery, and the slave owners and nobles were the ruling class, forming a huge bureaucratic ruling institution and army. The records of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen are the earliest systematic written symbols in China. During the Shang Dynasty, there were also developed non-Central Plains civilizations in the Yangtze River Basin.

2. Characteristics of Shang Dynasty

Worship ghosts, slavery economy, bronze ware is expensive, and Oracle bones and tortoise shells are the main ones.

Shang Dynasty’s records of astronomical phenomena and the application of the time-keeping method of cadres and branches were reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture in Shang Dynasty developed rapidly, especially handicrafts, and the smelting and manufacturing of bronzes were quite mature, and all kinds of commonly used utensils, ritual vessels and wine vessels were very exquisite.

3. Historical significance of Shang Dynasty.

In Shang Dynasty, the state machinery was constantly strengthened, and great achievements were made in economy and culture. Its activity area and influence far exceeded that of Xia Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the further development of ancient civilization in China and occupied an important position in the history of ancient civilization in the world.

V. China Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC)

1. Introduction of Zhou Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty is the third dynasty in China history after Shang Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty handed down 37 kings in 30 generations and enjoyed the country for a total of 791 years.

Among them, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, also known as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, was divided into two parts: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in which Han, Zhao and Wei jointly defeated the ruling Zhishi family and the three families were divided into Jin.

Before the extinction of the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou tribe originated from the Huaxia (Han) nationality. Because of the harassment of nomadic tribes in the northwest such as Rong and Di, the leader of the Zhou tribe, Gu Gongqi, led the Zhou people to move to the plain under Qishan and settle down.

Living in the Weihe River valley, Ji Yi, the ancestor of Ji Yi, was Hou Ji, known as the agricultural god. Shuowen said, "The Yellow Emperor lived in Ji Shui, taking Ji as his surname, and Zhou people inherited his surname." The language was ancient Chinese, and the characters still used ancient Chinese characters. In folk records, tortoise bones and ox bones were still the main ones, while the royal family mainly used new brocade and silks. The Zhou Dynasty established the enfeoffment system (the state was founded), and the king of Zhou was the "co-owner of the world".

2. Characteristics of the Zhou Dynasty

The land was owned by feudal princes, and the so-called "all over the world, is it not the land of kings?" Herod the royal family, sealed the state and founded the country, and made it a prosperous week. At the same time, a set of patriarchal clan system was established to coordinate and maintain the development of feudal system. Consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

3. Historical significance of Zhou Dynasty.

Zhou Dynasty’s culture of Zhou Dynasty was called pre-culture of Zhou Dynasty before King Wu took the place of Shang Dynasty. Then, after King Wu took the place of Shang Dynasty, Zhou people absorbed the culture of Shang Dynasty and other nationalities, and formed a unique culture of Zhou Dynasty in Chinese history, which was fully reflected in the political ethics of Western Zhou society. Zhou Culture was the cornerstone of Chinese national culture and the source of China traditional culture.

After the inheritance and innovation of hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the development of Confucian Classics in Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, Zhou Wenhua finally formed the unique spiritual temperament and mentality structure of the Chinese nation and became a cultural system with long-term vitality.

All kinds of laws and regulations, rites and music systems and ideological and moral norms contained in Zhou Culture became the ideological and political basis of China’s feudal rule for thousands of years and the source of Confucianism, which influenced the history of Chinese civilization for nearly 3,000 years after Zhou Dynasty.

In the ancient history of China, the rule of the Zhou Dynasty was very distinctive, and there were four main systems: feudalism, patriarchal clan system, well field system and ritual system, which had great influence on the future society.

Six, China Qin Dynasty (221-207)

1. Introduction to Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified dynasty in China’s history, which was developed by the State of Qin during the Warring States Period. Dafei, the ancestor of the Qin people, was a descendant of Zhuan Xu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and was given a surname of winning.

Qin Wangzheng destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, thus completing the great cause of reunification. In the first 221 years, the king of Qin proclaimed himself emperor, which was called "Qin Shihuang" in history.

The Qin dynasty set up three officials and nine ministers in the central government to manage state affairs; Abolish the enfeoffment system locally and replace it with the county system; The implementation of books with the same language, cars with the same track, unified measurement. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering hundreds of places in the south, building the Great Wall to repel foreign enemies, and digging Lingqu to connect the water system.

The establishment of centralization of authority laid the basic pattern of China’s political system for more than 2,000 years, and laid the foundation for the rule of China’s unified dynasty, so it was called "all generations practiced Qin politics and law".

The Qin Dynasty ended the 500-year-old separatist regime of princes since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and became the first centralized state with multi-ethnic integration in the history of China. Which had a far-reaching influence on the history of China.

In the first 210 years, Qin Shihuang died of illness in a sand dune during his cruise (now northwest of Guangzong County, Hebei Province). His son Hu Hai acceded to the throne as Qin Ershi. Although the Qin dynasty had a great influence in history, it abused the people’s power and was unified only for more than ten years.

In the first 209 years, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang cut the wood for the soldiers, rose up, and the world responded. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu rose up against the Qin Dynasty. Before 207, Qin died.

2. Characteristics of the Qin Dynasty

Qin and Han dynasties were the "great unification" period that ended the melee situation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The stage feature of this period is the historical period of the formation and initial development of feudal society, and it is also the period when social politics changed from chaos to governance, and social economy changed from stagnation to initial recovery and development.

Politically, the political power is generally stable, but there are unstable factors. The political system is autocratic centralization of authority.

Economically: After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, it ended the situation of scuffle between the warring states and resumed production to a certain extent.

Ethnic relations: the relationship between Qin and Han dynasties and ethnic minorities was peace and war, peace was more than war, and ethnic relations were harmonious and friendly on the whole.

Culture: Due to national unity and production development, political and economic ties among ethnic groups have been strengthened, and science, technology and culture have also developed rapidly.

3. The historical significance of the Qin Dynasty

Qin Dynasty is the first unified centralized country in Chinese history, with Xianyang as its capital. The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the long-standing situation in which the vassal regime dominated, which was conducive to the stability of people’s lives and the development of social production, and was in line with the common aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups at that time.

The territory of the Qin Dynasty, stretching to the sea in the east, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea, greatly exceeded that of the previous generation.

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic county system country in the history of China.

Seven, China Han Dynasty (206 -8 years, 25 -220 years).

1. Introduction to Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty is a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty, mainly divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, which lasted for 29 emperors and enjoyed the country for 405 years.

The Han Dynasty and the Peace Treaty were ranked as the advanced civilization and powerful empire in the world at that time. During the Han Dynasty, the scope of the Han Dynasty was established. At its peak, it was annexed to Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south, Qingling in the west and Gobi in the north, with a land area of about 6.09 million square kilometers. In AD 2, the population of the Western Han Dynasty reached more than 60 million, accounting for one third of the world at that time.

The Huaxia nationality has been called the Han nationality since the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty also made great achievements in the field of science and technology. For example, Cai Lun improved papermaking and became one of the four great inventions in China, and Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and the armillary sphere.

2. Characteristics of the Han Dynasty

Han inherited the Qin system, and at the same time carried out the feudal system, which included the kingdom and the Hou state. These two parallel systems were also called "county state system". This practice laid a hidden danger to the central rule of the Western Han Dynasty. After quelling the rebellion of the kingdom and promoting the decree of mercy, the kingdom no longer poses a threat to the central government.

3. The historical significance of the Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty with a county system in the history of China. Because the history of the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, was too short to leave much experience for the Han Dynasty to learn from, so many ruling methods of the Han Dynasty need to be explored by themselves.

We can see that the Han Dynasty actually did quite well, although there were twists and turns, but after all, it operated for 400 years, leaving a rich legacy to the later dynasties.

With his pioneering spirit, brilliant martial arts, prosperous culture and technology, the Han Dynasty marked the youthful spirit and vitality of China’s unified dynasty, and his influence touched almost every level of the Han nationality, so that today, 2000 years later, we can still feel that we are still connected with him by blood, and we can still gain confidence and courage from the Han history.

Eight, Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 -581)

1. Brief introduction of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the most frequent periods of regime change in China’s history, which were mainly divided into Wei Dynasty (Cao Wei), Western Jin Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Due to the long-term feudal separatist regime and continuous wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding performance is the rise of metaphysics, the import of Buddhism, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek cultures.

During the 360-odd years from Wei Dynasty to Sui Dynasty, and during the alternation of more than 30 dynasties, the development of Confucianism and the image and historical position of Confucius in this period became complicated as a result of the interaction and infiltration of many new cultural factors mentioned above.

2. Characteristics of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

(1) The feudal state was divided and the regime alternated frequently.

(2) The south is relatively stable and the economy of the south is developing.

(3) There are frequent wars in the north, and ethnic integration has been strengthened.

(4) The formation, development and decline of the gentry system.

(5) With the development of science and technology, Buddhism prevails.

3. The historical significance of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

This stage of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties is a period of national division and national integration in China’s feudal society.

It is between the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is not only the product of the aggregation and intensification of social contradictions in the Qin and Han Dynasties, but also the origin of the unification and prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It serves as a link between the preceding and the following and occupies a special position and role in China’s feudal society.

Investigating the history of this period is of great benefit to our understanding of the relationship between division and unity in feudal society.

Nine, China Sui and Tang Dynasties (581 -907)

1. Introduction to Sui and Tang Dynasties

The Sui and Tang Dynasties, as the collective name of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907), were also the most prosperous periods in the history of China. It is two unified dynasties after two long periods: the Five Chaos and the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

More open in national thought. The two dynasties achieved unprecedented development in politics, military affairs, culture, economy and science and technology. The emperors in Sui and Tang Dynasties were more open-minded in governing the country, which also influenced neighboring countries to pay tribute and learn from China.

At its peak, the Sui Dynasty reached Liaoning in the northeast, Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang in the west, the East China Sea in the east and northern Vietnam in the south. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, it reached the northern and outer Xing ‘an Mountains of Lake Baikal in the north, the Aral Sea in Central Asia in the west, Sakhalin Island in the east and northern Vietnam in the south.

2. Characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties

(1) Politics

A, the system innovation and the system of Tang-Cheng-Sui, such as the formation and development of the system of three provinces and six departments, the establishment and improvement of the imperial examination system, the evolution from the government military system to the recruitment system, the modulation of rent and commission and the implementation of the two tax laws.

B, from division to reunification.

C. Implement strong centralization.

(2) Economy

In the early stage, the rulers carried out the policy of paying taxes lightly and persuading farmers to teach mulberry. The transportation was developed, the domestic ethnic groups had close contacts, and the domestic and foreign exchanges were needed, and the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous.

(3) Social life

Great changes have taken place in social life, and an inclusive, colorful and open social atmosphere has emerged.

(4) Culture

Eclectic, multi-ethnic, extensive and profound, all-round prosperity, leading the world.

(5) Foreign communication

The transportation is developed, and the land and maritime Silk Road are relatively smooth. The government has adopted a relatively open foreign policy, and foreign exchanges have become more frequent than ever before.

(6) Ethnic relations

The rulers, especially those in the early Tang Dynasty, pursued a relatively open ethnic policy, and the contacts between the Han nationality and the frontier ethnic groups were unprecedented. The frontier ethnic groups developed greatly, and their relations with the central government were closer, and the unified multi-ethnic country was further developed and consolidated.

The outstanding characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties are: this is an era of great change and openness; The development of politics, economy and culture in Sui and Tang Dynasties influenced many countries in Asia, especially in East Asia, and formed China cultural circle.

3. Historical significance of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Sui and Tang Dynasties made dazzling achievements in developing economy, culture, strengthening ethnic relations and strengthening international exchanges, which made China’s history reach its second peak. The history of the late Sui and Tang Dynasties opened a clue for the great changes in China feudal society. Sui and Tang Dynasties were indeed an extraordinary era.

Ten, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 -979)

1. Introduction of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is a period of great division in the history of China. This title comes from the New History of the Five Dynasties, which is a combination of the Five Dynasties (907-960) and the Ten Kingdoms (902-979).

The Five Dynasties refer to the five dynasties whose capitals were in the Central Plains after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely, Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou. In 907 AD, after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen established a back beam in the Central Plains, with Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo as its capital (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao in the latter Zhou Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty was established after the usurpation of the latter Zhou Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties ended.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there were many separatist regimes outside the Central Plains. Among them, more than ten separatist regimes, such as Qianshu, Houshu, Nanwu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan) and Beihan, were collectively referred to as "Ten Kingdoms" by the New Five Dynasties History and later historians. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the remaining regimes of Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan were unified successively, which basically achieved national reunification.

2. Characteristics of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Compared with the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ten kingdoms in the Five Dynasties have remarkable characteristics in the form of separatism:

(1) The status of the Central Plains Dynasty in the Five Dynasties.

(2) The differences in political relations between the Ten Kingdoms and the Central Plains Dynasty.

(3) "Protecting the environment and saving the people" is the main theme of the domestic and foreign policy of the southern separatist regime.

These characteristics of the separatist regime have had a great influence on the process of national reunification. First of all, the status of the Central Plains Dynasty determines that the cause of reunification is bound to be completed by the Central Plains Dynasty, just waiting for the opportunity.

Secondly, the differences in political relations between the ten countries and the Central Plains dynasty and the policy of "protecting the environment and benefiting the people" of the southern separatist regime made the various separatist forces in the south form a pattern of checks and balances, and prevented the south from taking the lead in reunification and forming a confrontation situation between the South and the North again, thus accelerating the process of reunification.

3. Historical significance of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries

(1) The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is the product of the historical decline of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Anshi Rebellion and Huang Chao’s anti-Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty has entered an irreversible decline, and then history has staged an overlapping process of belligerence and defeat. Therefore, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is not a new historical stage, but only a time-space portrayal of the Tang Dynasty’s prosperity and decline, extreme division and inability to return to heaven.

(2) The founders of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were all military strategists, who were brave and foolhardy, and relied on the meritorious military service to favor the king. Most of their heirs were men without great talents. The northern dynasties all died in two generations, and the war was endless. In addition, the Qidan plundered, the Central Plains completely disappeared the political, economic and cultural prosperity pattern created in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and thus lost its consistent cultural core position since the Spring and Autumn Period.

On the other hand, the ten southern countries, far away from the Central Plains, zoned land for prison, maintained a relatively stable situation, and inherited the legacy of the Tang Dynasty, and were fortunate enough to retain the fire of Tang Wenhua, thus starting a new pattern of leading China culture.

(3) In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty began to differentiate from the majestic whole in the social and historical context of the kings’ separatist regime, especially in the south, and gradually became mature and meticulous in the hands of literati, with extremely distinctive regional cultural characteristics of Jiangnan water towns.

As a result, the "Tang and Five Dynasties Culture" was formed, which was a cultural transition stage with unique social and historical characteristics and vivid regional characteristics, and thus constituted the forerunner of the Song Dynasty culture and its cultural forms.

(4) The culture of the Tang and Five Dynasties has a prominent "eschatological complex": on the one hand, it gives vent to the satisfaction of eating, drinking, and enjoying in time, on the other hand, it is full of perplexity, pain, sadness, despair and other emotions that are hard to get rid of.

On the one hand, it gave up the mission of social morality and turned back to the internal observation of itself, on the other hand, it showed its resentment against reality and struggle. On the one hand, it turns to folk customs, on the other hand, it pursues spiritual detachment and dust-free.

In a word, these are typical features of "eschatological complex" in China’s classical culture, and they are vividly reflected in the culture of Tang and Five Dynasties.

Xi. China Song Dynasty (960 -1279)

1. Introduction to Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty is a dynasty in the history of China, which inherited five dynasties and ten countries and started the Yuan Dynasty. It was divided into two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and it lasted for 18 emperors and enjoyed the country for 319 years. Song Dynasty is an era of high prosperity in commodity economy, culture, education and scientific innovation in the history of China.

Neo-Confucianism emerged in the Song Dynasty, Confucianism was revived, science and technology developed rapidly, politics was enlightened, there was no serious eunuch dictatorship and warlord regime, and the number and scale of mutiny and civil unrest were relatively small in the history of China.

Chen Yinque said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years, and it was the culmination of the Zhao and Song Dynasties." There are not a few scholars in western and Japanese historians who think that Song Dynasty is the Renaissance and economic revolution in China’s history.

The Song Dynasty was founded more than 300 years ago, and it was overturned twice, all due to foreign invasion. It was the only dynasty that did not die in civil strife.

2. Characteristics of the Song Dynasty

(1) Farming and pastoral cultures are gradually merging (farming and nomadic cultures are fighting and negotiating with each other);

(2) Prosperous urban commerce (the traditional market structure has been broken);

(3) Colorful literature and art (the world of literati appeared);

(4) Extremely prosperous traditional science and technology (the model and peak of ancient science and technology in China);

(5) Frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries (in the heyday of Sino-foreign relations, there was an unprecedented situation of opening up and exchanges)

3. The historical significance of the Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty was a unified feudal dynasty established after the Five Dynasties. Influenced by traditional ideas, people often call it "weak Song". However, Deng Guangming and Qi Xia, famous experts in the history of the Song Dynasty, all believed that the Song Dynasty was the peak of China’s feudal society.

Politically, the imperial system of the Song Dynasty had a great influence on later generations, and its outstanding phenomenon was the elimination of the separatist regime of the buffer region, which further formed a unified multi-ethnic country, the autocratic centralization of authority of the Song Dynasty, which was inherited by the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In agriculture, the population of Song Dynasty exceeded 100 million, twice as much as that of Han and Tang Dynasties, and the agricultural productivity was greatly improved.

The handicraft industry has made great progress, and the commodity economy has developed prominently, among which the relationship between commodity and currency has made remarkable progress and the maritime trade has never been developed before.

In terms of culture and science and technology, the three great inventions were perfected or invented in the Song Dynasty, which had a great influence on the world. Outstanding achievements have been made in literature, history, education and philosophy.

In a word, the Song Dynasty was at an extremely important stage in the overall process of China’s historical development in terms of economy, politics and culture.

XII. China Yuan Dynasty (1271 -1368)

1. Introduction of Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolians, which was the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China. The capital of Dadu (present-day Beijing) was handed down to the Fifth Emperor and the Eleventh Emperor, which lasted for 98 years.

2. Characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty.

(1) a unified multi-ethnic feudal country was consolidated and developed.

The Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country with an unprecedented vast territory; The provincial system has been implemented, and the central authorities have exercised jurisdiction over Tibet, Taiwan Province, Yunnan and other border areas.

(2) The feudal economy continued to develop.

Widespread planting of cotton has promoted the development of cotton textile industry; The smooth transportation of water and sea has promoted economic exchanges; Most of the larger cities are prosperous; Quanzhou’s foreign trade is developed.

(3) frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries

Caravans and envoys from Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa came in an endless stream. Italian Kyle Poirot has lived in China for more than ten years; Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons spread to Europe through Arabs; Quanzhou is the largest foreign trade port.

(4) ethnic integration has been further strengthened.

The Han people have contributed to the development of the frontier, and a large number of ethnic groups in the frontier have moved to the mainland to live together with the Han people. The Khitan, Nuzhen and other ethnic groups who originally entered the Central Plains have merged with the Han nationality; A new minority, the Hui nationality, has been formed. However, the policy of ethnic differentiation in Yuan Dynasty played a negative role in social development.

3. Historical significance of Yuan Dynasty.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Shangshu Province and Menxia Province were abolished, while Zhongshu Province, Privy Council and Yushitai were kept in charge of politics, army and supervision, and the provincial system was implemented locally, which was the first of its kind in China.

The Yuan Dynasty also carried out many malpractices, such as various policies, casting system, expelling system, craftsman system, no system of membership, human sacrifice, curfew, sea ban, etc., which interrupted the process of reform in the Tang and Song Dynasties and profoundly reshaped the history of China after the Song Dynasty.

XIII. China Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644)

1. Introduction of Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was a unified dynasty established by the Han nationality, which passed down to sixteen emperors and enjoyed the country for 276 years.

In the Ming Dynasty, the territory included Han, and in the early Ming Dynasty, the northeast reached the Sea of Japan and the outer Xing ‘an Mountains, and then it was reduced to the Liaohe River Basin. Reach Yinshan in the north and retreat to the Ming Great Wall; West to Hami, Xinjiang, and then retreat to Jiayuguan; It faces the Bay of Bengal in the southwest and then turns back to Yunnan today. He also set up a detention center in the Qinghai-Tibet region and recovered Annan.

In the Ming Dynasty, handicraft industry and commodity economy flourished, commercial market towns and capitalism sprouted, and culture and art showed a trend of secularization. According to Records of the Ming Dynasty, the peak population was 71.85 million, but most scholars thought it actually exceeded 100 million, and some scholars pointed out that the population in the late Ming Dynasty was close to 200 million.

The Ming Dynasty was the golden age after the Han and Tang Dynasties. There are no consorts of the Han dynasty, the buffer region of the Tang dynasty, and the old coins of the Song dynasty. The emperor guards the country and the king dies. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty rated Ming Taizu as "Ruling the Tang and Song Dynasties", and The History of Ming Dynasty rated Ming Chengzu as "Yuanmai Han and Tang Dynasties".

2. Characteristics of the Ming Dynasty

The absolute monarchy has been strengthened unprecedentedly; The commodity economy developed unprecedentedly in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The seeds of capitalism have emerged; Political corruption, high concentration of land, continuous peasant uprising and gradual decline. In the ideological field, anti-feudal thoughts, at the same time, the fields of literature and art are bound to have anti-feudal colors.

3. The historical significance of the Ming Dynasty

(1) from the perspective of worldwide influence.

In the early Ming Dynasty, through Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas, countries from Southeast Asia to the Persian Gulf were connected, and China’s influence was enhanced. This should be the last time that China took the initiative to communicate with the West after the Tang Dynasty, which is of great significance.

Then, the Japanese pirates were rampant in the southeast, which led to the implementation of the policy of closing the country to the outside world, which affected the Qing Dynasty and eventually accelerated the demise of the feudal dynasty in China.

(2) from the perspective of economic development

The Ming Dynasty was the seed of capitalism in China, which was also an important stroke in the history of China. Although the germination of capitalism in China was only a flash in the pan, the historical position of the Ming Dynasty could not be denied.

(3) from the territorial theory

The territory area of the Ming Dynasty, though not the largest in China history, is basically the main activity area of Han people now. Although the territory was further expanded after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the territory of the Ming dynasty was also very large.

(4) from the political system.

The Ming Dynasty abolished the prime minister system in China for thousands of years, and the centralization of monarchy was further improved. In addition, the cabinet system of the Ming dynasty and the three provinces and six departments have been used until the Qing dynasty. The political system of the Ming Dynasty is an important part in the history of China.

Fourteen, China Qing Dynasty (1616-1912)

1. Introduction to Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty (1616-1912) was the last feudal dynasty in the history of China, with 12 emperors, totaling 296 years. It was 276 years since the name of the country was changed to Qing Dynasty. It is 268 years since the Qing soldiers entered the customs and established national political power.

After the Opium War, it was invaded by foreign powers, and its sovereignty and territory were seriously lost. It also began the exploration of modernization, and carried out modernization reforms such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898. The Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance’s invasion of China further deepened the national crisis.

In the late Qing Dynasty, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. On February 12, 1912, Yuan Shikai, the minister of Beiyang, induced Pu Yi, the Qing emperor, to abdicate, issued an abdication edict, and realized the Republic of the five ethnic groups, thus ending the Qing Dynasty.

2. Characteristics of the Qing Dynasty

The Qing army carried out shaving and changing clothes politically, and militarily attacked the peasant army and Nanming regimes, and gradually occupied China. Then, after three dynasties in Kang Yong, it developed to Dingfeng. During this period, the unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated, which basically laid the territory of China, and at the same time, the autocratic monarchy reached its peak.

However, in the middle and late period, due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, closed doors and ideological stagnation, it gradually fell behind the world. The Sino-British Opium War broke out in 1840, which was invaded by foreign powers and seriously lost sovereignty.

3. The historical significance of the Qing Dynasty

Kang Yong’s three dynasties reached its peak, during which the traditional society of China made unprecedented development achievements. It was unified and consolidated in a multi-ethnic country, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty unified the Mongolian ministries, incorporated Xinjiang and Tibet into the territory, and implemented the policy of returning land to the southwest. Finally, the modern territory of China was determined, and the integrity of the country’s territorial sovereignty was actively safeguarded.

However, feudal autocracy also reached its peak, and gradually fell behind the west in the middle and late period due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, and closed doors.

Source: China History Network

Welcome to [Autohome Nanjing Discount Promotion Channel], we bring you the latest price reduction information. Currently, this luxury car is in a promotion, and car buyers in Nanjing can enjoy a discount of up to 170,900 yuan. It is heartening that the minimum selling price has been reduced to 149,900 yuan, providing consumers with excellent value for money. To seize this unmissable opportunity, be sure to click "Chatty Car Price" in the quotation form to get the most accurate offer details and strive for higher car purchase benefits. Hurry up and drive the Jaguar XEL to experience the charm of dignity and speed!

As an elegant and dynamic mid-size luxury sedan, the exterior design of the Jaguar XEL fully reflects the essence of the Jaguar brand. The front face features Jaguar’s signature large-mouth air intake grille, with fine chrome trim to create a strong visual impact. The hood has smooth lines and a sense of power, which shows Jaguar’s pursuit of detail and dynamic aesthetics. The overall style is refined and atmospheric, blending modern and classic elements, which makes the XEL unique among many competitors.

The Jaguar XEL showcases its British aesthetic with elegant side lines, and its body size is 4778mm*1850mm*1429mm, with a wheelbase of 2935mm, giving it a spacious and dynamic body ratio. The front and rear track are 1598mm and 1582mm respectively, ensuring excellent handling performance. The unique tire size 225/45 R18 and the delicate wheel design add a sense of sportiness to the vehicle, and every detail highlights Jaguar’s pursuit of driving experience.

The interior design of the Jaguar XEL highlights the luxury and refined British style. The steering wheel wrapped in high-end leather provides a comfortable grip, and supports manual up and down + front and rear adjustments to ensure the driver’s driving experience. The 10.2-inch central control screen is embedded in the car, with a clear interface. It integrates convenient functions such as multimedia system, navigation and phone, which is convenient for users to operate. As for the seats, whether it is the front or passenger seats, they are made of imitation leather, with front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment, high and low adjustment and waist support. The front seats are also equipped with heating function to bring the warmth of winter to passengers. Through the USB/Type-C interface, the owner can easily connect electronic devices, and the front row also has an additional wireless charging function of mobile phones to meet the charging needs of daily travel. The overall interior design takes into account practicality and aesthetics, enhancing the driver’s comfort and sense of technology.

The Jaguar XEL is powered by a powerful 2.0T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 184 kilowatts, capable of delivering abundant power output. The engine has a peak of 250 horsepower and an equally excellent torque performance of 365 Nm. With an 8-speed automatic transmission, the vehicle can achieve smooth gear changes and efficient power transmission during driving, ensuring a smooth driving experience for the driver.

Overall, the Autohome owner is full of praise for the exterior design of the Jaguar XEL, and every detail he mentions is full of love. From the cool front face design, to the vibrant hexagonal honeycomb grille, to the sharp lights like a cheetah, and the elegant lines on the side and the matching of the rims, the car is visually impressive. The careful design of the rear is even more icing on the cake, reflecting the brand’s pursuit of aesthetics. As the owner said, the Jaguar XEL is not just a means of transportation, but an expression of personality and taste.

Welcome to Autohome Changzhou Promotion Channel to bring you the latest car purchase information. Currently, the much-anticipated promotion is going on, and Mercedes-Benz brand consumers in Changzhou can enjoy a car purchase profit of up to 155,100 yuan. The starting price has been reduced to 688,700 yuan, which is undoubtedly a great opportunity for consumers who are keen on this luxury coupe. To seize this offer, click the "Check the car price" button in the quotation form and let’s explore more possible car purchase discounts together.

The exterior design of the Mercedes-Benz GLE coupe is unique, combining elegance and power. The front face adopts the iconic star emblem design of the Mercedes-Benz family, and the air intake grille is made of chrome mesh, which is exquisite and atmospheric. The streamlined body lines perfectly combine luxury and sports, showing a strong visual impact. The overall style is full of sporty sense, while not losing the luxury temperament, providing the driver with an unparalleled driving experience.

The Mercedes-Benz GLE coupe exudes its unique charm with its streamlined side design. The body size reaches 4941mm*2018mm*1716mm and the wheelbase is 2935mm, providing a spacious and dynamic body ratio. Its tire size is 275/50 R20, and the front and rear tire specifications are consistent. With the refined wheel design, it not only enhances the visual impact of the vehicle, but also ensures the stability and comfort of the ride. The elegant and powerful side lines outline the usual luxury and sports aesthetics of Mercedes-Benz, which is unforgettable at a glance.

The interior design of the Mercedes-Benz GLE coupe fully reflects the perfect fusion of luxury and technology. The center console features a 12.3-inch high definition touch screen for an intuitive and convenient operation experience, integrated multimedia system, navigation, phone and air conditioning functions, so that the driver can control the vehicle information at any time. The steering wheel is wrapped in exquisite leather, providing an excellent grip and supporting manual and electric adjustment, both comfort and convenience are fully considered. The seats are made of imitation leather, which is comfortable and easy to take care of. The main and passenger seats are equipped with 4-way adjustment and waist support. They are equipped with heating and ventilation functions to ensure the comfort of long-distance driving. The driver’s seat is also equipped with electric memory function to meet individual needs. The interior layout of the car is reasonable, and the rear seats support proportional reclining to provide flexible loading space. Overall, the interior design of the Mercedes-Benz GLE coupe focuses on the combination of practicality and luxury experience, creating an elegant and technological riding environment for passengers.

The Mercedes-Benz GLE Coupe is equipped with a 2.0T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 190 kilowatts, which can provide a strong power output. The torque performance of this engine is 400 Nm, and it is combined with a 9-speed automatic transmission to ensure smooth and efficient conversion of the vehicle during driving, providing the driver with an excellent driving experience.

In this promotion, the Mercedes-Benz GLE Coupe has won the favor of many consumers with its excellent performance, luxurious interior and eye-catching design. At this moment, we are giving back to the majority of riders at a very competitive price, so that everyone who pursues quality life and driving pleasure can enjoy this surprise. The price reduction promotion of the Mercedes-Benz GLE Coupe is not only a positive response to market changes, but also a deep understanding of consumer needs. Seize this rare opportunity to make the Mercedes-Benz GLE Coupe your right-hand partner in your journey, and act now to start a new era of driving for you!

1905 movie network news On April 25th, (Jolin) held a concert tour of "ULGY BEAUTY" in Taipei. Jolin Tsai "sold" surrounding goods at the concert, mentioned his favorite hat bucket, and led a rush to buy. Before the opening on the 25th, Jolin posted a cute photo of her dog WOOHU wearing the hat on IG, and said with a smile: "I received a bunch of private messages from friends, saying that I don’t want to buy it at all, but when I see WOOHU wearing it, I say I want to buy it." Jolin said: See my scheming!

At the concert, Jolin Tsai joked: "If you have nothing to do, you have to pile things on it. If it can sing, I will sing for it, and MV will shoot for it, which should sell well." The words amused the audience, and also shared that after watching the concert, my mother’s friends would pass on a lot of ideas to Cai Ma. "The result is that I have more and more bento boxes every day. This is my mother’s love for me. I hope I won’t eat a fat pig in the last game."

Fifteen months later, Jolin Tsai returned to the Taipei Arena for a five-day encore. At the fourth concert on the 25th, Jolin Tsai emotionally said to fans: "Thank you for giving me feedback on the Internet. I unknowingly sang so many times. I hope every day is different from yesterday. I prepare different things for you and cherish our time together." That night, Jolin Tsai sang songs such as "One Person", "Not for Sale", "I Know You’re Sad" and other songs, setting off a chorus that moved her: "I feel very lucky to have these moments. I am moved by your voices and work together to sing this song well."

The concert updated five sets of avant-garde styles, including the cute "Candy Barbie", the avant-garde and fashionable "Double Muse Muse", the crystal fringed "Moulin Rouge singer", "Dancer", and the sexy pink suit. Together with the opening set, the new 8kg robe "Dazzling Silver Moonlight", the total cost of the six sets exceeded NT $4 million.

　

　　CCTV News:On November 12, US time, the Academy Awards Dinner was held in Los Angeles, USA. At the awards dinner, the Academy Awards Lifetime Achievement Award was held. Jackie Chan, the only Chinese among the four winners, received the award and the first Chinese to win the award. Jackie Chan attended the awards ceremony and was interviewed.

　　The Academy Awards for Lifetime Achievement are selected by the Board of Directors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and cover outstanding individuals or organizations in fields not covered by the Academy Awards. They are designed to recognize film pioneers and legends who have dedicated their lives to the film industry.

　　The four winners are Anna Coats, a screenwriter; Lynn Stamaster, a casting director; Frederick Wiseman, a documentary filmmaker; and Jackie Chan, a Chinese film star who is the first Chinese to win a lifetime achievement Oscar and the fourth Asian to do so. He follows Akira Kurosawa, the Japanese director; Satyajit Rey, the Indian director; and Hayao Miyazaki, the Japanese animator. Jackie Chan believes that this is the reason for his award.

　　Jackie Chan:This time I won this award, I think it is, it turns out that they are not just looking at my acting skills, but looking at my achievements over the years. Regardless of the film, all the themes in the film, it turns out that I care about children. I often make my movies seem like a joke to others. Big brother is lecturing again. How can I talk about it today? I think my idea is right, because if you make a movie, you have to be responsible for your own movies. You have to make some movies that are worthy of conscience. In addition to giving comedy actions, you have a little good kind of information. You have to care about society, you have to care about children, and you have to care about environmental protection. All kinds of things have to appear in a movie.

　　Jackie Chan admitted to treating Oscar with a normal heart, and he also expressed the hope that Chinese people can have their own Oscars.

　　Jackie Chan:In fact, China is now moving towards cooperation with the world. For a period of time, it is not because we want to cooperate with them. Today, our Chinese films are too powerful. In a few years, it will be the largest ticket cabin in the world. It is a good opportunity to attract filmmakers from all over the world to come to our China to shoot stories. All of them need China.

　　Jackie Chan:In fact, this Oscar is also another award for me. Of course, it is a very important award. I also treat it with a normal heart. In fact, I am the one who has won many awards, but this Oscar, in fact, I hope that one day, we will hold an award in China to make everyone in the world treat the Oscar the same. This is what I hope.

Michelle Yeoh

　　Michelle Yeoh:He already has his own culture, it is like our Chinese Charlie Chaplin, thinking of Jackie Chan will think of laughter, fun, action is very exciting, very dangerous, he brought us many years, a long time of joy, happiness, so I am very, very happy that he got this award.

Alan Eckhart

　　From Aaron Eckhart:Jackie Chan is the lens of the Chinese and Western film industry, through which you can understand what is happening. There are more and more production companies and movies in China now. Jackie Chan is a good connection. He is loved all over the world. In his eyes, there is no real distinction between American movies, Chinese movies, and European movies. They are all good movies. I think this is very good.

　　(CCTV reporter, Yang Qianxi)

The latest news of Yancheng car home preferential promotion channel, luxury SUV is in progress. As a highly regarded model, the price reduction of Volvo XC60 is surprising. In Yancheng area, you can enjoy a maximum discount of 132,400 yuan, and the minimum starting price is 289,500 yuan. If you are interested in this model, don’t miss this excellent opportunity. Please click "Check the car price" in the quotation form to get a higher discount.

Volvo XC60 is a luxury SUV, and its design is full of modernity and elegance. The front face design of this car is very unique, adopting the iconic Volvo family design language, such as the straight waterfall air intake grille and the sharp "T" headlight group, which makes the whole car look very exquisite. The body lines are smooth, and the overall style is simple and luxurious. In addition, the side of XC60 also adopts a unique "origami" design element, which makes the body more stereoscopic. At the same time, the rim of XC60 is also very attractive, and a variety of styles are available, which adds a sense of movement to the vehicle. Generally speaking, the design of Volvo XC60 is very attractive, full of modernity and luxury, and it is a leader among luxury SUVs.

Volvo XC60 is a medium-sized SUV with a body size of 4708*1902*1660 and a wheelbase of 2865 mm.. The lines on the side of the car are smooth, showing an atmospheric and steady style. The front tread is 1653mm, the rear tread is 1657mm, the front tread is 235/60 R18 in tyre size, and the rear tread is also 235/60 R18 in tyre size. The car’s tire size and rim style are excellent, providing the driver with excellent handling performance and stability.

The interior design of Volvo XC60 is simple and elegant, with high-quality materials and fine craftsmanship, creating a luxurious and comfortable driving environment. The steering wheel is made of genuine leather, which makes it feel comfortable. At the same time, it supports manual adjustment up and down and back and forth, so that drivers can easily find the driving posture that suits them best. The central control screen has a size of 9 inches, supports the speech recognition control system, and can realize the control of multimedia, navigation, telephone and air conditioning functions. The front and rear rows are equipped with USB and Type-C interfaces, which is convenient for passengers to charge and connect devices. The seat is made of imitation leather. The front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment, height adjustment and lumbar support are supported by the main and co-pilot seats. At the same time, it also has the functions of heating and electric seat memory. The rear seats support proportional tilting, providing passengers with more storage space. Generally speaking, the interior design of Volvo XC60 is both practical and comfortable, and it is a luxury SUV worthy of consideration.

The Volvo XC60 is powered by a 2.0T 250 HP L4 engine with a maximum power of 184 kW and a maximum torque of 350 N m.. This engine adopts advanced technology and has excellent performance and excellent fuel economy. At the same time, it is also equipped with an 8-speed automatic gearbox, which makes driving smoother and more comfortable. The outstanding performance of this engine provides Volvo XC60 with strong power and excellent acceleration performance, and also ensures the fuel economy and low emissions of the vehicle.

In the evaluation of the owner of car home, we saw her high praise for the design of Volvo XC60. As she said, the design of XC60 is very attractive, with dynamic appearance lines and a sense of stability and atmosphere. The streamlined design of the body gives people a delicate feeling, while the handling of details is also full of modernity. It can be said that the design of XC60 is very successful. In addition, XC60 has excellent performance and comfortable driving experience, plus luxurious interior and rich configuration, making it a very popular medium-sized SUV. If you are looking for a car that can meet the needs of daily commuting and weekend travel, Volvo XC60 is undoubtedly a good choice.

The release schedule of mainstream brand new products in the first half of 2023 is as follows:

(The first half of the year ends on June 30th)

January 2023:

January 4th, one plus eleven, January 6th, Glory 80 Pro Direct Screen Edition, January 9th, OPPO A56s.

February 2023:

February 2nd Samsung Galaxy S23/ Samsung Galaxy S23+/ Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra

February 7 plus Ace 2

February 9, my true self GT Neo5/ my true self GT Neo5 240W

February 27th Glory Magic5/ Glory Magic5 Pro/ Glory Magic5 to Edition.

March 2023:

March 3rd Huawei nova 10 Youth Edition, March 7th Nubian Z50 Ultra/ One Plus Ace 2V

March 16th iQOO Z7i, March 20th iQOO Z7/iQOO Z7x

March 21st OPPO Find X6 Pro

On March 23rd, Huawei P60/ Huawei P60 Pro/ Huawei P60 Art/ Huawei Mate X3/ Huawei Mate X3 Collection Edition.

On March 24, Huawei enjoyed 60

March 28th Redmi Note 12 Turbo/ Glory Play7T/ Glory Play7T Pro

On March 30th, OPPO A1x 5G/ Meizu 20/ Meizu 20 PRO/ Meizu 20 INFINITY Unbounded Edition

On March 31st, Samsung Galaxy A54 5G

In April 2023:

April 1st vivo Y11, April 3rd GT Neo5 SE, April 11th OPPO A1 5G

April 13th Tencent ROG mobile phone 7, Tencent ROG mobile phone 7 Pro

April 17th Huawei nova 11/ Huawei nova 11 Pro/ Huawei nova 11 Ultra

April 18th Xiaomi 13 Ultra, April 20th vivo X Flip, vivo X Fold 2

April 21st Glory X50i, April 23rd vivo Y78+, April 29th Redmi Note 12R Pro

May 2023:

May 10, true self 11/ true self 11 Pro/ true self 11 Pro+/vivo Y78

Sony Xperia 1 V on May 11th, Glory Play 40 on May 17th, Huawei Enjoy 60 Pro and Nubian N5 on May 18th.

May 20th vivo S17e, May 21st OPPO A1 Vibrant Edition

May 23rd OPPO K11x/iQOO Neo8/iQOO Neo8 Pro

May 24th oppo Reno 10/oppo Reno 10 pro/oppo Reno 10 pro+

May 25th Xiaomi Civi 3, May 29th vivo Y35+/ Glory 90/ Glory 90 Pro

May 30th, Redmi Note 12T Pro, May 31st, vivo S17/vivo S17t/vivo S17 Pro

June 2023:

June 1st moto razr 40/moto razr 40 Ultra

June 26th vivo X90s, June 29th Redmi Note 12R

In the first half of 2023, the timetable of new mobile phone products released by mainstream mobile phone brands is as shown above, and each family has taken out the housekeeping skills to make products that meet the tonality of their own brands. I will select five representative models for detailed explanation, ranking them in no particular order, without making specific recommendations.

1. Xiaomi 13 Ultra: Leica’s ultimate image flagship with full flavor.

Xiaomi’s flagship image with the slogan "This is a Leica" represents the change of image aesthetics of domestic users-from the original "what you see is what you get" of Apple to the personalized "Leica flavor" of image style.

The design of Xiaomi 13 Ultra has made great sacrifices for the image, or "features"?

Because it is equipped with four main-camera-level image sensitive elements, the whole camera module part bulges like never before, which also leads to the curve of the back of the fuselage like the streamline of the camera, which has a visual sense of "downhill", which is a feel challenge for users who are used to using the straightener.

However, such a camera-like mobile phone with a professional photography suit can be described as the ultimate change in the form of moving images, and it also strengthens the image characteristics of Xiaomi 13 Ultra.

After the listing of Xiaomi 13 Ultra, it also triggered a watermark frenzy. At one time, all kinds of camera frames imitating Xiaomi red and white Leica watermarks rose on various social platforms.

Xiaomi 13 Ultra has a variety of built-in image functions that are compatible with Leica style, such as Leica filter and master lens bag, and the flagship mobile phone 16GB+1TB, which focuses on the original Leica flavor image style, is priced at 7299 yuan.

Xiaomi 13 Ultra is equipped with Leica optical full-focus four-shot, professional 2K super color quasi-screen, second-generation Snapdragon 8 mobile platform, LPDDR5X full blood version +UFS4.0, Xiaomi surging P2 fast charging chip, Xiaomi surging G1 battery management chip, 90W wired second charging, 50W wireless second charging, and IP68 waterproof and dustproof support.

2, glory 90 Pro: the first 3840Hz UHF PWM dimming risk-free eye protection screen

Glory 90 Pro is a machine that focuses on portrait photography. Its performance configuration is the second generation Snapdragon 8 mobile platform in 2023. Using the first generation Snapdragon 8+ mobile platform, its performance is absolutely sufficient.

The design is also exquisite. It is a good machine in the first half of 2023, focusing on images and balancing performance. It has a 200-megapixel rear sensor, a 50-megapixel front portrait lens, a good design, and a 100W fast charge+＋5000mAh battery. 16GB+256GB version of official website costs 3599 yuan.

It’s not that Glory 90 Pro has good configuration and image characteristics at the price of 3,000 yuan, but the first 3840Hz ultra-high frequency dimming screen in this industry, which also triggered a confrontation with the former owner’s executives about whether product users need such a high-frequency screen. Glory thinks that the higher the frequency, the better the eye health of users. On the other hand, it thinks that dimming with more than 1,000 frequencies will be enough to increase power consumption.

In any case, if you are a user who is sensitive to stroboscopic, you should be careful to choose some screen eye protection parameters. As long as your eyes are not uncomfortable during actual viewing, it is suitable, and everything is based on real body feeling.

3. Huawei P60 Pro: Unique aesthetic design and Beidou satellite blessing.

2023 can be said to be the year of Huawei’s return. This domestic mobile phone giant, which once hardened Apple by itself, will come out in the suppressed winter.

The design of Huawei P60 Pro is still so unique and unique. Huawei has a magical power and can always find a wonderful balance between product recognition and industrial aesthetics.

Although Huawei P60 Pro only has 4G, due to well-known reasons, everyone is quite considerate, what’s more, everyone thinks that upgrading 5G is no different from the original 4G …

Thanks to Huawei XMAGE image algorithm, the image level of Huawei P60 Pro is the first echelon. The rear 48 million main camera supports OIS optical image stabilization, the 13 million pixel super wide angle and the 48 million pixel telephoto support OIS optical image stabilization.

The fuselage uses the first generation Snapdragon 8+ mobile platform, supports 88W fast charging, 4815mAh battery screen, uses Kunlun glass, supports IP68, and also supports extremely advanced two-way Beidou satellite information. Life-related functions are all important functions.

Top with 12GB+512GB version, the current price in official website is 7288 yuan.

4, OPPO Find X6 Pro: Hasselblad, the main night scene shooting.

The image flagship OPPO Find X6 Pro, which also focuses on Hasselblad image style, is also a flagship configuration. It is equipped with the second generation Snapdragon 8 mobile platform, LPDDR5X, UFS4.0, Pro-XDR technology on the screen, 100W super flash charging +5000mAh battery, and Wi-Fi7 and IP68.

On the image, there is a 50-megapixel sensor with three main cameras. Wide-angle and telephoto support OIS optical defense. Ultra-wide-angle adopts a closed-loop focusing motor and supports 4cm macro shooting.

The image style highlights the professional image texture, and the top is equipped with 16GB+512GB version. At present, the price in JD.COM is 6799 yuan.

5, vivo X Flip: stylish and compact, novel and fun.

Vivo x flip of vivo may be the representative of another trend in the development of mobile phone form today. Small folding screen mobile phone: cute, decorative, and directly pokes the hearts of female users who love beauty.

Especially when the size and color of vivo X Flip can accurately match the colorful small bags of girls, it makes vivo X Flip have unique fashion attributes.

Look, with this fashionable color scheme and lovely external screen design, the external screen experience of vivo X Flip is the same as that of the internal screen, and you can browse the little red book, reply to WeChat messages and watch videos without opening the internal screen during the fragmentation time. You can also use a variety of folding screens to achieve the operating experience. For users who have never used a folding screen mobile phone, it is enough to be happy with the unique use of the folding screen mobile phone.

In configuration, vivo X Flip is equipped with the first generation Snapdragon 8+ mobile platform, LPDDR5, UFS3.1 and 44W fast-charging battery equivalent to 4400mAh.

The image is double-shot, 5000 pixels main shot, supporting OIS optical image stabilization; The 12-megapixel super wide-angle lens supports AF autofocus and macro shooting.

Vivo X Flip is currently equipped with 12GB+512GB official website at a price of 6639 yuan.

Summary:

In the first half of the year, major brands have updated their product lines, including high-end flagship models, mid-range cost-effective models, and low-end mobile models. Even Meizu has released new mobile phones. In the second half of the year, when the competition for mobile phone products is more intense, which newly released mobile phones will win our attention? Next we haveOverview of new mobile phones of mainstream brands in the second half of 2023,Stay tuned!

Reporter Han Bing reports With the national football team’s 1-1 draw with Australia, the top 12 matches ended in six rounds, which ushered in an interval of more than two months. With four rounds left, China is 11 points behind the top Saudi Arabia, 7 points behind the second Japanese and 6 points behind the third Australian, and the qualifying probability is basically zero. After the game, head coach Li Tie also held a 32-minute press conference, which was a comprehensive summary of the first six rounds. Unfortunately, Li Tie’s "personal summary", as before, has caused widespread controversy. The next day, Li Tie continued to publish pictures and texts on social networks, which once again set off a wave of public opinion.

Against the background that the Top 12 Competition has come to an end, facing the unspeakable outstanding achievements of the national football team and various controversies caused by the words and deeds of head coach Li Tie, the China Football Association must give an explanation to the national football team, the relevant parties in the league and the fans who love China football as soon as possible.

Earlier, the media said that the renewal of the contract between the Football Association and Li Tie was to "train handsome" for the 2026 World Cup qualifiers. After six games before the Top 12, from tactics to employing people, and then to the controversy that triggered off-court public opinion storm, it became a question whether it is necessary for Li Tie to continue to "practice". The probability of qualifying is almost zero. Under the background that the remaining four top 12 games next year are only meaningful for training, it is necessary to have a clear conclusion from whether the coach will stay or not, how to use the naturalized players, and whether the Chinese Super League will continue to make way for the top 12 games. After all, the national football team is about to prepare for the 2023 Asian Cup, followed by the 2026 World Cup qualifiers. It is not too late to make up for the coach’s choice. Now, the national football team will have at least three years to bring a new atmosphere to the new coach.

The World Cup qualifiers are the most important events of the national football team. It is hard to understand how to "train handsome" in such an important event. After all, even if the national football team originally had a low probability of qualifying for strength reasons, it is not the reason to "train handsome" with the most important events. What’s more, in terms of preparation, training, personnel selection, tactics and contingency, Li Tie has shown his incompetence as a national football coach, which has also caused more unnecessary disputes outside the stadium. If the national football team wants to make a breakthrough in the local Asian Cup in 2023 and the World Cup qualifiers in 2026, it should make a decision and make a choice early.

The great controversy caused by Li Tie’s use of naturalized players has proved that he misjudged the ability of naturalized players, which directly affected the national football team’s record and led to the complete disillusionment of the qualifying hope that there was still a chance. Regardless of foreign or local handsome, nationality is not an amulet, but whether it has the ability to make the national football performance go up a storey still higher is the key. It is an act of putting the cart before the horse to deprive the national football team of the most important growth opportunity just for the sake of "training handsome", and the China Football Association must root out the root cause.

If the coach’s ability is insufficient, we can still give Li Tie more time. However, Li Tie’s prejudice against naturalized players failed to maximize the strength of the national football team, which also directly affected the performance of the national football team. In the face of his mistakes in employing people, tactics and coping with emergencies, Li Tie failed to take the initiative in many statements. Instead, he blamed the poor performance of the national football team on many objective factors, such as losing the home court, long-term training, naturalized players’ physical condition and so on, without the sense of responsibility and overall situation that the national football coach should have.

What’s more, when the national football team almost lost the hope of qualifying because of his personal mistakes, and the public opinion and fans were extremely dissatisfied, Li Tie, as the coach of China national team, repeatedly posted inappropriate pictures and texts on social networks, causing even greater public controversy. Even when the outside world was generally dissatisfied with the performance of the national football team, advertisements were posted on the homepage of personal social networks, and pictures suspected of infringing on the rights and interests of national football sponsors were deleted after being pointed out by the media. Judging from the action of deleting pictures, Li Tie released Weibo, who was suspected of product placement, the day after the top 12 competition. It was definitely not approved by relevant parties, and the advertising behavior suspected of infringing the rights and interests of the official equipment sponsors of the China Football Association was even more unacceptable to public opinion and fans. Li Tie caused such a huge controversy inside and outside the stadium, with poor performance and shirking responsibility. Is he still suitable to continue as the coach?

China Football Association must also face more thorny problems caused by the Top 12 matches, including the resumption of the Super League, whether the Super League will continue to make way for the Top 12 matches next year, and how to deal with the messy wage crisis in the Super League. All these require the Football Association to take the attitude of being responsible for football in China, assess the situation, and come up with a solution that conforms to the objective laws of football as soon as possible and can minimize the negative impact on all parties concerned.

In a word, it is the eventful autumn of football in China, and more than two months have been reserved for the Football Association in the Top 12. For the future of football in China, it is time for the Football Association to make a decision. ???

There are many excellent niche games in today’s game market. They may not be advertised by big manufacturers, but they have unique gameplay and deep storylines. The following are some niche games I recommend for you. They all have unique features and charms. I hope you will like them.

1.《Celeste》

Chinese name: azure

Celeste is a platform game released by Canadian game developer Tommo. In the game, the player plays a girl named Madeline, who climbs a mountain and overcomes her inner fear. The game screen is simple and fresh, the music is beautiful, and the game is extremely difficult, which requires players to constantly challenge their limits.

2.《Papers, Please》

Chinese name: Please show me your certificate.

Papers, Please is a simulation game made by American game developer Lucas Pope. The player plays a border inspector to check the documents and information of passengers to prevent illegal entry. The game screen is simple and plain, and the music is dull, but the game plot is exciting and thought-provoking.

3.《Stardew Valley》

Chinese Name: Tale of Star Dew Valley

Stardew Valley is a simulated business game produced by American game developer ConcernedApe. The player plays a city resident, inherits an abandoned farm, and needs to manage the farm, grow crops, breed animals, collect resources, etc., and experience the fun of rural life. The game screen is exquisite, the music is soothing, and the game content is rich. It is a very suitable game to relax.

4.《Undertale》

Chinese name: undertale.

Undertale is a role-playing game created by American game developer Toby Fox. Players play a human trapped in the underground world and need to communicate with various monsters and choose different fighting methods. The cartoon of the game screen is lovely, and the music is cheerful and pleasant, but the game plot is profound and thought-provoking.

The above are some niche games that I recommend for you. They all have unique characteristics and charm, and are worth a try by players.

Liverpool and Aston Villa played the 37th round of the Premier League on May 20th. In the end, with the audience watching, the two sides ended the game with a 1-1 draw. With only one round left, Liverpool was still three points behind the top four. Next, let’s take a look at the course of this game!

There was a penalty in the 20th minute, when konate of Aston Villa knocked down Watkins of Liverpool in the restricted area, and the referee decisively awarded the penalty. However, Aston Villa’s attacker Watkins missed the penalty and let Liverpool escape.

However, Villa scored in the 27th minute. Douglas-Louis crosses from the right, and Jacob Ramsey at the back easily sends the ball into Liverpool’s goal to take the lead, and Liverpool are 0-1 at Villa.

In the second half, Aston Villa stepped up their attack, but Liverpool’s excellent defensive performance prevented Villa from expanding the score. In the 55th minute of the game, the Liverpool team’s Mince cleared the goal and Gakpo took the opportunity to make up the shot, but Fan Dike’s offside goal was invalid.

At the end of the game, Liverpool finally scored. Salah crossed from the right, and firmino easily sent the ball into Aston Villa’s goal at the back, and Wupu equalized the score.

In the end, the whole game ended and Liverpool drew 1-1 with Aston Villa.

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