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People with normal vision read by light. The white paper is brighter and the black words are darker, so the naked eye can distinguish the words between light and dark.

What does the visually impaired read? One is by touch, and there are blind documents to touch. One is hearing. When some books are not translated into Braille, maybe you can find audio books.

If you can’t find a ready-made audio book, how can the blind read an ordinary printed book?

As early as 1913, Edmund Fournier d’Albe, a physicist at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, showed a scanner to help the blind listen to books, named "Optophone" (photoelectric reading device). A few years later, the equipment was transformed into a more practical version by a scientific instrument manufacturer.

In 1920, the magazine reported Scientific American.

When the machine sweeps a line of words from left to right, there will be a sound in the user’s headphones. However, the sound is not speech, but a combination of some notes.

Write the word "write" with notes.

Different note combinations represent different glyphs. For example, the letter T has a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, the horizontal direction is represented by a monosyllabic elongation, and the vertical direction is represented by a chord. The notes used here are the highest to SOH and the lowest to the lowest octave SOH.

The note corresponding to the letter t, Tiffany Chan

The height of the notes reflects the position of the ink on the paper: one horizontal of the T is at the top, just lengthen the highest note SOH, while one vertical of the T has ink from top to bottom, so you can play the five notes of SOH, FAH, MI, ME and DOH at the same time, which is a chord.

Then, when the letter T appears, the earphone should first emit a continuous SOH, with a short chord in the middle, and finally return to the continuous SOH. A letter, a word or a paragraph can be "written" with a string of notes:

The note combination corresponding to the word "Type" is Tiffany Chan.

As long as you are familiar with the correspondence between letters and note strings in advance, the blind can hear the contents of a book.

Translating glyphs into notes is not complicated in terms of rules, but it is only part of the work of this machine. Before that, it must first see what font is printed on the book before it can begin to translate.

Therefore, automatically scanning text is the most important thing.

Selenium can see black and white.

At the beginning, the naked eye can distinguish the words on the paper by light. The light returning from black letters is very weak, not as strong as the reflection of white paper. But how does the machine achieve similar perception?

Scientists thought of selenium, and the resistance of this substance will change with the intensity of light. Connect batteries on both sides of selenium. When the light hits the ink mark and then reflects to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be larger, and the current passing through it will be smaller. When light is reflected from the blank of the paper to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be smaller, and the current passing through it will be stronger.

The two sides of selenium are connected with a power supply, and the current is different with or without lighting [1]

Different lighting conditions will transform different electrical signals, so selenium can be used as a photodetector. When it sweeps a line of words from left to right, the signal strength will change with the alternation of black and white, which is not difficult to understand. The question is, how does the machine know whether the ink position is high or low, such as whether T is above or below?

Use different beams to scan different positions. If you divide a line of words into five layers, you need five different beams of light to scan it. The so-called different light means that each beam of light hits the surface of selenium to produce a unique electrical signal, which is different from other beams of light. Only in this way can we tell how high the light is calling from.

Divide a line of words into five layers [1]

So how do you divide a beam of light into five different beams?

Here is a porous disk with five holes. When the disc rotates at a speed of 30 revolutions per second, a beam of light is knocked over, and the light passing through the disc is divided into five beams, which are five intermittent (or fast flashing) lights.

Porous disc, Wikimedia Commons, reference [1]

When light is reflected to the surface of selenium intermittently, the current passing through selenium will fluctuate. The current fluctuation caused by these five beams of light is different: because the number of holes in five circles is different, the more holes, the more frequently the light is cut off and the higher the frequency of current fluctuation.

So there were five different beams of light. If they are hit at different positions, we can judge whether the light is reflected from a high place or a low place according to the frequency of current fluctuation. It’s not difficult to tell the difference between a horizontal T and a horizontal T.

The disc divides the light into five different beams.

The notes that users hear are also distributed according to the frequency of current fluctuation.

As for what tools to use to sense the fluctuation of current, the sensor in the telephone receiver can be competent. With the technology at that time, current fluctuations as small as 10-6 amps can be detected.

Is it black or white?

Wit, you may find that according to the principle described above, the strong current signal is the blank, and the weak signal is the ink mark. So, the notes that users hear represent not the ink, but the gaps around the ink?

This was the case with the original products in 1913, and those notes that the user did not hear indicated the location of the ink. When the spaces between words are scanned, all the notes will play together. Therefore, the inventor called it "White-Sounding Optophone".

The combination of notes it plays is so complicated that Mary Jameson, the best user, is trained to read only one word a minute on average. But she still became the first blind person to read ordinary printed books.

In 1918, Barr & Stroud, a manufacturer of scientific instruments, improved the equipment and added a second photosensitive element made of selenium to the photoelectric detector. After the light passes through the disc, part of the light still scans the text and reflects to the first photosensitive element; The other part of the light is directly turned to the second photosensitive element without scanning the text.

Add one more photosensitive element. Popular Science

By combining the signals of the two photosensitive elements, the signal of the blank part can be cancelled. In this way, the notes played by headphones represent ink and letter shapes, while the blank parts are muted. This version is also called "Black-Sounding Optophone".

Of course, its advantage is not only that the combination of notes becomes simple. The structure of the original equipment is fragile. Even if someone walks by heavily, some components may slide to the wrong position, which will affect the normal scanning. The improved equipment is much more stable.

In addition, the improved version also adds the function of adjusting the scanning speed, which can scan a line at the fastest time of 5 seconds and at the slowest time of 5 minutes. Users can choose the speed according to their proficiency in recognizing notes.

Mary jameson is reading Walden Lake.

Mary jameson also used an improved version of this "black voice". Later, her reading speed reached 60 words per minute. Mary became a heavy user of photoelectric reading devices from her school days to her later years.

But for most people, the combination of notes may still sound too complicated. Moreover, some letters with similar shapes, such as "u" and "n", are easily confused. In addition to using the threshold, the price is also prohibitive. 35 pounds in 1920 is about 1,500 pounds (about 13,000 RMB) or more today.

In 1920, the average price of a house in London was about 320 pounds.

In addition, the British Association for the Blind was trying to popularize Braille resources to the whole country, and the photoelectric reading device may pose a threat to the promotion of Braille, and it will not be supported by the association, and the sales volume has been pitiful.

However, commercial failure does not necessarily mean technical failure.

Technology that anyone may need.

In 1949, the engineers of RCA borrowed the principle of photoelectric reading device to create a new reading machine for the blind.

RCA reading machine, which can play the pronunciation of letters, such as "A-"[5]

It also needs to strike the light on the paper and then reflect it on the photoelectric element, thus distinguishing the shapes of letters; It also has a horn, which is responsible for shouting the corresponding sound.

However, the light-emitting device is no longer a lamp with a porous disk, but a cathode ray tube; The photoelectric element is no longer selenium, but photocell; What the trumpet calls out is no longer a note representing a glyph, but a real letter.

Most importantly, there is an additional component in the middle called "electronic analyzer". After receiving the signal from the photoelectric element, it has to pick out the letter that matches the signal from 26 letters before it can command the speaker to read it.

A mainstream view holds that this is the first device in the world that can complete the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) task.

Photo translation AFP

Later, with the development of computer technology, OCR algorithm became more and more sophisticated. Nowadays, artificial intelligence/machine learning has injected a handful of souls into OCR.

Nowadays, OCR serves more than blind people. There may be a moment when everyone needs to copy a large paragraph of text in a picture, or take pictures of foreign characters and throw them directly to translation software. People even think that it is a matter of course to use such technology.

But the first person who made the concept of OCR possible may be Dr Edmund Founier Dalbet, who invented the photoelectric reading device more than 100 years ago.

references

[1] d’Albe, E. E. F. (1924). The Moon-element: An Introduction to the Wonders of Selenium. TF Unwin.

[2] Thomas, E. (2021, June 23). A Century Ago, the Optophone Allowed Blind People to Hear the Printed Word. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/ a-century-ago-the-optophone-allowed-blind-people-to-hear-the-printed-word

[3] d’Albe, E. F. (1914). On a type-reading optophone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 90(619), 373-375.

[4] Jameson, M. (1966). The Optophone: Its beginning and development. Bulletin of prosthetics research, 5, 25.

[5] Mann, M. (1949). Reading machine spells out loud. Popular Science, 154(2), 125-7.

[6] Chan, T., Mills, M., & Sayers, J. (2018). Optophonic reading, prototyping optophones. Amodern, (8).

[7] Cooper, F. S., Gaitenby, J. H., & Nye, P. W. (1984). Evolution of reading machines for the blind: Haskins Laboratories’ research as a case history. Veterans Administration, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rehabilitation R & D Service.

作者：栗子

原标题：《100年前的盲人，怎样读完一本普通印刷书？》

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Each city has its own main cuisine. Speaking of traditional Shaoxing cuisine, I believe that the first reaction in most local people’s minds is stinky tofu, moldy vegetable stalks, braised pork with dried plums and other dishes. For Lihai Street in Yuecheng District, the unique geographical location and natural conditions provide rich seafood ingredients for the local area because the sea head is located at the mouth of Qiantang River. Because this kind of local small sea is tender, delicious and affordable, it has gradually attracted diners from Xiaoshan, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and even Shanghai to come to Lihai to buy and try early, and gradually formed an industry featuring little seafood’s wholesale, retail and catering, which is well-known both inside and outside the city.

Jubilant vendors in Lihai comprehensive market. Correspondent Feng Yanni photo

A morning market gathers customers from all directions.

"Today’s Xiaomei fish has a good head, and the steamed taste is very delicious." Walking from Haidong Road to Lihai Comprehensive Market, the enthusiastic stall owner sipped all kinds of seafood from the booth to reporters. Walking in front of the lined seafood stalls, there are all kinds of aquatic products such as Xiaomei fish, white jade crab, swordfish, horizontal crab and mud clam. In addition to fresh food, pickled products such as mackerel, dried fish and dried shrimp marinated with distiller’s grains are also readily available.

"Customers are here, and all they buy are little seafood caught by fishermen on the same day to ensure freshness." Gao Baijiang, the person in charge of Lihai Comprehensive Market, told the reporter that with the gradual recognition of Lihai little seafood by diners, from 7: 00 a.m. every day, the market was crowded with people who came from Shangyu and Yuecheng City to buy food early, and most of them came specially for little seafood. "Especially on weekends, some popular seafood varieties even have to be booked in advance to buy them." Gao Baijiang said.

There are nearly 140 stalls in Lihai Comprehensive Market, but there are only 17 stalls for aquatic products and seafood, because they have high requirements on electricity consumption, drainage and cleaning. In 2020, the market underwent a major renovation, upgrading facilities and equipment such as electricity and sewage, providing a better business environment for merchants and giving customers a good experience when shopping in the market.

The owners of aquatic products and seafood stalls No.5-15 are He Xinjuan and his wife. Her husband is in charge of fishing and her wife sells them in the market. "Whether you can go fishing and catch more or less is closely related to the tide and the weather." He Xinjuan told reporters that if the weather is bad and they can’t go out to sea, they won’t come to the booth for sales that day. "In business, especially seafood products, quality is the top priority." In He Xinjuan’s view, the popularity of Lihai little seafood is largely due to its characteristics: it grows in salty and light waters, and the change of salinity improves the composition of fatty acids in aquatic products and makes them more delicious.

Yidao seafood diners smell fresh and come

When they first arrive in Lihai, many people will choose to go for a walk in Lihai Old Street, in addition to catching crabs in Haitu. In ancient times, seawalls were rich in beaches, and "the tide retreats and people advance, and the tide retreats" summarized the life of fishermen in Lihai from generation to generation. Nowadays, after continuous construction and transformation, this street with a long history and culture is transforming into new beauty, which makes little seafood, the most local flavor, continue to be popular.

Wang Zengqi has such a statement in The Doctor of Fishing: The fish cooked out of the water is delicious, which is called "fresh from the water". In Lihai, the main thing to eat little seafood is "fresh water". The fish is tight, the crab is fresh and sweet, and the clams are sand-free. With the help of strong fire and simple and homely ingredients, the freshness of the ingredients is preserved to the greatest extent, which attracts the diners’ forefinger to move, and the crack of cold beer or various drinks during the dinner constitutes the "wonderful seafood" of this Lihai. During holidays, in a restaurant featuring little seafood on Haidong Road, many Shanghai and Hangzhou gourmets drove for an hour or two to punch in.

Abo Seafood Restaurant is located on Yu Haidong Road. As soon as customers enter the door, they will choose their own little seafood and cooking method through what you see is what you get. "little seafood is directly transferred to the kitchen for production after weighing, and the fresh experience from the sea to the tip of the tongue can be felt in less than 12 hours." Zhao Qin, the 42-year-old director of Abo Seafood, introduced.

Zhao Qin, a native of Lihai, has been running a seafood restaurant with her husband for nearly 20 years. "The main store is Lihai little seafood, and the dishes are affordable, which can ensure that diners can eat fresh and delicious little seafood." Zhao Qin said that in little seafood, the restaurant has special local fishermen to deliver goods every morning, and the restaurant will select the fish received to ensure the quality.

"Watching kites and eating seafood, today’s parent-child time should give full marks." At noon on April 21, with all the dishes served, Shen Yiping, who was eating at Suntory Restaurant, took out his mobile phone to take photos and sent a circle of friends in Jiugongge. "I took a break today, just to take my children out for a walk." Shen Yiping told reporters that his family lived in Tashan Street, Yuecheng District, and it was the first time to come to Lihai that day. At the kite festival, local people recommended this restaurant to them, and they chose to eat here. The reporter at Suntory Restaurant saw that although the day was a working day, there were still many diners dining, and the business was quite good.

An opportunity to undertake the Bay Area dividend

Walking on the streets of Lihai, you can still see some special place names, such as Qiliuqiu, Qiyiqiu, Qiqiqiu, etc., which were the historical imprint of the "Great Wai Tu" in that year. However, the former beaches have already become fertile soil. Lihai, a small town at the mouth of Qiantang River, has become a provincial-level economic town. "The Greater Bay Area era has given Lihai a new opportunity to leapfrog development." The relevant person in charge of Lihai Street said.

In 2019, Shaoxing Binhai New Area, one of the four strategic platforms at the provincial level, settled in Binhai, undertaking the historical mission of connecting with Greater Bay Area and serving big industries. Lihai, located in the "hub of the Bay Area", has also stepped onto the stage center of urban development.

With the gathering of more and more new industrial enterprises, the population increases. To some extent, this has promoted the development of the local catering industry, mainly in Lihai and little seafood. "There are more customers coming to eat, and there are higher requirements for the capacity, service and dishes of the restaurant." Chen Fei, the person in charge of Lihai Jiulonghai private cuisine, one of the provincial-level "Hundred Counties and Thousand Bowls" experience stores in Zhejiang Province, told the reporter that taking his own store as an example, repeat customers accounted for a large part, and many of them came to eat once and then brought their family and friends to eat again.

A blueprint for making large and small seafood

Little seafood is a traditional characteristic industry in Lihai Street. It is an important content of the construction and development of Lihai City to create a special catering culture in little seafood and enrich the business service industry in Lihai. On September 2, 2022, Lihai Street issued the Implementation Plan for the Construction of little seafood Street in Lihai, aiming at creating a strong cultural atmosphere with the theme of little seafood in Lihai through various measures and comprehensive policies.

After preliminary investigation, the street will be rebuilt and upgraded from the following aspects: defining the support policies for staying merchants, improving the supporting construction of public transportation, and standardizing the management of mobile vendors. "The street will further enhance the popularity of little seafood in Lihai, and strive to make little seafood Street in Haidong Road a model of’ eating, living, traveling and playing in Lihai’ and a key link in the construction of scenic spots and modern and beautiful towns in Lihai Street." Zhou Ganbin, deputy secretary of the Party Working Committee of Lihai Street and director of the office, said.

At the same time, the street will also open up a green channel for government services, provide smooth channels for little seafood characteristic catering enterprises in license handling, government consultation, personnel recruitment and other aspects, provide relevant policy consulting services, and optimize the cash flow of support policies. On the basis of strict control, support funds will be cashed quickly.

At present, facing the vast ocean, Lihai is striving to expand the open space and lead the industrial transformation and upgrading and the high-quality development of the city. As a traditional industry with a long history, Lihai little seafood is striving to build its brand and become a bigger industry.

　　On February 24th, a netizen nicknamed "Love is God" posted a video on the online platform, saying that his Mercedes-Benz Maibakh S680 was violently driven and tested by Zunjie without knowing it, resulting in multiple damages to the hub and body. Since then, the netizen has published a number of vehicle driving data, and the vehicle may be "violently driven".

　　Zunjie S800, photo by Times Weekly reporter

　　On the evening of February 25, Zunjie automobile manufacturer AnhuiGroup Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Jiangqi Group") issued a statement saying that the test vehicles were obtained through regular third-party leasing channels, and the use was clearly defined to the leasing channels in advance. "The whole test follows strict industry norms and standards, and all the data are true and reliable."

　　On February 20th, HarmonyOS Zhixing, an automobile alliance led by Huawei, held a conference on Zunjie technology. In many aspects, Zunjie S800 was compared with Mercedes-Benz Maibakh S680, and Zunjie S800 was more outstanding. According to the plan, Zunjie S800 will be officially listed in May.

　　Maibakh of 3 million yuan was violently tested?

　　Zunjie is the fourth brand launched by HarmonyOS Zhixing, an ecological alliance of Huawei smart cars, which was jointly built by Huawei and Jiangqi Group. At the Guangzhou Auto Show in 2024, Zunjie S800, the first model of Zunjie, was exhibited on a small scale. At the end of 2024, Zunjie S800 made its public appearance, with a pre-sale price of 1 million-1.5 million yuan, making it the best in HarmonyOS.

　　Maibakh S680 is the flagship product of Mercedes-Benz’s high-end series.It is famous for its administration, and it is equipped with the top V12 engine in civilian vehicles, starting at 3.327 million yuan. Maibakh S680 is also one of the best-selling executive cars in China.

　　At the Zunjie technology conference, Yu Chengdong, managing director of Huawei, chairman of BG, and chairman of BU, a smart car solution, showed a number of special functions of Zunjie S800, such as snow anti-skid test, snow climbing test and bumpy road passing test.

　　In the process, the official selected Maibakh S680 for comparison, and tested that the probability of vehicle skidding in the snow was higher, the snow climbing failed, and the tire on the rough road was flat. Zunjie S800 has no skidding when driving in the snow, successfully climbs in the snow, and can also achieve "crossing the sand without lifting" on rough roads.

　　Officially, the outstanding performance of Zunjie S800 is due to its unique global integration architecture with Huawei Turing Dragon Platform. The platform relies on the fusion perception prediction network to perceive real-time information such as road information, vehicle information and driver’s intention information, and has four characteristics: active perception, central control, intelligent reasoning and autonomous learning.

　　Turing Dragon Platform can cope with complicated snow and ice road conditions without running off or swinging its tail, climbing in snow without stalling or slipping, and it has stable tire burst control that supports 120km/h road surface before tire burst. In addition, this platform can also achieve a crab walking angle of 16, which is conducive to dealing with extreme scenes such as narrow roads and narrow parking spaces.

　　Jiangqi groupscreenshot

　　However, on February 24th after the press conference, a netizen who claimed to be the "owner" of Maibakh S680 who lost control at the Zunjie S800 press conference posted a video saying that his car was taken for violent driving and testing without being informed or informed. On January 21, the vehicle was towed back and sent to the 4S shop for inspection. The "owner" found that the front of the car and the wheel hub were damaged.

　　Since then, the "owner" has voiced again, and disclosed his ID card, driving license and other documents, as well as the driving record of Maibakh S680. According to the driving records, the car was driven to yakeshi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xiangyang National Automobile Quality Supervision and Inspection Center in Hubei Province for dozens of tests in January this year.

　　Jiang qi responded late at night

　　On the evening of February 25, Jiangqi Group responded, saying that "the relevant test videos show the excellent performance of vehicles under extreme conditions in a rigorous and professional way. The whole test process follows strict industry norms and standards, and all data are true and reliable. "

　　At the same time, Jiangqi Group said that the test vehicles were obtained through regular third-party leasing channels, and the use was clearly defined to the leasing channels in advance. In this process, the troubles brought to relevant parties are being actively communicated and resolved through consultation.

　　Times Weekly reporter asked the "owner" about the follow-up matters and the communication between the enterprise and it, and has not received a reply so far.

　　At the press conference, HarmonyOS Zhixing exhibited several test fragments of Zunjie S800 and Maibakh S680, and Zunjie S800 performed better. However, Yu Chengdong has repeatedly said that Maibakh S680 has also performed very well in many aspects and is worth learning.

　　On February 21st, the day after the launch, at the 25th Annual Meeting of Yabuli China Entrepreneur Forum 2025, Duan Jianjun, President and CEO of Beijing Mercedes-Benz Sales & Service Co., Ltd., said that many brands took Mercedes-Benz models as the targets of benchmarking and comparison at the new car launch, and Mercedes-Benz did not reject or fear being benchmarked and compared.

　　"Whether in product technology or service, reasonable benchmarking is actually to promote the progress of the industry with Mercedes-Benz standards and bring positive promotion to the whole industry." Duan Jianjun said: "For unreasonable and wrong benchmarking, Mercedes-Benz will not give up making solemn representations, or even using legal weapons to defend the rights and interests of the brand."

　　Jiangqi Group is a car enterprise group mainly engaged in commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks. It is controlled by Anhui Group Holding Co., Ltd., which is a joint venture between the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Anhui Province and Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd., and belongs to a state-owned legal person enterprise.

　　existWith the rapid development of automobile industry, Jiangqi Group is in urgent need of transformation: in 2024, Jiangqi Group sold a total of 403,094 vehicles, a year-on-year decrease of 7.4%. Among them, there are 166,763 passenger cars and 236,331 commercial vehicles, and passenger cars account for only 41% of the total.

　　The passenger car business of Jiangqi Group is more limited. In 2024, it only sold 31,183 cars, accounting for 8% of the total sales.

　　The operating conditions of Jiangqi Group are also under pressure. It is estimated that the net loss in 2024 will be about 1.77 billion yuan, and the net profit attributable to the owners of the parent company in the same period in 2023 will be 150 million yuan.

　　CCTV News:The flow of people during the National Day holiday will inevitably increase, which will lead to the risk of epidemic spread. So what are the safety tips for people who really need to travel across regions in terms of travel and epidemic prevention?

　　Lei Zheng Long, Director of the Department of Communication and Prevention of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, first-class inspector:If you really need to travel, you should know the epidemic situation of the destination and don’t go to the county where the middle and high risk areas are located. Personal health monitoring should be done before going out. If suspicious symptoms appear, it is recommended to cancel the travel plan in time and seek medical advice as soon as possible.

　　Secondly, according to the regulations, hold the negative certificate of nucleic acid test within 48 hours and take the plane, high-speed rail, train, inter-provincial long-distance passenger bus, inter-provincial passenger ship and other means of transportation to try to stagger the peak; Personal protection should be done during the journey, a safe distance should be kept, masks should be worn, and hand hygiene should be done to reduce people gathering and walking around in the vehicle.

　　Finally, when arriving at the destination, actively cooperate with the local government to do a "landing inspection". In accordance with the relevant requirements of hotels, hotels and crowded places such as tourist attractions, take the initiative to scan the code and register, and show negative proof of nucleic acid testing that meets the time requirements. Once an epidemic situation occurs in a tourist destination or a passing place or it is listed as a medium-high risk area, it is necessary to implement local prevention and control regulations, and those who have returned to their place of residence should take the initiative to report to their communities.

Announcement of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Pre-tax Deduction Certificates of Enterprise Income Tax State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China Announcement No.28 of 2018 In order to strengthen the administration of pre-tax deduction certificates of enterprise income tax, standardize tax law enforcement and optimize the business environment, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China has formulated the Measures for the Administration of Pre-tax Deduction Certificates of Enterprise Income Tax, which are hereby promulgated. It is hereby announced. State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, June 6, 2018 Measures for the Administration of Pre-tax Deduction Vouchers of Enterprise Income Tax Article 1 In order to standardize the administration of pre-tax deduction vouchers of enterprise income tax (hereinafter referred to as "pre-tax deduction vouchers"), these measures are formulated in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as "Enterprise Income Tax Law") and its implementing regulations, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Administration of Tax Collection and its implementing rules, and the Measures for the Administration of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Invoices and its implementing rules. Article 2 The "pre-tax deduction vouchers" as mentioned in these Measures refer to all kinds of vouchers that an enterprise proves that reasonable expenses related to income acquisition actually occurred when calculating the taxable income of enterprise income tax, and based on which pre-tax deduction is made. Article 3 Enterprises mentioned in these Measures refer to resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises as stipulated in the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing regulations. Article 4 Pre-tax deduction vouchers shall follow the principles of authenticity, legality and relevance in management. Authenticity refers to the authenticity of the economic business reflected by the pre-tax deduction certificate, and the expenditure has actually occurred;Legality means that the form and source of the pre-tax deduction certificate comply with the relevant provisions of national laws and regulations; Relevance means that the pre-tax deduction voucher is related to the expenditure it reflects and has probative force. Article 5 When an enterprise incurs expenses, it shall obtain a pre-tax deduction certificate as the basis for deducting relevant expenses when calculating the taxable income of enterprise income tax. Article 6 An enterprise shall obtain a pre-tax deduction certificate before the end of the final settlement period stipulated in the enterprise income tax law of the current year. Article 7 An enterprise shall keep the information related to the pre-tax deduction voucher, including the contract agreement, expenditure basis and payment voucher, for future reference, so as to verify the authenticity of the pre-tax deduction voucher. Article 8 Pre-tax deduction vouchers are divided into internal vouchers and external vouchers according to their sources. Internal vouchers refer to the original accounting vouchers made by enterprises for the accounting of costs, expenses, losses and other expenses. The filling and use of internal vouchers shall comply with the relevant provisions of national accounting laws and regulations. External vouchers refer to the vouchers obtained by enterprises from other units and individuals to prove the occurrence of their expenses when they have business activities and other matters, including but not limited to invoices (including paper invoices and electronic invoices), financial bills, tax payment vouchers, payment vouchers, split sheets, etc. Article 9 If the expenditure items incurred by an enterprise in China belong to VAT taxable items (hereinafter referred to as "taxable items"), the other party is a VAT taxpayer who has gone through tax registration, and its expenditure is based on invoices (including invoices issued by tax authorities according to regulations) as pre-tax deduction vouchers;The other party is a unit that does not need to apply for tax registration according to law or an individual engaged in small-scale sporadic business, and its expenses are deducted before tax with the invoices or receipts and internal vouchers issued by the tax authorities. The receipts should contain the name of the payee, personal name and ID number, expenditure items, collection amount and other related information. The judgment standard of small-scale sporadic business is that the sales of individuals engaged in taxable items do not exceed the threshold stipulated by the relevant VAT policies. Where the State Administration of Taxation has other provisions on invoicing taxable items, the prescribed invoices or bills shall be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 10 If the expenses incurred by an enterprise in China are not taxable items, if the other party is the unit, other external vouchers other than invoices issued by the other party shall be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers; If the other party is an individual, the internal voucher shall be used as the pre-tax deduction voucher. Although the expenditure items incurred by enterprises in China are not taxable items, invoices can be issued according to the provisions of the State Administration of Taxation, which can be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 11 For the expenses incurred by an enterprise in purchasing goods or services from abroad, the invoice issued by the other party, receipt voucher with invoice nature and relevant tax payment voucher shall be used as the pre-tax deduction voucher. Article 12 An enterprise obtains invoices that are printed privately, forged, altered, invalidated, illegally obtained by the drawer, falsely made out and filled out irregularly (hereinafter referred to as "non-compliant invoices"), and other external vouchers that are not in compliance with national laws, regulations and other relevant provisions (hereinafter referred to as "non-compliant invoices""Non-compliant other external vouchers") shall not be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 13 If an enterprise should have obtained invoices and other external vouchers, or has obtained non-compliant invoices and other external vouchers, if the expenditure is true and has actually occurred, it should ask the other party to reissue and issue invoices and other external vouchers before the end of the annual settlement period. Invoices and other external vouchers that have been reissued or exchanged meet the requirements can be used as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 14 If an enterprise is unable to reissue or exchange invoices or other external vouchers due to special reasons such as cancellation, cancellation, revocation of business license in accordance with the law, and being recognized as an abnormal household by the tax authorities, the expenses can be deducted before tax after the authenticity of the expenses is confirmed by the following materials: (1) Proof of the reasons for the failure to reissue or exchange invoices or other external vouchers (including industrial and commercial cancellation and institutions) (2) Contracts or agreements on related business activities; (3) Payment vouchers paid by non-cash means; (4) Proof materials of cargo transportation; (5) Internal vouchers for goods warehousing and warehousing; (6) Accounting records and other materials of the enterprise. Items 1 to 3 of the preceding paragraph are necessary information. Article 15 After the end of the settlement period, if the tax authorities find that the enterprise should have obtained invoices and other external vouchers, or obtained non-compliant invoices and other external vouchers and informed the enterprise,The enterprise shall, within 60 days from the date of being informed, reissue or exchange invoices and other external vouchers that meet the requirements. Among them, if the other party is unable to reissue or exchange invoices or other external vouchers due to special reasons, the enterprise shall provide relevant information that can confirm the authenticity of its expenditures within 60 days from the date of being informed in accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of these Measures. Article 16 If an enterprise fails to reissue or exchange invoices and other external vouchers that meet the requirements within the prescribed time limit, and fails to provide relevant information to confirm the authenticity of its expenditures in accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of these Measures, the corresponding expenditures shall not be deducted before tax in the year in which they occur. Article 17 Except for the circumstances specified in Article 15 of these Measures, if an enterprise should have obtained invoices and other external vouchers in the previous year, and the corresponding expenses were not deducted before tax in that year, it will obtain invoices and other external vouchers that meet the requirements in the following year or provide relevant information to prove the authenticity of its expenses in accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of these Measures. The corresponding expenses can be retroactive to the pre-tax deduction in the year in which the expenses occurred, but the retroactive period shall not exceed five years. Article 18 If an enterprise and other enterprises (including affiliated enterprises) and individuals jointly accept the payable value-added tax services (hereinafter referred to as "taxable services") in China, they shall share the expenses according to the principle of independent transaction. The enterprise takes the invoice and the split sheet as the pre-tax deduction voucher, and other enterprises that jointly accept taxable services take the split sheet issued by the enterprise as the pre-tax deduction voucher.If the expenses incurred by enterprises and other enterprises and individuals in accepting non-taxable services in China are shared, the enterprises will use other external vouchers and split sheets other than invoices as pre-tax deduction vouchers, and other enterprises that jointly accept non-taxable services will use split sheets issued by enterprises as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 19 If the lessor issues invoices as taxable items for expenses such as water, electricity, gas, air conditioning, heating, communication lines, cable TV, internet, etc. incurred by an enterprise in renting (including the enterprise as a single lessee) office and production premises, the enterprise shall use the invoices as pre-tax deduction vouchers; If the lessor adopts the sharing method, the enterprise shall take other external vouchers issued by the lessor as pre-tax deduction vouchers. Article 20 These Measures shall come into force as of July 1, 2018.

　　On Monday, Tesla (TSLA.US) rose 6.14% to $463.02, a record high, with a total market value of $1.49 trillion. Musk’s worth soared by $19.2 billion overnight. According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as of Monday’s close, Musk’s net worth reached $474 billion, which has soared by $245 billion year-to-date. The day before, Dan Ives, an analyst at Wade Bush Securities, raised Tesla’s target price from $400 to $515, making it the highest target price on Wall Street. He also gave a target price of $650 under the "optimistic scenario", which will make Tesla’s market value reach about $2.1 trillion.

　　CCTV News:On October 23, 2017, the Ministry of Commerce issued Announcement No.61 of 2017, imposing anti-dumping duties on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. After a name change review, this measure will expire on October 23, 2022. At present, the corporate tax rate in Korea is 6.2%-30.4%, that in Thailand is 18.5%-34.9%, and that in Malaysia is 8.0%-9.5%.

　　On July 12, 2022, the Ministry of Commerce received the application for final review of anti-dumping measures submitted by Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd., Ningxia Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Kaifeng Yu Long Chemical Co., Ltd., Yankuang Lunan Chemical Co., Ltd., Tangshan Zhonghao Chemical Co., Ltd. and CNOOC Amano Chemical Co., Ltd. on behalf of domestic industries. The applicant claims that if the anti-dumping measures are terminated, the dumping of imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia to China may continue or recur, and the damage to China’s industry may continue or recur, and requests the Ministry of Commerce to conduct a final review investigation on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia, and maintain the anti-dumping measures imposed on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia.

　　According to the relevant provisions of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce has reviewed the applicant’s qualifications, the relevant information about the products under investigation and similar products in China, the import of the products under investigation during the implementation of anti-dumping measures, the possibility of continued or reoccurrence of dumping, the possibility of continued or reoccurrence of damage and relevant evidence. The available evidence shows that the applicant meets the provisions of Articles 11, 13 and 17 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on industry and industry representation, and is qualified to file an application on behalf of the paraformaldehyde industry in China. The investigation organ believes that the applicant’s claims and the prima facie evidence submitted meet the requirements of the final review and filing.

　　According to Article 48 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce has decided to conduct a final review investigation on the anti-dumping measures applicable to imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia from October 24, 2022. The relevant matters are hereby announced as follows:

　　I. Continue to implement anti-dumping measures

　　According to the suggestion of the Ministry of Commerce, the Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council decided to continue to levy anti-dumping duties on imported copolyformaldehyde originating in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia in accordance with the scope of taxable products and tax rates announced by the Ministry of Commerce in the annex during the final review investigation of anti-dumping measures.

　　The anti-dumping tax rates levied on companies are as follows:

　　Korean companies:

　　1. Korea Engineering Plastics Co., Ltd. 30.0%

　　（KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS CO.,LTD.）

　　2. (Zhu) Kelong Plastic Co., Ltd. 6.2%

　　（KOLON PLASTICS, INC.)

　　3. Other Korean companies 30.4%

　　（All others）

　　Thai company:

　　1. Thailand Polyformaldehyde Co., Ltd. 18.5%

　　（THAI POLYACETAL CO., LTD.）

　　2. Other Thai companies 34.9%

　　（All others）

　　Malaysian company:

　　1. Baoli Plastics (Asia Pacific) Company 8.0%

　　（Polyplastics Asia Pacific Sdn. Bhd.）

　　2. Other Malaysian companies 9.5%

　　（All others）

　　Second, the review investigation period

　　The dumping investigation period of this review is from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022, and the industrial injury investigation period is from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2022.

　　Third, review the scope of products under investigation

　　The scope of products reviewed is the products to which the original anti-dumping measures apply, which is consistent with the scope of products to which the anti-dumping measures announced by the Ministry of Commerce are listed in the annex, as follows:

　　Product name: copolymerized polyoxymethylene, also known as polyoxymethylene copolymer, or polyoxymethylene copolymer.

　　English name: Polyformaldehyde Copolymer, or Polyoxymethylene Copolymer, or Copolymer-type Acetal Resin, or Acetal Copolymer, etc. English name is usually referred to as POM Copolymer for short.

　　Chemical molecular formula:-[CH2-O] n-[CH2-O-CH2-CH2] m-(n > m).

　　Physical and chemical characteristics: Copolymerized polyoxymethylene is a thermoplastic resin synthesized from formaldehyde, with -CH2-O- main chain and -[CH2-O-CH2-CH2]- block bond (the content of -CH2-O- is more than 50% by weight). At room temperature, it is usually a milky white or yellowish granular solid, and it also meets the following performance indexes:

　　

　　Main uses: Copolymer polyoxymethylene has good comprehensive mechanical properties such as high mechanical strength, high fatigue resistance, high creep resistance, etc. It can partially replace metal materials such as copper, zinc, tin and lead, and can be directly used or modified for automobile parts, electronic appliances, industrial machinery, daily necessities, sports equipment, medical appliances, pipeline fittings, building materials and other fields.

　　This product belongs to People’s Republic of China (PRC) Import and Export Tariff: 39071010 and 39071090. Other products under these two tax codes, such as homopolymerized polyoxymethylene and modified polyoxymethylene, are not within the scope of the products under investigation.

　　Fourth, the content of the review

　　The contents of this review investigation are: If the anti-dumping measures against imported copolyformaldehyde originating in Korea, Thailand and Malaysia are terminated, whether dumping and damage may continue or recur.

　　V. Register for the survey

　　Interested parties may, within 20 days from the date of this announcement, register with the Trade Relief and Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce to participate in this anti-dumping final review investigation. Interested parties participating in the survey shall provide basic identity information, the quantity and amount of products under investigation exported or imported to China, the quantity and amount of similar products produced and sold, and related information according to the Reference Form for Registration to Participate in the Survey. The reference format for registering for the survey can be downloaded from the website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce.

　　Interested parties who register to participate in this anti-dumping investigation shall submit the electronic version through the "Information Platform for Trade Relief Investigation" (https://etrb.mofcom.gov.cn), and submit the written version at the same time according to the requirements of the Ministry of Commerce. The contents of the electronic version and the written version should be the same, and the format should be consistent.

　　The interested parties mentioned in this announcement refer to the individuals and organizations stipulated in Article 19 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China.

　　Sixth, access to public information

　　Interested parties may download it from the website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce or go to the Trade Relief Public Information Consulting Room of the Ministry of Commerce (Tel: 0086-10-65197878) to find, read, copy and copy the non-confidential text of the application submitted by the applicant in this case. During the investigation, interested parties may search, read, copy and copy the public information of the case through relevant websites or to the consulting room of trade remedy public information of the Ministry of Commerce.

　　VII. Comments on filing a case

　　If interested parties need to comment on the product scope, applicant qualifications, countries (regions) under investigation and other related issues, they can submit their written opinions to the Trade Relief and Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce within 20 days from the date of this announcement.

　　Eight, the investigation method

　　According to the provisions of Article 20 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce can obtain information from relevant stakeholders and conduct investigations by means of questionnaires, sampling, hearings and on-site verification.

　　In order to obtain the information needed for the investigation of this case, the Ministry of Commerce usually issues questionnaires to interested parties within 10 working days from the deadline for registration and participation in the investigation stipulated in this announcement. Interested parties can download the questionnaire from the website of the Ministry of Commerce and the sub-website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau.

　　The interested parties shall submit complete and accurate answers within the specified time. The answer sheet should include all the information required by the questionnaire.

　　IX. Submission and processing of information

　　In the process of investigation, interested parties shall submit comments, answers, etc. through the "Information Platform for Trade Relief Investigation" (https://etrb.mofcom.gov.cn), and at the same time submit the written version according to the requirements of the Ministry of Commerce. The contents of the electronic version and the written version should be the same, and the format should be consistent.

　　If the information submitted by interested parties to the Ministry of Commerce needs to be kept confidential, they may request the Ministry of Commerce to keep the relevant information confidential and explain the reasons. If the Ministry of Commerce agrees to its request, the interested party applying for confidentiality shall also provide a non-confidential summary of the confidential information. The non-confidential summary shall contain sufficient meaningful information so that other interested parties can have a reasonable understanding of the confidential information. If you cannot provide a non-confidential summary, you should explain the reasons. If the information submitted by interested parties does not indicate the need for confidentiality, the Ministry of Commerce will regard the information as public information.

　　X. Consequences of Non-cooperation

　　According to Article 21 of the Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, when the Ministry of Commerce conducts an investigation, the interested parties shall truthfully reflect the situation and provide relevant information. If the interested party fails to truthfully report the situation and provide relevant information, or fails to provide necessary information within a reasonable time, or seriously hinders the investigation in other ways, the Ministry of Commerce may make a ruling based on the facts already obtained and the best information available.

　　XI. Time limit for investigation

　　This survey started on October 24th, 2022 and should be completed before October 24th, 2023 (excluding today).

　　XII. Contact information of the Ministry of Commerce

　　Address: No.2 East Chang ‘an Street, Beijing, China

　　Postal code: 100731

　　Import Investigation Division 3 of Trade Relief Investigation Bureau of Ministry of Commerce

　　Tel: 0086-10-65197586, 65198175

　　Fax: 0086-10-65198172

　　Related websites: the website of the Ministry of Commerce and the sub-website of the Trade Relief Investigation Bureau (the website is https://trb.mofcom.gov.cn).

　　Ministry of Commerce

　　October 23, 2022

　　Photo by Liu Zhengyun (Xinhua News Agency)

　　Not long ago, an online article about the flu burst into a circle of friends. Many people lamented: "A small flu is so harmful!"

　　Although influenza virus has high variability, rapid spread and strong harm, this epidemic did not cause panic, because we have medicine in our hands — — From capsules and granules to injections, from the world’s first technology to the establishment of the world’s largest production line, China has become one of the countries with the richest anti-influenza drugs and the strongest clinical treatment support ability in the world. It has the independent prevention and control ability to deal with any scale of influenza, and has long since got rid of the dilemma that prevention and control drugs can’t be bought, can’t afford it and can’t be bought at a critical moment.

　　When it comes to national emergency rescue and major epidemic prevention and control, we can’t help but mention a little-known research institute — — Overcoming various technical difficulties and achieving major scientific research achievements among the world’s advanced ranks, they can often win at such a critical moment — — This is a pharmaceutical research institute of the Military Medical Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences, which is known as "the vanguard of protection and the iron army of epidemic prevention".

　　It is this institute that has successively graduated from seven academicians of the two academies, owned a "double-qualified" laboratory designated by an international organization and seven national and military key laboratories, won more than 190 high-level scientific and technological achievement awards represented by the national special prize for scientific and technological progress and the first and second prizes, obtained 74 new drug certificates and granted more than 500 patents, successively awarded an honorary title to a research laboratory, and five teams won the collective first and second prizes.

　　In the spring of 2003, when the SARS virus was raging, the team led by Li Song, a researcher at the Institute, locked the epidemic virus as the main research direction and soon achieved results. They predicted that the next sudden major epidemic was likely to be influenza, and then they raised funds to carry out drug pre-research.

　　"No one is forcing us to do these things. It is better to engage in other topics, send some articles, and evaluate the titles and ranks." Some young researchers in the team questioned. Li Song replied: "We are lucky to have the opportunity to do something truly meaningful for the country and the people!"

　　By 2009, when H1N1 struck again, Li Song’s team once again created a miracle: the drug production capacity was increased by 30 times, and the national reserve task of 26 million people was completed in only 135 days, saving the country 5.7 billion yuan in procurement funds.

　　Can achieve such results, relying on a "cold bench" spirit. In the field of anti-drug struggle, Li Jin, a researcher at the institute, has been sitting on the "cold bench" for 20 years. Work normally ends at 10: 30 at night, and the progress of scientific research is reported regularly. All major discoveries must be verified repeatedly … … These unwritten rules have been adhered to in Li Jin’s research group for 20 years. This is an ordinary 20 years, except for the laboratory or the laboratory; This has been a hard journey for 20 years, and every progress has been difficult.

　　Hard work pays off, and good news keeps coming: Li Jin was hired as the chief scientist of the first national 973 project in the field of drug rehabilitation in China; His research group discovered a new opioid function regulation system and proved for the first time that this system has a clear inhibitory effect on opioid addiction and relapse; A new Chinese medicine for preventing opioid relapse — — Duanjin Jiedu Capsule has ideal detoxification and relapse prevention effects, and it is not addictive. Recently, it has obtained the national clinical approval & HELIP; …

　　In the pharmaceutical synthesis laboratory, the reporter saw such a scene: on the computer screen, a mass of green substance appeared, with a yellow depression in the middle, and a row of irregular branches slowly approached and embedded in it.

　　"This is a virtual drug screening experiment conducted by researchers using trillions of cluster computer systems." Xiao Junhai, deputy director of the institute, said that this platform can screen 500,000 molecules every day, which is thousands of times more efficient than traditional screening methods. The workload in the past six months can now be completed in a few days. He introduced that a good platform for production, learning and research is a big "magnetic field" for them to attract talents.

　　"In addition to yearning for military status, I value the scientific research environment here, the innovative atmosphere that is not troubled by fame and fortune, and I am willing to work here without paying money!" Duan Xiaotao, a doctor studying in the United States, would rather give up his high salary than come to the institute for scientific research.

　　At present, the institute has three academicians of the two academies, 30 of whom have been selected into the national major talent projects such as the 100-million-person talent project and the national 10,000-person plan, and 15 of them have won the military outstanding talent award or been selected into the military major talent projects such as the innovative talent project.

　　What is rare is that such a team that chooses the best among the best has a heart that is willing to contribute and indifferent to fame and fortune. As we all know, drug research and development and production are extremely profitable in the market, and patent fees alone are very considerable. However, when a new type of antibiotic came on the market, the experts of the institute strongly urged enterprises not to mass-produce for economic benefits, so as not to lose the last line of defense against superbugs. Li Song has a "three noes" principle — — Do not love power, fame or wealth.

　　In times of crisis, they dare to rush ahead. After the "8.12" explosion accident in Tianjin Port in 2015, Wang Yongan, a protection expert of the Institute, took the lead in entering the explosion core area and completed a "most beautiful retrograde". Wearing heavy protective clothing and working continuously in high temperature, he almost collapsed. After careful investigation, he put forward "don’t enter unless you prevent it, don’t enter unless you train it, handle it across regions, and protect it at different levels", which became the action criterion to guide the rescue.

　　Wang Yongan’s feat in such a critical moment is not uncommon in this institute. One year, the institute undertook the production task of an emergency drug. Due to the dangerous production process, the manufacturer suddenly changed his mind and withdrew all the workers on the eve of construction. Under urgent circumstances, Jiao Kefang, Xie Yunde and others stationed in pharmaceutical factories resolutely undertook all production tasks. Put buckets of raw materials into the reaction kettle by hand and take turns to be on duty 24 hours a day … … After more than 40 days, they delivered the qualified drugs to the troops on time.

　　"There are many touching stories behind every scientific research achievement." Director Su Ruibin was deeply touched.

　　Behind the story is the continuous struggle and selfless dedication of generations of researchers in the institute.

　　(Shao Longfei and Zhuang Yingna participated in the writing)

　　　　 China’s current consumer rights protection system is mainly the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Product Quality Law, the Consumer Rights Protection Law, the civil compensation system in the civil law and the product "three guarantees" system implemented by administrative means in 1988.

Although the above-mentioned laws and regulations in China provide consumers with weapons to protect their rights, the contents related to the recall of defective products are general, too general and lack of operability. For example, Article 26 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Product Quality Law clearly stipulates: "Producers should be responsible for the quality of their products." Article 18 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests clearly stipulates: "If an operator finds that the goods or services provided by him are seriously defective, even if the goods or services are used correctly, it may still cause harm to personal and property safety, he shall immediately report to the relevant administrative department and inform the consumers, and take measures to prevent the harm."

Although these laws and regulations in China are the same as the product recall system to protect consumers’ personal and property interests, there are obvious differences between them. According to China’s current laws and regulations, a product will only be treated after it has caused harm. At present, the domestic treatment of defective products, such as quality problems or unqualified products, mainly adopts that the damaged consumers claim compensation from the sellers or manufacturers through judicial procedures on the grounds of breach of contract or infringement. For defective products in mass production, a large number of consumers’ personal and property are damaged.How the administrative organs manage and punish, and promote enterprises to improve and make up for product defects is still weak. After the implementation of the defective product recall system, as long as a batch of products are found to have quality problems and may cause harm to consumers, enterprises are obliged to recall or destroy the products. Obviously, the product recall system has the function of "nip in the bud", which has obvious advantages compared with the passive protection of the Consumer Protection Law.

1905 movie network feature "The true meaning of life does not lie in the peak and glory,

But keep running, don’t stop. "

— — This is the sports inspirational film.

The attitude towards life that I want to convey.

The film "Beyond", which is supervised by and starring, is one of the few films focusing on sprint in China. The film tells the story of sprinter Hao Chao’s self-transcendence again with his willpower after he fell from the peak to the trough. The film combines sports, blood, persistence, youth, reality and other elements, and truly shows the athletes’ strength and the choices and challenges they face in the beautiful memories of youth and the cruelty of reality.

"Running under the Fireworks"

Ryan’s Strength Deduces Two-sided Life

Hao Chao, a former flying man, collapsed after retiring and became a greasy uncle. When facing his younger brother who regarded him as an opponent and idol, he only wanted to make a profit. Even though life has given Hao a reason to surpass himself, when his beloved sport reappears in his life and his younger brother needs his encouragement, he still expresses his love for sprinting with actions, which is a kind of inheritance of sportsmanship.

Under the gorgeous fireworks, middle-aged Hao Chao ran hard and kept calling his younger brother Wu Tianyi to "run, don’t stop". At the same time, the classic moment of Hao Chao’s sprint on the 100-meter track was also interspersed. Extremely explosive performances and wonderful editing have become the biggest tears in the whole film.

Hao Chao can get back on his feet, not only because of the strong character honed by the experience of sports students, but also because of the encouragement of family and friends. Hao Chao saw his high-spirited self from his younger brother, and also drew strength from his best friend Niu Tieju.

"Every weight I tried to lift,

Can make me remember it for a lifetime, because I really like it. "

"Run 100 meters in 47 steps"

　This is the unique romance of sports people.

Beyond is not only a sports inspirational film, but also integrates the unique romance of sports people into it. In the movie, Hao Chao explained the skill of running 100 meters in 47 steps. Why is it "47 steps"? Ryan also unveiled the hidden egg for the audience.

Regarding this figure, the film contains a lot of design and ingenuity. At the beginning of the film, young Hao Chaoyue proposed to Qi Yueyue for a gold medal, and the day when Hao Chaoyue proposed was April 7. In addition, Hao Chao wears the number cloth of "47", and the name of their son Hao Siqi also comes from the homonym of this number "47".