Municipalities and Guangde City, susong county Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, Development and Reform Commission, Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau (Urban-Rural Development Bureau), Transportation Bureau, Water Conservancy (Water Affairs) Bureau, Municipal Telecom Infrastructure Co-construction and Sharing Office (Communication Development Office), China People’s Bank’s downtown branches, and all banking supervision branches:

The measures for the implementation of wage guarantee for migrant workers in the field of engineering construction in Anhui Province are hereby printed and distributed to you, please implement them.

　

　

　

Anhui Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security Anhui Provincial Development and Reform Commission

　

　

　

Anhui Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Anhui Provincial Department of Transportation

　

　

　

Anhui Provincial Department of Water Resources Anhui Provincial Communications Management Bureau

　

　

　

China People’s Bank Hefei Central Branch China China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission Anhui Supervision Bureau

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　March 18, 2022

　

　

　

　

Wage security deposit for migrant workers in the field of engineering construction in Anhui Province

measures for the implementation

　

Chapter I General Provisions

the first　　In order to protect the wage rights and interests of migrant workers according to law, optimize the business environment, and play an important role in solving the problem of wage arrears for migrant workers, according to the Regulations on the Protection of Wage Payment for Migrant Workers (Order No.724 of the State Council), the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Wage Guarantee for Migrant Workers in the Field of Engineering Construction (No.65 issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security [2021]) and the Provisions on Wage Payment in Anhui Province (Order No.194 of the provincial government), etc.

the second　　As mentioned in these Measures, the wage guarantee for migrant workers (hereinafter referred to as wage guarantee) refers to the general contractor in the field of engineering construction (includingProfessional contracting enterprises that directly contract construction units to contract projects set up accounts in the bank and store them according to a certain proportion of the project construction contract amount, which is specially used to pay special funds for migrant workers who provide labor for contracted projects.

Wage deposit can be replaced by bank guarantee or guarantee insurance issued by financial institutions, and the introduction of guarantee company guarantee can be explored in areas where conditions permit. Actively develop electronic guarantee (insurance policy).

Article　　These Measures shall apply to the storage proportion, storage form, reduction and exemption measures and the use and return of wage deposits in the field of engineering construction.

Article 4　　The provincial administrative department of human resources and social security is responsible for organizing the implementation of the unified wage guarantee system in the province, relying on the supervision information system for ensuring the wage payment of migrant workers in the province, and implementing digital and process management of wage guarantee storage.

The administrative departments of human resources and social security at all levels should establish and improve the consultation mechanism with the local industrial engineering construction departments and financial supervision departments, strengthen information notification and law enforcement cooperation, and ensure the standardized and smooth operation of the wage guarantee system.

Article 5　　Wage margin by the municipal or county human resources and social security administrative departmentSpecific managementWhen conditions are ripe, it will gradually transition to the provincial administrative department of human resources and social security.manage.

Municipal or county-level human resources and social security administrative departments that implement specific management, hereinafter referred to as "territorial human resources and social security administrative departments"; The corresponding administrative regions are hereinafter collectively referred to as "wage deposit management regions".

The geographical location of the same project involves two or more.manageArea, designated by the common administrative department of human resources and social security at the next higher level, and the competent department of industrial engineering construction at the same level.

Chapter II Storage of Wage Margin

Article 6　　General contracting of constructionunitThe wage deposit shall be stored in the bank where the project is located, and a bank guarantee or guarantee insurance may also be applied for.

Article 7　　The bank handling the wage margin (hereinafter referred to as the handling bank) shall meet the following conditions for opening, storing, inquiring, withdrawing, canceling the account and opening a letter of guarantee for the wage margin account according to law:

(1) There is a legal person institution of a commercial bank or its authorized branch in the wage guarantee management area where the project is located;

(2) It has a good credit rating and excellent service level, and promises to provide wage guarantee business services in accordance with regulatory requirements.

Article 8　　An insurance company handling the wage deposit shall meet the following conditions for underwriting, inquiring, settling claims and issuing policies and insurance certificates for the performance guarantee insurance of migrant workers’ wage payment according to law:

(a) there is an insurance company legal person institution or its authorized branch in the wage deposit management area where the project is located;

(2) It has a good credit rating and excellent service level, and promises to provide special insurance products (one-year and multi-year) for the performance of wage payment for migrant workers filed in China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China in accordance with regulatory requirements.

Article 9　　General contracting of constructionunitIt shall, within 20 working days from the date of obtaining the construction permit (approval of the commencement report) of the project (within 20 working days from the date of signing the construction contract for the project that does not need to apply for the construction permit and approve the commencement report according to law), hold the business license, the construction contract signed with the construction unit and the differentiated deposit certification materials, and open a special account for wage deposit in the handling bank to store the wage deposit. The name of the special account is the name of the construction general contractor plus the name of the project plus the "special account for wage deposit".

If the general contractor has two or more projects under construction in the same wage margin management area, it may open a new special account, or manage the projects separately under the existing special account, provided that it meets the regulatory requirements of the project location.

For the project contracted by the consortium, the construction unit and the contractor agree in the contract agreement on the deposit subject, sharing and method of the wage deposit. If there is no agreement, the organizer or leader of the consortium will store the wage deposit.

Article 10　　General construction contract for storing wage depositunitThe Agreement on Deposit of Migrant Workers’ Wages shall be signed with the handling bank (Annex 1), and a copy of the Agreement shall be sent to the local administrative department of human resources and social security for the record.

Article 11　　The handling bank shall standardize the work of opening a wage margin account, provide necessary convenience for storing the wage margin, verify the nature of the account with the account opening unit, make special marks on the wage margin account in the business system, and make overall restrictions on seizure, freezing or transfer settings on relevant network inspection and control platforms and electronic special line information transmission systems to prevent improper seizure, freezing or transfer, and ensure the safety of funds.

Article 12　　The wage deposit shall be stored according to a certain proportion of the project construction contract amount (or annual contract amount), and shall be distinguished according to the following circumstances:

(1) If the contract amount is more than 300 million yuan (inclusive), the storage ratio of wage deposit shall be 1%, and the storage amount shall not exceed 5 million yuan;

(two) the contract amount is less than 300 million yuan, the wage deposit storage ratio is 2%, and the storage amount is not more than 3 million yuan.

Article 13　　In any of the following circumstances, the wage deposit shall be managed in a differentiated manner:

(1) General contracting of constructionAfter the unit stores the wage deposit or submits the bank guarantee and guarantee insurance, it undertakes the construction of the project in the wage deposit management area.In a certain period of time, if there is no wage arrears, the real-name management of employment and the special account for migrant workers’ wages are implemented as required, or if the employee has obtained the title of labor security integrity demonstration unit, excellent construction enterprise and A-level evaluation of labor security integrity level, after application, the salary deposit for the new project should be reduced or exempted from storage.

1. If there is no wage arrears for two consecutive years and the real-name management of employment and the special account system for migrant workers’ wages are implemented as required, the storage ratio of wage deposit will drop by 50% (the starting date will be calculated retrospectively from the date of application);

2. If there is no wage arrears for three consecutive years and the real-name management of employment and the special account system for migrant workers’ wages are implemented as required, the wage deposit is exempted (the starting date is calculated retrospectively from the date of application);

3. Provincial labor security integrity demonstration units are exempt from storing wage deposits within 3 years in the whole province, and municipal labor security integrity demonstration units are exempt from storing wage deposits within 3 years or credit rating A-level enterprises within 1 year in the administrative area of this Municipality (counting time is calculated from the date specified in the integrity demonstration unit certificate or the date of release of rating evaluation);

4. Excellent construction enterprises at the provincial level are exempted from storing wage deposits within 2 years in the whole province, and excellent construction enterprises at the municipal level are exempted from storing wage deposits within 2 years in the administrative area of this Municipality (counting from the date specified in the certificate of excellent construction enterprises).

(2) The general contractor of construction has more than 3 projects under construction in the same wage deposit management area, and the storage ratio will be lowered by 0.5% on the basis of differentiated deposit, but not less than 0.5% of the construction contract amount.

If the construction contract amount is less than 3 million yuan, and the general contractor of the project has not defaulted on the wages of the project undertaken within one year before the signing of the construction contract, it is exempt from storing the wage deposit.

(3)General contracting of constructionunitWage arrears occurred in the construction project in the wage margin management area within 2 years before storing wage margin or submitting bank guarantee and guarantee insurance.　The proportion of wage deposit storage increased by 50%; If the wage arrears of migrant workers are included in the "list of serious untrustworthy subjects", the proportion of wage deposits will increase by 100%; After the increase, it is not limited by the upper limit of storage amount.

Article 14　　General contracting of construction that meets the conditions of reducing or exempting wage deposit.unit, a written application shall be submitted to the local administrative department of human resources and social security (Annex 2), and the local administrative department of human resources and social security shall review and give a written reply within 3 working days, and issue the Certificate of Differentiated Deposit of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Annex 3). Audit should be comprehensive construction general contracting.unitDaily inspection of honesty and law-abiding, clues about unpaid wages reflect the handling of cases on the platform, and the implementation of the wage payment guarantee system in the wage payment supervision information system for migrant workers.

Article 15　　The storage ratio of wage margin can be dynamically adjusted regularly according to the actual situation of ensuring the wage payment of migrant workers in this province, and announced to the public on its own initiative.

Article 16　　The principal and interest in the wage guarantee account belong to the construction general contractor who opened the account.unitAll. During the period when the wage deposit account is supervised, the enterprise can freely withdraw and use the interest and other lawful income of the wage deposit.

Except in accordance with the provisions of Article 22 of these Provisions, no other unit or individual may use the principal in the wage guarantee account.

Article 17　　The general contractor of construction adopts bank guarantee or guarantee insurance instead of cash to store wage deposit, and the amount of guarantee or insurance of guarantee is equal to the amount of wage deposit stored in cash.

The original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate (Annexes 4 and 5) shall be submitted to the local administrative department of human resources and social security for preservation.

Article 18　　The bank guarantee shall be in favor of the local administrative department of human resources and social security, and the nature of the guarantee is irrevocable on demand.

Guarantee insurance replaces wage deposit, and the local administrative department of human resources and social security has the right to claim insurance money on behalf of the insured, and finally pays it to the insured.

Article 19　　General contracting of constructionunitEffective letter of guarantee and insurance shall be provided during the construction period of the project, and the validity period of the letter of guarantee and insurance shall be at least one year and exceed the construction contract period by more than 90 days (inclusive). If the unfinished letter of guarantee and insurance of the project expire, the general construction contract will be made.unitA new letter of guarantee and insurance shall be replaced or the validity period of the letter of guarantee and insurance shall be extended one month before its expiration.

Article 20　　In accordance with the provisions of differentiated storage, the construction general contracting unit that has reduced or exempted the wage deposit has the problem of wage arrears for migrant workers, and if the circumstances are serious and cause adverse social impact, it shall re-store the wage deposit in accordance with the provisions of wage deposit storage.

Article 21　　The local administrative department of human resources and social security shall store the wage deposit or open a bank guarantee and guarantee the general construction contract.unitThe list and the corresponding project name shall be announced to the public, and the construction general contracting enterprise shall incorporate the implementation of the wage guarantee system in this project into the content of the rights protection information bulletin board.

Chapter III Use of Wage Margin

Article 22　　General contracting of constructionunitIf the contracted project is in arrears with the wages of migrant workers, the administrative department of human resources and social security of the territory shall make an administrative decision to order it to pay off within a time limit or pay off in advance, and the general construction contract shall be made.unitIf the local human resources and social security administrative department refuses to perform at the due date, it may issue the Notice of Payment of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Annex 6, hereinafter referred to as the Notice of Payment) to the handling bank, and notify the relevant general construction contractor and the handling bank in writing. The handling bank shall, within 5 working days after receiving the Notice of Payment, pay the corresponding amount of money from the wage guarantee account to the migrant workers who are in arrears of wages designated by the local administrative department of human resources and social security by bank transfer.

General contracting of constructionunitWhere the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance is used to replace the wage deposit, the agency providing the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance shall pay the wages of migrant workers in accordance with the bank guarantee and guarantee insurance agreement within 5 working days after receiving the Notice of Payment.

Article 23　　After the wage deposit is used, the general construction contract will be made.unitThe wage deposit shall be replenished within 10 working days from the date of use.

Where the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance is used to replace the wage deposit, the general construction contract will be undertaken.unitA new letter of guarantee with the same scope and amount of guarantee as the original letter of guarantee, new insurance with the same scope and amount of insurance liability as the original insurance shall be provided within 10 working days, or the wage deposit shall be stored in cash. After the construction general contractor opens a new letter of guarantee and insurance, the original letter of guarantee and insurance liability shall become invalid.

Article 24　　Where the wage deposit is stored in cash, the handling bank shall provide the wage deposit statement to the construction general contractor and the local human resources and social security administrative department every quarter.

Article 25　　After the completion of the project corresponding to the wage deposit, the general contractor of the construction makes a written commitment that there is no unresolved problem of wage arrears for migrant workers in this project, and can apply for returning (canceling) the wage deposit or returning the original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate 30 days after the rights protection information bulletin board on the construction site and the portal website of the local human resources and social security administrative department are publicized.

The local administrative department of human resources and social security shall complete the examination within 5 working days after the general contractor submits the written application (Annex 7), and issue the Confirmation Letter of Return (Cancellation) of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers within 3 working days after the examination (Annex 8). After the handling bank receives the confirmation letter, the wage deposit account will be deregistered, and the corresponding funds will no longer belong to the wage deposit. The general contractor can freely dispose of the account funds or cancel the account.

If the bank guarantee or guarantee insurance is used to store the wage deposit instead of cash, and it complies with the provisions of the first paragraph of this article, the local administrative department of human resources and social security shall undertake the general construction contract.unitSubmit a written application and review it within 5 working days, and return the original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate within 3 working days after review.

The local administrative department of human resources and social security finds that there is an unresolved problem of wage arrears for migrant workers in the corresponding project during the audit, and should inform the general contractor in writing within 3 working days after the audit is completed. After the general contractor performs the responsibility of paying off (paying off first) according to law, it can submit a written application for returning (canceling) the wage deposit or returning the original bank guarantee and guarantee insurance certificate again.

Article 26　　The local administrative department of human resources and social security shall establish a regular (at least once every six months) check mechanism for the wage guarantee. If it is verified that the project is completed and there is no problem of wage arrears for migrant workers, the general contractor of construction fails to submit the application for return within a certain period of time, it should take the initiative to start the return procedure.

Article 27　　General contracting of constructionunitIf an administrative act of an administrative department damages its lawful rights and interests, it may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit to a people’s court according to law.

Chapter IV Supervision of Wage Margin

Article 28　　The competent department of industrial engineering construction shall inform the relevant units in writing to store the wage deposit in time when issuing the construction permit or approving the commencement report, and feed back the basic information of the project to the local administrative department of human resources and social security in writing within 3 working days.

Article 29　　The wage deposit shall be earmarked for special purposes, except for paying off (paying off first) the general construction contract.unitThe contracted projects shall not be used for other purposes except the wages owed to migrant workers.

Unless otherwise provided by law, the wage deposit shall not be sealed up, frozen or allocated for reasons other than paying the wages of migrant workers who provide labor for this project.

Article 30　　The administrative department of human resources and social security should strengthen supervision and control over the general contracting of construction.unitFailing to store or supplement the wage deposit (or provide or update the guarantee and guarantee insurance) according to the Regulations on the Protection of Wage Payment of Migrant Workers and these Measures, the legal liability shall be investigated in accordance with the provisions of Article 55 of the Regulations on the Protection of Wage Payment of Migrant Workers.

For the general construction contract that fails to implement the wage guarantee system according to the regulations.unitIn addition to administrative punishment (handling) according to law, it should be included in its credit record in accordance with relevant regulations, and credit punishment should be implemented according to law.

If banks, insurance companies and other agencies fail to handle the wage guarantee business according to the regulations, the provincial human resources and social security administrative department will take regulatory measures in conjunction with the financial regulatory department according to law.

Article 31　　The administrative department of human resources and social security in the territory should establish a wage guarantee management ledger, strictly regulate the financial and auditing systems, strengthen account supervision, and ensure earmarking. The management ledger should include relevant information such as the storage, filing, use and return of the wage margin, and be included in the management of the supervision information system for ensuring the wage payment of migrant workers.

The competent department of industrial engineering construction shall promptly notify the administrative department of human resources and social security at the same level of the problem of failing to store the wage deposit according to the regulations found in the daily supervision and inspection.

If the administrative department arbitrarily reduces or exempts, collects over the limit, misappropriates illegally, or delays the return of the wage deposit without any reason, the responsibility shall be seriously investigated, and the relevant responsible personnel shall be held accountable according to the law and regulations; Those suspected of committing a crime shall be transferred to judicial organs for handling.

Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

Article 32　　Other projects outside the fields of housing, municipal administration, railways, highways, waterways, civil aviation, water conservancy and communications shall be implemented with reference to these measures.

Where the wage guarantee is replaced by the guarantee company’s guarantee, it shall be implemented with reference to the relevant provisions of the bank guarantee.

Article 33　　These Measures shall be interpreted by the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security in conjunction with the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Provincial Department of Transportation, the Provincial Department of Water Resources, the Provincial Communications Administration, the Hefei Central Branch of the People’s Bank of China, and the Anhui Supervision Bureau of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China. Major problems encountered in the implementation, please report to the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security in a timely manner.

Article 34　　These Measures shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

Before the implementation of these Measures, the wage deposit, bank guarantee or guarantee insurance that has been stored according to the original wage deposit policy of the territory shall remain valid, and its daily management, use and return shall be implemented in accordance with the original provisions; After the implementation of these measures, the wage margin of newly started projects and projects under construction that have not yet stored the wage margin shall be implemented in accordance with these measures.

Attachment: 1. Deposit Agreement for Wage Margin of Migrant Workers (Sample)

2. Application Form for Differentiated Deposit of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Sample)

3 migrant workers’ wage margin differential deposit certificate (sample)

4 migrant workers’ wage deposit bank guarantee (sample)

5 migrant workers’ wage payment performance guarantee insurance certificate (sample)

6. Notice of Payment of Wage Margin for Migrant Workers (Sample)

7 migrant workers’ wage deposit return (cancellation) application form (sample)

8 migrant workers’ wage deposit return (cancellation) confirmation (sample)

Attachment 1-8.doc

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Guangdong Provincial People’s Government’s Report on Forest Resources in Guangdong Province in 2011

Bulletin on the assessment of the target responsibility system for protection and development

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People’s governments at the local level and listed, people’s governments of counties (cities, districts), departments and institutions directly under the provincial government:

　　According to the "Guangdong Province" Twelfth Five-Year Plan period forest resources protection and development target responsibility system assessment methods ",with the consent of the provincial people’s government, the Provincial Forestry Department conducted an assessment of the implementation of the target responsibility system for forest resources protection and development in 2011. The assessment is hereby notified as follows:

　　First, the implementation of the target responsibility system for forest resources protection and development in the province in 2011

　　In 2011, all localities and departments in the province conscientiously implemented the decision-making arrangements of the provincial party committee and the provincial government to implement the green development strategy, the sustainable development strategy and the construction of an ecologically beautiful and happy Guangdong, adhered to the road of establishing a province by ecology, took the responsibility system for forest resources protection and development as the starting point, strengthened forestry ecological construction, strengthened forest ecological protection, solidly promoted the reform of collective forest right system, and achieved remarkable results in the protection and development of forest resources.

　　(A) forest resources "double increase" target annual construction tasks completed well.In 2011, the province participated in 31.92 million voluntary tree planting and planted 100.47 million trees; The afforestation area is 3.55 million mu; The forest area of the province is 157 million mu, the forest coverage rate is 57.3%, the forest stock volume is 455 million cubic meters, the total output value of forestry industry is 332.8 billion yuan, and the total value of forest ecological benefits is 979.6 billion yuan, which fully realizes the annual protection and development goal of "double increase" of forest resources.

　　(2) The task of reforming the collective forest right system was successfully completed.The province has completed a total of 141 million mu of collective forest land, accounting for 96.6% of the province’s forest reform area; The area of forest right certificate issued was 137 million mu, accounting for 93.4% of the area of forest reform, which consolidated the status of farmers as the main body of business and promoted farmers’ income; Solidly promote the supporting reform of collective forest right system, strengthen forest right management services, and basically complete the reform of grass-roots forestry system. Most counties (cities, districts) have established forest right registration management, forestry property right transaction services and forest resource assets evaluation institutions, which have consolidated the foundation of forestry development and initially achieved the reform goal of "resource growth, farmers’ income increase, good ecology and harmonious forest areas".

　　(3) The protection and management of forest resources have been continuously strengthened.Strengthen the management of forest cutting quota, the total forest consumption in the province is 10.695 million cubic meters, accounting for only 52.7% of the annual forest cutting quota of 20.3 million cubic meters approved by the State Council; Standardize the management of forest land protection, and examine and approve 1,106 forest land projects with an area of 133,000 mu in the whole year; Strengthen the management of timber circulation, establish a new law enforcement mechanism of timber transportation combining fixed inspection with mobile inspection, and the first batch of 29 counties in the province have successively carried out mobile inspection and law enforcement; Conscientiously implement the responsibility system for forest fire prevention. There were 239 mountain fires in the whole province, with an area of 50,500 mu of fire and 22,100 mu of forest. The victim rate of forest fires was 0.15‰, and there were no deaths and serious forest fires. Fully implement the benefit compensation of ecological public welfare forests, and issue 940 million yuan of compensation funds for ecological public welfare forests at or above the provincial level in 2011; Strengthen the management of prevention and control of forest pests, and build a comprehensive service system with monitoring, early warning, quarantine and disaster prevention as the main line, focusing on the prevention and control of pine wood nematode disease and Mikania micrantha, with an operating area of 3.33 million mu; Do a good job in the protection and management of wild animals and plants, actively implement the protection project of critically endangered wild animals such as the South China tiger and crocodile lizard, and constantly standardize the domestication, breeding, management and utilization of wild animals. The province has built 126 monitoring stations for terrestrial wild animal epidemics; Intensify the mediation of forest disputes, and the province has mediated and resolved 13,418 cases of forest rights disputes, covering an area of 2.27 million mu, with a mediation rate of 80%.

　　(4) The construction of key forestry ecological projects has progressed steadily.Start the implementation of ecological landscape forest belts, forest carbon sinks, and forest siege projects, and comprehensively promote urban greening, urban upgrading, elimination of barren hills suitable for forests, and transformation of sparse residual forests and pure pine forests; Continue to create forestry ecological counties. Zhaoqing, Foshan and 13 counties (districts) such as Liannan and Yangshan were awarded the titles of "Forestry Eco-city" and "Forestry Eco-county", and 6 cities and 88 counties (cities, districts) in the province were awarded the title of "Forestry Eco-city and County" by the provincial government. To speed up the construction of nature reserves, the province has established 270 forestry nature reserves of various types and levels, including 6 at the national level, 52 at the provincial level and 212 at the city and county levels, with a total area of 18.473 million mu, accounting for 6.85% of the province’s land area, and the number of nature reserves ranks first in the country.

　　Second, the assessment results

　　After comprehensive assessment, the Dongguan Municipal People’s Government focused on the strategic goal of "building a happy Dongguan", focused on the construction of forest parks, paid close attention to the construction of forestry ecological projects and the greening of urban and rural areas, and strengthened the protection and management of forest resources. The achievements in forestry work were remarkable, and the assessment score ranked first in the province. Focusing on the construction goal of "Garden City", the Guangzhou Municipal People’s Government has vigorously implemented the "Forest Besieged City" project, basically forming a forest green space system with lush forests outside the city, connecting suburban forest belts and numerous gardens inside the city, with outstanding achievements in forestry work; Focusing on the development strategy of "green rise", Meizhou Municipal People’s Government took the opportunity of "provinces and cities jointly building Meizhou ecological civilization (forestry) demonstration sites" to carry out the "Green Man Meizhou" campaign in depth, with outstanding achievements in forestry work. Guangzhou and Meizhou tied for the second place in the province. Huizhou Municipal People’s Government made great efforts to implement the strategy of green development and ecological benefit to the people, strengthened the construction of key forestry ecological projects, actively created a national forest city, accelerated the process of modern forestry, and scored the third place in the province. To this end, the people’s governments of the above four cities shall be informed of their praise.

　　During the inspection and assessment, it was found that in some places, insufficient attention was paid to the implementation of the target responsibility system for forest resources protection and development, and insufficient investment was made; In some places, there are weak links in forest fire prevention, forest dispute mediation and ecological public welfare forest management; In some places, there are some phenomena, such as disorderly mining, stealing rare earths, using them before approval, using more forest land with less approval, cutting down trees indiscriminately and illegally transporting wild animals. In this regard, governments at all levels should attach great importance to the existing problems, take effective measures, and conscientiously implement the rectification.

　　Governments at all levels and relevant departments should conscientiously implement the 11th Party Congress’s strategic plan of actively implementing green development and adhering to the road of building a province by ecology, comprehensively strengthen forestry work, and constantly improve the level of ecological civilization construction in our province. It is necessary to take this assessment report as an opportunity, earnestly do a good job in the protection of forest resources and the implementation of the development target responsibility system, vigorously promote the construction of key forestry ecological projects, solidly promote a new round of greening Guangdong, ensure the smooth completion of the "double increase" of forest resources during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, strive to build a national first-class and world-advanced modern forestry, and make new and greater contributions to accelerating transformation and upgrading and building a happy Guangdong.

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　　Attachment: Statistical Table for Assessment of Target Responsibility System for Forest Resources Protection and Development in Guangdong Province in 2011

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　people’s government of guangdong province

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　October 24th, 2012

CCTV News:Since the outbreak of COVID-19, many effective epidemic prevention experiences have been accumulated in various parts of China, and the prevention and control plan of COVID-19 has been updated to the eighth edition. During the epidemic in Anhui and Liaoning, the news that "the confirmed patients have not been vaccinated" undoubtedly sounded the alarm for everyone. Experts said that vaccination is an effective and necessary question to build an immune barrier accurately and effectively.

The disease control departments in Anhui and Liaoning said that the newly confirmed cases were not vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine. Experts said that "the confirmed person has not been vaccinated" undoubtedly sounded the alarm for everyone. To build an immune barrier, vaccination is not a multiple-choice question but a compulsory question.

Zhong Nanshan, Academician of China Academy of Engineering and Director of National Center for Clinical Medicine of Respiratory Diseases:In China, it is very urgent to establish an extensive group immunization with an effective rate of 70%, and more than 80% of the people should be vaccinated.

A more positive phenomenon is that the "vaccine hesitation" has changed recently. According to media reports, after the local confirmed cases appeared in Anhui, more than 13.72 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine were vaccinated nationwide on May 14th, setting a single-day record since China started the daily vaccination system in COVID-19 on March 14th. There were also long queues at vaccination sites in many places, and more people realized the necessity of vaccination.

Wu Zunyou, Chief Epidemiologist of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention:Vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine is an effective means to control the epidemic situation in COVID-19. Those who have not been vaccinated should hurry up and get vaccinated.

The Independent Group for Pandemic Prevention and Response of the World Health Organization recently released a report, focusing on preventing the COVID-19 epidemic from becoming a global epidemic from a local outbreak. China continued to strengthen the policies and measures for the import of external defense, adhered to the principle of "protecting people with the same defense", strengthened vaccination, and focused on the mutation of Covid-19.

Zhong Nanshan, Academician of China Academy of Engineering and Director of National Center for Clinical Medicine of Respiratory Diseases:What have we failed to do in the pandemic all over the world, and what experience have we gained from it, especially the next preparation for the epidemic and how to deal with it.

Experts suggest that in the face of the virus, there should be no luck. Looking at vaccines scientifically and actively vaccinating them are not only responsible for themselves and their families, but also contribute to the overall situation of epidemic prevention.

Wu Zunyou, Chief Epidemiologist of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention:Due to the adoption of normalized prevention and personal protection measures, the possibility of being an infected person or disseminator will be greatly reduced, and everyone should adhere to the implementation of personal protection measures.

Experts say, "A corner is uneasy, and the whole world is dangerous." Only by taking practical actions to improve the vaccination rate can we build an immune barrier faster and get social production and life back on track faster.

　　Chinanews. com client Beijing, January 6 (Reporter Shangguan Yun) "It’s cold and cold, frozen into a ball." As can be seen from the name, a major feature of the slight cold solar terms is "cold". It is the fifth solar term in winter, and the time is between January 5 and 7 of the Gregorian calendar. It is generally believed that slight cold marks the coldest day of the year.

　　Data Map: During the slight cold season, Jiayuguan City, Gansu Province ushered in a heavy snow. Photo by Shi Yonghong

　　Slight Cold Solar Term and "24 Hua Xinfeng"

　　In chronological order, slight cold is the 23rd solar term among the 24 solar terms, and it is also the end of the second month of the Ganzhi calendar and the beginning of the ugly month. At this time, the sun is located at 285. For China, it was around the "March 9th" and the temperature was extremely low.

　　The origin of the name of the slight cold solar term is recorded in twenty-four solar term: "On the December Festival, the cold is still small at the beginning of the month, so it is cloudy and the half moon is big."

　　In fact, slight cold, like severe cold, slight summer heat, severe summer heat and summer heat, is a solar term that indicates the change of temperature. When slight cold arrives, it means going out on the ice for three or nine days.

　　In ancient China, people took five days as a waiting period and three days as a solar term. Every winter comes and spring comes. There are 24 seasons in the eight solar terms from slight cold to Grain Rain. Every season, some kind of flower blooms, so there is the saying of "24 Hua Xinfeng".

　　Twenty-four times Hua Xinfeng is also called twenty-four winds. Volume I of "Show Numerous Dews" wrote: "When flowers bloom in March, the wind is famous and flowers believe in the wind." Specific to the slight cold, it is "one plum blossom, two camellia, and three daffodils".

　　Data map: The picture shows the plum blossoms that are proud of snow. Photo by Meng Delong

　　Ice play, enjoy the plum blossom … … Xiao Han can still live like this.

　　Although it is very cold in winter, there are still many fun games, such as skipping rope, kicking shuttlecock and rolling hoop … … It’s fun and can exercise. If it snows, it will be better. People in calling friends will have snowball fights and make snowmen together, and soon their blood will be smooth and their whole bodies will be warm.

　　In addition, the ice age is long in winter, especially in some areas in the north, where the river is frozen thick, people will prepare "ice beds" and play on the ice. Those who are more daring put on skates and race on the ice, which was called ice play in ancient times.

　　For example, Yiqingge Miscellaneous Copy records many old customs in Beiping, which reads: "In the Ming Dynasty, those who tasted good deeds in Jishuitan, joined more than ten beds, took baskets of wine and utensils, spread them on them, and drank ice, which was also full of fun."

　　Mutton soup, glutinous rice: What kind of food do you prefer?

　　During the slight cold season, it used to be the busiest time for old Chinese medicine practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine pharmacies: all the pastes cooked in winter were eaten almost. At this time, some people will cook a little more and eat it before and after the Spring Festival.

　　Data Map: The Laba Festival in 2017 just met the slight cold solar terms, and Beijing ushered in snowfall. Zhongxin.com reporter Li Qingshe

　　In order to resist the cold, people’s daily diet also focuses on choosing warm food. For example, mutton can be made into mutton soup, braised mutton and other delicacies, which are very popular.

　　In addition, according to "Miscellanies of Jinmen", there was a custom of eating yellow sprouts in Tianjin in the old days. "Yellow sprouts" are made of Chinese cabbage buds, which are delicious and crisp. At that time, the supply of fresh vegetables in winter was very limited, which was considered as a delicious food in winter.

　　Old Beijing pays attention to eating hot rice and mutton noodles. As the name implies, "hot rice" should first take chopped green onion and then put vegetables, soup, rice and other things into it for cooking. After cooking, it is also fragrant. (End)

　　On April 21st, at the second plenary meeting of the 10th session of the 13th the NPC Standing Committee, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Han Changfu was entrusted by the State Council to give a report on the development of rural industries.

　　The report shows that the grain output in 2018 was 1,315.8 billion Jin, which remained above 1.2 trillion Jin for seven consecutive years. By 2018, the total number of innovative entrepreneurs returning to the countryside had reached 7.8 million.

　　Han Changfu mentioned that we should strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland, ensure the completion of 800 million mu of construction tasks in 2020 and strive to reach 1 billion mu in 2022. Backward production capacity explicitly eliminated by the state, which is listed in the catalogue of prohibited industries by the state, shall not enter the countryside.

　　"Formulate and implement policies to support the innovation and entrepreneurship of people returning to the countryside, and attract migrant workers, college graduates, retired military personnel, and scientific and technological personnel to wait for rural innovation and entrepreneurship." Han Changfu said.

　　According to the report, as of 2018, there were 7.8 million innovative entrepreneurs who returned to the countryside, and more than 31 million innovative entrepreneurs such as Tian Xiucai, local experts and township makers. 87% of the established entities are below towns and villages, and more than 80% develop industrial integration projects. More than 50% of the people returning to the countryside use information technology to innovate and start businesses, and nearly 90% are joint ventures. It is recognized that there are 1096 rural innovation and entrepreneurship parks and training and incubation bases, and the Yi Nong Information Society covers more than one third of administrative villages.

　　Han Changfu also said, "Consolidate and improve grain production capacity, implement the national food security strategy under the new situation, fully implement the special protection system for permanent basic farmland, and accelerate the delineation of 1.058 billion mu of grain production functional zones and important agricultural product production protection zones. Strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland, ensure the completion of 800 million mu of construction tasks in 2020, and strive to reach 1 billion mu in 2022. "

　　Han Changfu also said that a number of well-known and influential regional public brands and corporate brands will be cultivated, and a number of product brands with "local brand name" and "township brand name" will be created. Backward production capacity explicitly eliminated by the state, which is listed in the catalogue of prohibited industries by the state, shall not enter the countryside. Encourage the comprehensive utilization of processing by-products. Text/reporter Meng Yaxu

　　More than 27,000 bilateral treaties, more than 500 multilateral treaties, 98% of land border issues have been solved, and 121 extradition and criminal judicial assistance treaties & HELIP; … This set of figures shows People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s great contribution to the construction of international law since its founding 70 years ago. The practice of 70 years shows that China has become an important force to defend international fairness and justice and promote the development of international law, and is an important participant, staunch defender and builder of international law.

　　"Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, China has not only resumed its legal seat in the United Nations and fully integrated into the international system, but also become an important participant, defender and builder of the international system with the United Nations as the core and international law as the foundation." Recently, Jia Guide, Director of the Treaty and Law Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said in an exclusive interview with the reporter of Legal Daily.

　　China has always adhered to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, constructively participated in the formulation of international rules in various fields, and has become an important force in safeguarding international fairness and justice and promoting the development of international law.

Some treaties signed by the China government since the founding of New China 70 years ago. Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

　　More than 27,000 bilateral and multilateral treaties have been concluded.

　　On October 1st, 1949, People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded.

　　"After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), one of the first foreign legal affairs to be dealt with is to comprehensively clean up the treaties signed between the old government and foreign countries." Jia Guide said that according to the customary international law on treaty succession, the new government can not inherit the unequal treaties signed by foreign countries with the old government through illegal means such as war and coercion.

　　In September 1949, the first political consultative conference in China adopted the Common Program, which pointed out: "The Central People’s Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) should review the treaties and agreements concluded between the Kuomintang government and foreign governments, and recognize them respectively, or abolish them, or modify them, or re-write them according to their contents."

　　On this basis, New China steadily cleaned up the old treaties, promoted the conclusion of new treaties with foreign countries, and formulated the Treaty Concluding Procedure Law in 1990. Up to now, China has concluded more than 27,000 bilateral treaties and more than 500 multilateral treaties, covering all aspects of international exchanges such as politics, economy, society and culture. A complete treaty system has laid a strong legal foundation for China’s opening up, exchanges and cooperation.

On December 31st, 1953, Premier Zhou Enlai put forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence for the first time when he met with the Indian government delegation. The picture shows Premier Zhou Enlai taking photos with Indian President Rajendra Prashad (first from right), Vice President sarvepalli radhakrishnan (third from right) and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (first from left) when he was invited to visit India in late June 1954. Information picture

　　Advocate and adhere to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

　　China has always advocated and adhered to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and made historic contributions to the development of international law.

　　In the 1950s, in the decolonization movement after the end of the Second World War, the cause of national independence and liberation in Asia, Africa and Latin America flourished, and newly independent countries were eager to establish equal international relations.

　　Following the historical trend, New China, together with India and Myanmar, advocated the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in 1954. Over the past 60 years, the Five Principles have reflected the universal demands of developing countries for independence, independence, self-improvement and development, and also promoted exchanges and cooperation between countries with different ideologies and social systems.

　　"The Five Principles are highly consistent with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on friendly relations between countries, such as sovereign equality, non-use of force and non-interference in internal affairs. They have become the basic norms guiding state-to-state relations and the basic principles of international law, and have been widely recognized and followed by the international community." Jia Guide emphasized that the Five Principles have also been enshrined in the Constitution of China, as well as in the communiqué s on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and more than 160 countries and bilateral treaties, which have become the cornerstone of China’s independent foreign policy of peace.

On July 1, 1997, at the handover ceremony, the flag-raising ceremony of China national flag was held. Photo by Wang Miao

　　The principle of "one country, two systems" enriches the development of international law

　　China also creatively put forward the policy of "one country, two systems" in order to properly solve the problems of Hong Kong and Macao left over from history.

　　According to the principle of "one country, two systems", China, Britain and Portugal reached a joint statement through peaceful negotiations, realizing China’s smooth resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao, which has become a model for peaceful settlement of historical issues between countries.

　　“‘ One country, two systems ’ Principles and practices have enriched and developed the specific system of international law. " Jia Guide said, for example, there are no ready-made practices and precedents to follow on how to solve the problem of applying and concluding treaties in Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and how to implement "one country, two systems" and the Basic Law of the two Special Administrative Regions at the treaty level. In order to ensure the smooth development of foreign exchanges between Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, the central government has initiated many new practices in this regard in accordance with the Basic Law. For example, the SAR is given a certain degree of right to conclude foreign treaties, and special arrangements are made for the application of multilateral treaties, taking into account the actual needs of the Hong Kong and Macao SAR, including allowing some treaties that have not yet been joined by the central government and were applied in Hong Kong and Macao before the reunification to continue to apply after the reunification, and some treaties that have been joined in the name of the central government are only applicable to Hong Kong and Macao. All these have enriched and developed international law.

　　Safeguard the country’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests

　　"China has demarcated and demarcated its borders with 12 of its 14 land neighbors in accordance with international law, and solved 98% of the land border problems." Jia Guide said.

　　On the basis of respecting historical facts and in accordance with international law, China insists on resolving disputes over territorial sovereignty and maritime delimitation through negotiations with the countries directly concerned, and has reached arrangements on maritime delimitation and fishery cooperation through negotiations with Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and other countries, resolutely and forcefully responding to the so-called arbitration against the South China Sea, and opposing any dispute settlement scheme imposed on China and the abuse of arbitration procedures to damage China’s sovereignty and maritime rights and interests.

　　Jia Guide emphasized that China creatively put forward the idea of "shelving disputes and jointly developing" and signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea with ASEAN countries. At present, the consultation on formulating the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea has entered the fast lane.

　　Moreover, China has established and improved its domestic marine legislation in accordance with international law. Jia Guide said that shortly after the founding of New China, the China government issued the Declaration on the Territorial Sea, declaring that the width of China’s territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, and all foreign aircraft and military vessels are not allowed to enter China’s territorial sea and the territorial sea without the permission of the China government.

　　China’s related ideas and practices are not only consistent with the 1958 Convention on Territorial Seas and Adjoining Zones, but also with the development trend of international law at that time, which has played an important role in safeguarding national sovereignty, security and maritime rights and interests. China participated in the negotiation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its related implementation agreements, and formulated modern marine legal systems such as territorial sea and the contiguous zone, fishery law, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf law in accordance with international laws including the Convention.

　　Building an international judicial law enforcement cooperation network

　　At present, China has concluded 121 treaties on extradition and criminal judicial assistance with 74 countries, and it can be said that a system of treaties covering major countries in five continents has been initially established.

　　"Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have focused on key pursuit targets, key pursuit countries and key contracting countries, built a treaty network, concluded 39 extradition and criminal judicial assistance treaties, and promoted the entry into force of 24 treaties, which is unprecedented in the history of treaty negotiation. Efforts and achievements." Jia Guide said, "We have achieved a breakthrough in the pursuit and recovery of important countries such as the European Union. Extradition treaties with France and Italy have come into effect one after another, and treaties on criminal judicial assistance have been concluded with Britain and Austria."

　　The China Municipal Government has actively and comprehensively established a legal network for international judicial and law enforcement cooperation, serving and promoting the comprehensive rule of law and the anti-corruption pursuit and recovery work. For example, China actively promotes the conclusion of bilateral extradition treaties and judicial assistance treaties with foreign countries, and participates in multilateral treaties such as the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, providing legal support for promoting judicial law enforcement cooperation between China and foreign countries and international cooperation against corruption.

On April 22nd, 2016, local time, Zhang Gaoli, Special Envoy of the Supreme Leader of president, China and Deputy Prime Minister of the State Council, attended the high-level signing ceremony of the Paris Agreement at the United Nations Headquarters in new york, and signed the Paris Agreement on behalf of China. Xinhua news agency

　　Constructive participation in the formulation of global governance rules

　　"China is widely involved in international treaties and mechanisms related to global governance. It is an important participant and builder of global governance rules and has become a leader in some fields." Jia Guide said.

　　In the field of climate change, China, together with developing countries, promoted the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" to be written into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, promoted the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, implemented the common zone principle, and made important contributions to the Paris Agreement.

　　China adheres to the principle of "common heritage of mankind" and actively participates in international seabed affairs. As early as 1990, COMRA of China applied for registration as one of the pioneer investors. So far, the International Seabed Authority has approved China’s application for five mining areas.

　　China has successively joined the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on the Protection of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection and other treaty systems, and carried out Antarctic scientific research, fisheries and other activities in accordance with relevant treaties. As a negotiating country of the Antarctic Treaty and a member of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Committee, it has fully participated in Antarctic governance. As an observer of the Arctic Council, China participates in Arctic affairs in accordance with international law and strives to contribute China wisdom and China’s strength to the development of the Arctic.

　　China has also actively promoted the formulation of rules in new areas of global governance such as the Internet and outer space, providing a legal basis for the orderly development of international cooperation.

　　□ Reporter’s Notes

　　"China will firmly uphold the international system with the United Nations as the core and based on international law, and persist in being a staunch defender and builder of international law."

　　This is the firm voice of Jia Guide, Director of the Treaty and Law Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, after the interview.

　　In the 70-year historical process, China has always held high the banner of international law, adhered to the international law system centered on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, constructively participated in the formulation of international rules in various fields, actively promoted the democratization of international relations, advocated the equal and unified application of international law, and stood up for its words on major international and regional issues, thus becoming the backbone of defending international fairness and justice and promoting the development of international law. As Chairman Supreme Leader pointed out when meeting with UN Secretary-General Guterres in April this year, "China firmly upholds multilateralism, the international system with the UN at the core, the international order based on international law, and promotes the building of a community of human destiny".

　　China embodies the following distinctive features in the practice of international law: First, it emphasizes respect for national sovereignty, upholds the sovereign equality of all countries, and opposes interfering in other countries’ internal affairs and infringing on their sovereignty under any pretext.

　　Second, we want peace instead of war, adhere to mutual non-aggression, oppose the frequent use or threat of force, advocate peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect the right to freely choose dispute settlement methods.

　　Third, adhere to fairness and justice, advocate the equal and uniform application of international law, do not engage in double standards, and oppose "using it together, but abandoning it if it is not".

　　The fourth is to defend multilateralism, oppose unilateralism and bullying, and achieve mutual benefit and common development through international cooperation on the basis of equality.

　　At present, the international situation continues to fluctuate and the uncertainty is more prominent. In particular, individual countries pursue unilateralism and protectionism, violate international obligations, weaken multilateral mechanisms, engage in bullying and interference, impose unilateral sanctions indiscriminately, provoke trade wars and scientific and technological wars everywhere, and ignore the basic norms of international law and international relations, which has brought uneasiness, conflict and turmoil to the world.

　　Faced with this situation, on the one hand, China clearly adheres to multilateralism and firmly upholds the international system with the United Nations as the core and based on international law; on the other hand, it strengthens cooperation with other countries on the basis of the above principles, and works together to build a community of human destiny and build a new type of international relations.

　　The Chairman of the Supreme Leader has put forward an important initiative to build a community of human destiny on a series of international occasions. This concept has been written into the Constitution of China, which represents China’s solemn commitment to firmly follow the path of peaceful development and firmly safeguard international law.

　　Reporter Wang Yanyan

1. Paleolithic Age in China (about 3 million years ago-about 10,000 years ago)

1. Introduction to Paleolithic Age

Paleolithic period, the stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of forged stone tools (see stone tools). The geological age belongs to the late Pliocene to the Pleistocene, starting about 3 million years ago and continuing until about 10 thousand years ago.

"Paleolithic Age" is a concept of time zone put forward by archaeologists. The so-called Stone Age does not mean that people at that time only used stone tools.

2. Paleolithic characteristics

People in this period of Paleolithic mainly hunted, fished and collected by making simple tools. Take Beijingers found in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China as an example. According to research, they used stone tools and wooden sticks to hunt wild animals and knew how to collect fruits to satisfy their hunger.

They mainly lived in caves, but in archaeology, a large number of traces such as charcoal, ashes and burnt bones were found in their caves, indicating that people at that time had mastered the technology of using fire and would cut down trees as fuel.

The main characteristics of paleolithic human beings are that the stone tools are mainly made of stone tools, including stone axes, chopping devices, scrapers, pointy devices and so on; Bone horn is very developed, and new tools such as bone fork, bone needle, bone fish dart and spear throwing device have appeared. Have learned to make, have begun to learn to sew, make decorations, paintings and sculptures; There has been the earliest burial custom.

3. Development of Paleolithic Age

Generally speaking, in the early Paleolithic period, human beings had learned to use fire, bone tools appeared in the middle period, simple combined tools were made in the late period, and matriarchal clans began to form.

Yuanmou ape-man, Lantian ape-man, Beijinger, Jinniushan man and caveman are basically in this period.

2. Neolithic Age in China (ranging from about 10,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago to more than 2,000 years ago)

1. Introduction to the Neolithic Age

Neolithic Age is a time period set by archaeologists, which started about 10,000 years ago and ended from 5,000 years ago to 2,000 years ago.

Neolithic Age refers to the last stage of the Stone Age in archaeology, and the stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of grinded stone tools.

This name was first put forward by British archaeologist lubbock in 1865. This era has entered the Holocene in geological age, and developed after the Paleolithic Age or the transition of the Mesolithic Age, belonging to the late Stone Age.

2. Characteristics of Neolithic Age

(1) the emergence of primitive agriculture;

(2) the manufacture of pottery;

(3) the extensive use of polished stone tools;

(4) The emergence of villages and the formation of clan system.

3. The significance of the Neolithic Age.

The agricultural revolution in the Neolithic Age has far-reaching significance. The emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry has transformed the human economy from a predatory economy based on gathering and hunting in the Paleolithic to a productive economy based on agriculture and animal husbandry.

Humans have changed from food gatherers to food producers. This change in the way of obtaining food has changed the relationship between man and nature. The occurrence of agriculture and animal husbandry marks a leap in human understanding of nature, and marks that human beings have changed from relying on and adapting to nature to using and transforming nature in terms of "the production of food, clothes, housing and tools necessary for this".

All the production activities of agricultural animal husbandry require human beings to know more about and transform nature and use natural resources to serve human economy. On the basis of agricultural production, people began to observe the activities of the sun, moon and stars, the characteristics of water and soil, and climate phenomena, and accumulated experience, thus generating preliminary knowledge of astronomy, geography and mathematics, and pushing human understanding of the objective world to a new height.

Third, China Xia Dynasty (about 2070-1600 BC)

1. Introduction of Xia Dynasty

Xia Dynasty was the first hereditary dynasty recorded in China’s history books. There are a certain number of bronze and jade ritual vessels in the cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty, dating from the late Neolithic Age to the early Bronze Age.

According to historical records, the biography of Yu was located in Ziqi, which changed the abdication system of primitive tribes and initiated the hereditary precedent in China for nearly 4,000 years. Therefore, the "home world" in China’s history began with the establishment of the Xia Dynasty.

2. Characteristics of Xia Dynasty

(1) The Xia Dynasty established armed forces, established official posts and prisons, and formulated criminal laws. The establishment of this whole set of state machinery shows that the Xia Dynasty has already possessed the characteristics of a country;

(2) Economically, Xia Dynasty belonged to the era of gold (copper) and stone, and its initial economic development laid the foundation for the economic prosperity of future generations;

(3) Culturally, some outstanding cultural achievements of the Xia Dynasty, such as the Xia calendar, have a far-reaching impact on future generations.

3. The significance of the establishment and development of Xia Dynasty.

It represents the improvement of productivity and the progress of mankind, and it is the beginning of slave society in China.

The direct cause of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty probably originated from the Yellow River, which was flooded in the era of Three Emperors and Five Emperors. Because the flood affected the production and life of the surrounding people for a long time, Dayu mobilized all ethnic groups in China to carry out water control work for 20 years, which not only united the Chinese ancestors unprecedentedly, but also greatly enhanced his reputation. After the flood was cured, with the improvement of living environment, the first unified kingship was established.

Fourth, China Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC-about 1046 BC)

1. Introduction of Shang Dynasty

Shang Dynasty, the second dynasty in the history of China, is the first dynasty in China with direct written records of the same period.

Shang Tang, the monarch of Shang Kingdom in Xia Dynasty, led the kingdom to destroy Xia Hou in the battle of Mingtiao, and established Shang Dynasty in Bo (now Shangqiu) with "Shang" as the title. After that, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently, and it was not until its descendant Pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang) that the capital was established in Yin for 273 years, so the Shang Dynasty was called Yin or Yin Shang by later generations.

The Shang Dynasty experienced three major stages. The first stage is "first business"; The second stage is "early business"; The third stage is the "Late Shang Dynasty", which has been passed down from generation to generation to 31 kings in the 17th century, lasting for more than 500 years. Di Xin, the last monarch, set himself on fire and died after being defeated by Zhou Wuwang in the battle of Makino.

The excavation of Yin Ruins confirmed the existence of Shang Dynasty in China. The Shang Dynasty was in the heyday of slavery, and the slave owners and nobles were the ruling class, forming a huge bureaucratic ruling institution and army. The records of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen are the earliest systematic written symbols in China. During the Shang Dynasty, there were also developed non-Central Plains civilizations in the Yangtze River Basin.

2. Characteristics of Shang Dynasty

Worship ghosts, slavery economy, bronze ware is expensive, and Oracle bones and tortoise shells are the main ones.

Shang Dynasty’s records of astronomical phenomena and the application of the time-keeping method of cadres and branches were reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture in Shang Dynasty developed rapidly, especially handicrafts, and the smelting and manufacturing of bronzes were quite mature, and all kinds of commonly used utensils, ritual vessels and wine vessels were very exquisite.

3. Historical significance of Shang Dynasty.

In Shang Dynasty, the state machinery was constantly strengthened, and great achievements were made in economy and culture. Its activity area and influence far exceeded that of Xia Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the further development of ancient civilization in China and occupied an important position in the history of ancient civilization in the world.

V. China Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC)

1. Introduction of Zhou Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty is the third dynasty in China history after Shang Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty handed down 37 kings in 30 generations and enjoyed the country for a total of 791 years.

Among them, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, also known as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, was divided into two parts: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in which Han, Zhao and Wei jointly defeated the ruling Zhishi family and the three families were divided into Jin.

Before the extinction of the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou tribe originated from the Huaxia (Han) nationality. Because of the harassment of nomadic tribes in the northwest such as Rong and Di, the leader of the Zhou tribe, Gu Gongqi, led the Zhou people to move to the plain under Qishan and settle down.

Living in the Weihe River valley, Ji Yi, the ancestor of Ji Yi, was Hou Ji, known as the agricultural god. Shuowen said, "The Yellow Emperor lived in Ji Shui, taking Ji as his surname, and Zhou people inherited his surname." The language was ancient Chinese, and the characters still used ancient Chinese characters. In folk records, tortoise bones and ox bones were still the main ones, while the royal family mainly used new brocade and silks. The Zhou Dynasty established the enfeoffment system (the state was founded), and the king of Zhou was the "co-owner of the world".

2. Characteristics of the Zhou Dynasty

The land was owned by feudal princes, and the so-called "all over the world, is it not the land of kings?" Herod the royal family, sealed the state and founded the country, and made it a prosperous week. At the same time, a set of patriarchal clan system was established to coordinate and maintain the development of feudal system. Consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

3. Historical significance of Zhou Dynasty.

Zhou Dynasty’s culture of Zhou Dynasty was called pre-culture of Zhou Dynasty before King Wu took the place of Shang Dynasty. Then, after King Wu took the place of Shang Dynasty, Zhou people absorbed the culture of Shang Dynasty and other nationalities, and formed a unique culture of Zhou Dynasty in Chinese history, which was fully reflected in the political ethics of Western Zhou society. Zhou Culture was the cornerstone of Chinese national culture and the source of China traditional culture.

After the inheritance and innovation of hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the development of Confucian Classics in Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, Zhou Wenhua finally formed the unique spiritual temperament and mentality structure of the Chinese nation and became a cultural system with long-term vitality.

All kinds of laws and regulations, rites and music systems and ideological and moral norms contained in Zhou Culture became the ideological and political basis of China’s feudal rule for thousands of years and the source of Confucianism, which influenced the history of Chinese civilization for nearly 3,000 years after Zhou Dynasty.

In the ancient history of China, the rule of the Zhou Dynasty was very distinctive, and there were four main systems: feudalism, patriarchal clan system, well field system and ritual system, which had great influence on the future society.

Six, China Qin Dynasty (221-207)

1. Introduction to Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified dynasty in China’s history, which was developed by the State of Qin during the Warring States Period. Dafei, the ancestor of the Qin people, was a descendant of Zhuan Xu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and was given a surname of winning.

Qin Wangzheng destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, thus completing the great cause of reunification. In the first 221 years, the king of Qin proclaimed himself emperor, which was called "Qin Shihuang" in history.

The Qin dynasty set up three officials and nine ministers in the central government to manage state affairs; Abolish the enfeoffment system locally and replace it with the county system; The implementation of books with the same language, cars with the same track, unified measurement. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering hundreds of places in the south, building the Great Wall to repel foreign enemies, and digging Lingqu to connect the water system.

The establishment of centralization of authority laid the basic pattern of China’s political system for more than 2,000 years, and laid the foundation for the rule of China’s unified dynasty, so it was called "all generations practiced Qin politics and law".

The Qin Dynasty ended the 500-year-old separatist regime of princes since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and became the first centralized state with multi-ethnic integration in the history of China. Which had a far-reaching influence on the history of China.

In the first 210 years, Qin Shihuang died of illness in a sand dune during his cruise (now northwest of Guangzong County, Hebei Province). His son Hu Hai acceded to the throne as Qin Ershi. Although the Qin dynasty had a great influence in history, it abused the people’s power and was unified only for more than ten years.

In the first 209 years, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang cut the wood for the soldiers, rose up, and the world responded. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu rose up against the Qin Dynasty. Before 207, Qin died.

2. Characteristics of the Qin Dynasty

Qin and Han dynasties were the "great unification" period that ended the melee situation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The stage feature of this period is the historical period of the formation and initial development of feudal society, and it is also the period when social politics changed from chaos to governance, and social economy changed from stagnation to initial recovery and development.

Politically, the political power is generally stable, but there are unstable factors. The political system is autocratic centralization of authority.

Economically: After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, it ended the situation of scuffle between the warring states and resumed production to a certain extent.

Ethnic relations: the relationship between Qin and Han dynasties and ethnic minorities was peace and war, peace was more than war, and ethnic relations were harmonious and friendly on the whole.

Culture: Due to national unity and production development, political and economic ties among ethnic groups have been strengthened, and science, technology and culture have also developed rapidly.

3. The historical significance of the Qin Dynasty

Qin Dynasty is the first unified centralized country in Chinese history, with Xianyang as its capital. The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the long-standing situation in which the vassal regime dominated, which was conducive to the stability of people’s lives and the development of social production, and was in line with the common aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups at that time.

The territory of the Qin Dynasty, stretching to the sea in the east, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea, greatly exceeded that of the previous generation.

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic county system country in the history of China.

Seven, China Han Dynasty (206 -8 years, 25 -220 years).

1. Introduction to Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty is a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty, mainly divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, which lasted for 29 emperors and enjoyed the country for 405 years.

The Han Dynasty and the Peace Treaty were ranked as the advanced civilization and powerful empire in the world at that time. During the Han Dynasty, the scope of the Han Dynasty was established. At its peak, it was annexed to Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south, Qingling in the west and Gobi in the north, with a land area of about 6.09 million square kilometers. In AD 2, the population of the Western Han Dynasty reached more than 60 million, accounting for one third of the world at that time.

The Huaxia nationality has been called the Han nationality since the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty also made great achievements in the field of science and technology. For example, Cai Lun improved papermaking and became one of the four great inventions in China, and Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and the armillary sphere.

2. Characteristics of the Han Dynasty

Han inherited the Qin system, and at the same time carried out the feudal system, which included the kingdom and the Hou state. These two parallel systems were also called "county state system". This practice laid a hidden danger to the central rule of the Western Han Dynasty. After quelling the rebellion of the kingdom and promoting the decree of mercy, the kingdom no longer poses a threat to the central government.

3. The historical significance of the Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty with a county system in the history of China. Because the history of the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, was too short to leave much experience for the Han Dynasty to learn from, so many ruling methods of the Han Dynasty need to be explored by themselves.

We can see that the Han Dynasty actually did quite well, although there were twists and turns, but after all, it operated for 400 years, leaving a rich legacy to the later dynasties.

With his pioneering spirit, brilliant martial arts, prosperous culture and technology, the Han Dynasty marked the youthful spirit and vitality of China’s unified dynasty, and his influence touched almost every level of the Han nationality, so that today, 2000 years later, we can still feel that we are still connected with him by blood, and we can still gain confidence and courage from the Han history.

Eight, Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 -581)

1. Brief introduction of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the most frequent periods of regime change in China’s history, which were mainly divided into Wei Dynasty (Cao Wei), Western Jin Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Due to the long-term feudal separatist regime and continuous wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding performance is the rise of metaphysics, the import of Buddhism, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek cultures.

During the 360-odd years from Wei Dynasty to Sui Dynasty, and during the alternation of more than 30 dynasties, the development of Confucianism and the image and historical position of Confucius in this period became complicated as a result of the interaction and infiltration of many new cultural factors mentioned above.

2. Characteristics of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

(1) The feudal state was divided and the regime alternated frequently.

(2) The south is relatively stable and the economy of the south is developing.

(3) There are frequent wars in the north, and ethnic integration has been strengthened.

(4) The formation, development and decline of the gentry system.

(5) With the development of science and technology, Buddhism prevails.

3. The historical significance of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

This stage of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties is a period of national division and national integration in China’s feudal society.

It is between the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is not only the product of the aggregation and intensification of social contradictions in the Qin and Han Dynasties, but also the origin of the unification and prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It serves as a link between the preceding and the following and occupies a special position and role in China’s feudal society.

Investigating the history of this period is of great benefit to our understanding of the relationship between division and unity in feudal society.

Nine, China Sui and Tang Dynasties (581 -907)

1. Introduction to Sui and Tang Dynasties

The Sui and Tang Dynasties, as the collective name of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907), were also the most prosperous periods in the history of China. It is two unified dynasties after two long periods: the Five Chaos and the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

More open in national thought. The two dynasties achieved unprecedented development in politics, military affairs, culture, economy and science and technology. The emperors in Sui and Tang Dynasties were more open-minded in governing the country, which also influenced neighboring countries to pay tribute and learn from China.

At its peak, the Sui Dynasty reached Liaoning in the northeast, Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang in the west, the East China Sea in the east and northern Vietnam in the south. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, it reached the northern and outer Xing ‘an Mountains of Lake Baikal in the north, the Aral Sea in Central Asia in the west, Sakhalin Island in the east and northern Vietnam in the south.

2. Characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties

(1) Politics

A, the system innovation and the system of Tang-Cheng-Sui, such as the formation and development of the system of three provinces and six departments, the establishment and improvement of the imperial examination system, the evolution from the government military system to the recruitment system, the modulation of rent and commission and the implementation of the two tax laws.

B, from division to reunification.

C. Implement strong centralization.

(2) Economy

In the early stage, the rulers carried out the policy of paying taxes lightly and persuading farmers to teach mulberry. The transportation was developed, the domestic ethnic groups had close contacts, and the domestic and foreign exchanges were needed, and the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous.

(3) Social life

Great changes have taken place in social life, and an inclusive, colorful and open social atmosphere has emerged.

(4) Culture

Eclectic, multi-ethnic, extensive and profound, all-round prosperity, leading the world.

(5) Foreign communication

The transportation is developed, and the land and maritime Silk Road are relatively smooth. The government has adopted a relatively open foreign policy, and foreign exchanges have become more frequent than ever before.

(6) Ethnic relations

The rulers, especially those in the early Tang Dynasty, pursued a relatively open ethnic policy, and the contacts between the Han nationality and the frontier ethnic groups were unprecedented. The frontier ethnic groups developed greatly, and their relations with the central government were closer, and the unified multi-ethnic country was further developed and consolidated.

The outstanding characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties are: this is an era of great change and openness; The development of politics, economy and culture in Sui and Tang Dynasties influenced many countries in Asia, especially in East Asia, and formed China cultural circle.

3. Historical significance of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Sui and Tang Dynasties made dazzling achievements in developing economy, culture, strengthening ethnic relations and strengthening international exchanges, which made China’s history reach its second peak. The history of the late Sui and Tang Dynasties opened a clue for the great changes in China feudal society. Sui and Tang Dynasties were indeed an extraordinary era.

Ten, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 -979)

1. Introduction of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is a period of great division in the history of China. This title comes from the New History of the Five Dynasties, which is a combination of the Five Dynasties (907-960) and the Ten Kingdoms (902-979).

The Five Dynasties refer to the five dynasties whose capitals were in the Central Plains after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely, Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou. In 907 AD, after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen established a back beam in the Central Plains, with Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo as its capital (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao in the latter Zhou Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty was established after the usurpation of the latter Zhou Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties ended.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there were many separatist regimes outside the Central Plains. Among them, more than ten separatist regimes, such as Qianshu, Houshu, Nanwu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan) and Beihan, were collectively referred to as "Ten Kingdoms" by the New Five Dynasties History and later historians. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the remaining regimes of Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan were unified successively, which basically achieved national reunification.

2. Characteristics of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Compared with the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ten kingdoms in the Five Dynasties have remarkable characteristics in the form of separatism:

(1) The status of the Central Plains Dynasty in the Five Dynasties.

(2) The differences in political relations between the Ten Kingdoms and the Central Plains Dynasty.

(3) "Protecting the environment and saving the people" is the main theme of the domestic and foreign policy of the southern separatist regime.

These characteristics of the separatist regime have had a great influence on the process of national reunification. First of all, the status of the Central Plains Dynasty determines that the cause of reunification is bound to be completed by the Central Plains Dynasty, just waiting for the opportunity.

Secondly, the differences in political relations between the ten countries and the Central Plains dynasty and the policy of "protecting the environment and benefiting the people" of the southern separatist regime made the various separatist forces in the south form a pattern of checks and balances, and prevented the south from taking the lead in reunification and forming a confrontation situation between the South and the North again, thus accelerating the process of reunification.

3. Historical significance of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries

(1) The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is the product of the historical decline of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Anshi Rebellion and Huang Chao’s anti-Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty has entered an irreversible decline, and then history has staged an overlapping process of belligerence and defeat. Therefore, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is not a new historical stage, but only a time-space portrayal of the Tang Dynasty’s prosperity and decline, extreme division and inability to return to heaven.

(2) The founders of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were all military strategists, who were brave and foolhardy, and relied on the meritorious military service to favor the king. Most of their heirs were men without great talents. The northern dynasties all died in two generations, and the war was endless. In addition, the Qidan plundered, the Central Plains completely disappeared the political, economic and cultural prosperity pattern created in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and thus lost its consistent cultural core position since the Spring and Autumn Period.

On the other hand, the ten southern countries, far away from the Central Plains, zoned land for prison, maintained a relatively stable situation, and inherited the legacy of the Tang Dynasty, and were fortunate enough to retain the fire of Tang Wenhua, thus starting a new pattern of leading China culture.

(3) In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty began to differentiate from the majestic whole in the social and historical context of the kings’ separatist regime, especially in the south, and gradually became mature and meticulous in the hands of literati, with extremely distinctive regional cultural characteristics of Jiangnan water towns.

As a result, the "Tang and Five Dynasties Culture" was formed, which was a cultural transition stage with unique social and historical characteristics and vivid regional characteristics, and thus constituted the forerunner of the Song Dynasty culture and its cultural forms.

(4) The culture of the Tang and Five Dynasties has a prominent "eschatological complex": on the one hand, it gives vent to the satisfaction of eating, drinking, and enjoying in time, on the other hand, it is full of perplexity, pain, sadness, despair and other emotions that are hard to get rid of.

On the one hand, it gave up the mission of social morality and turned back to the internal observation of itself, on the other hand, it showed its resentment against reality and struggle. On the one hand, it turns to folk customs, on the other hand, it pursues spiritual detachment and dust-free.

In a word, these are typical features of "eschatological complex" in China’s classical culture, and they are vividly reflected in the culture of Tang and Five Dynasties.

Xi. China Song Dynasty (960 -1279)

1. Introduction to Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty is a dynasty in the history of China, which inherited five dynasties and ten countries and started the Yuan Dynasty. It was divided into two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and it lasted for 18 emperors and enjoyed the country for 319 years. Song Dynasty is an era of high prosperity in commodity economy, culture, education and scientific innovation in the history of China.

Neo-Confucianism emerged in the Song Dynasty, Confucianism was revived, science and technology developed rapidly, politics was enlightened, there was no serious eunuch dictatorship and warlord regime, and the number and scale of mutiny and civil unrest were relatively small in the history of China.

Chen Yinque said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years, and it was the culmination of the Zhao and Song Dynasties." There are not a few scholars in western and Japanese historians who think that Song Dynasty is the Renaissance and economic revolution in China’s history.

The Song Dynasty was founded more than 300 years ago, and it was overturned twice, all due to foreign invasion. It was the only dynasty that did not die in civil strife.

2. Characteristics of the Song Dynasty

(1) Farming and pastoral cultures are gradually merging (farming and nomadic cultures are fighting and negotiating with each other);

(2) Prosperous urban commerce (the traditional market structure has been broken);

(3) Colorful literature and art (the world of literati appeared);

(4) Extremely prosperous traditional science and technology (the model and peak of ancient science and technology in China);

(5) Frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries (in the heyday of Sino-foreign relations, there was an unprecedented situation of opening up and exchanges)

3. The historical significance of the Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty was a unified feudal dynasty established after the Five Dynasties. Influenced by traditional ideas, people often call it "weak Song". However, Deng Guangming and Qi Xia, famous experts in the history of the Song Dynasty, all believed that the Song Dynasty was the peak of China’s feudal society.

Politically, the imperial system of the Song Dynasty had a great influence on later generations, and its outstanding phenomenon was the elimination of the separatist regime of the buffer region, which further formed a unified multi-ethnic country, the autocratic centralization of authority of the Song Dynasty, which was inherited by the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In agriculture, the population of Song Dynasty exceeded 100 million, twice as much as that of Han and Tang Dynasties, and the agricultural productivity was greatly improved.

The handicraft industry has made great progress, and the commodity economy has developed prominently, among which the relationship between commodity and currency has made remarkable progress and the maritime trade has never been developed before.

In terms of culture and science and technology, the three great inventions were perfected or invented in the Song Dynasty, which had a great influence on the world. Outstanding achievements have been made in literature, history, education and philosophy.

In a word, the Song Dynasty was at an extremely important stage in the overall process of China’s historical development in terms of economy, politics and culture.

XII. China Yuan Dynasty (1271 -1368)

1. Introduction of Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongolians, which was the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China. The capital of Dadu (present-day Beijing) was handed down to the Fifth Emperor and the Eleventh Emperor, which lasted for 98 years.

2. Characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty.

(1) a unified multi-ethnic feudal country was consolidated and developed.

The Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country with an unprecedented vast territory; The provincial system has been implemented, and the central authorities have exercised jurisdiction over Tibet, Taiwan Province, Yunnan and other border areas.

(2) The feudal economy continued to develop.

Widespread planting of cotton has promoted the development of cotton textile industry; The smooth transportation of water and sea has promoted economic exchanges; Most of the larger cities are prosperous; Quanzhou’s foreign trade is developed.

(3) frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries

Caravans and envoys from Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa came in an endless stream. Italian Kyle Poirot has lived in China for more than ten years; Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons spread to Europe through Arabs; Quanzhou is the largest foreign trade port.

(4) ethnic integration has been further strengthened.

The Han people have contributed to the development of the frontier, and a large number of ethnic groups in the frontier have moved to the mainland to live together with the Han people. The Khitan, Nuzhen and other ethnic groups who originally entered the Central Plains have merged with the Han nationality; A new minority, the Hui nationality, has been formed. However, the policy of ethnic differentiation in Yuan Dynasty played a negative role in social development.

3. Historical significance of Yuan Dynasty.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Shangshu Province and Menxia Province were abolished, while Zhongshu Province, Privy Council and Yushitai were kept in charge of politics, army and supervision, and the provincial system was implemented locally, which was the first of its kind in China.

The Yuan Dynasty also carried out many malpractices, such as various policies, casting system, expelling system, craftsman system, no system of membership, human sacrifice, curfew, sea ban, etc., which interrupted the process of reform in the Tang and Song Dynasties and profoundly reshaped the history of China after the Song Dynasty.

XIII. China Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644)

1. Introduction of Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was a unified dynasty established by the Han nationality, which passed down to sixteen emperors and enjoyed the country for 276 years.

In the Ming Dynasty, the territory included Han, and in the early Ming Dynasty, the northeast reached the Sea of Japan and the outer Xing ‘an Mountains, and then it was reduced to the Liaohe River Basin. Reach Yinshan in the north and retreat to the Ming Great Wall; West to Hami, Xinjiang, and then retreat to Jiayuguan; It faces the Bay of Bengal in the southwest and then turns back to Yunnan today. He also set up a detention center in the Qinghai-Tibet region and recovered Annan.

In the Ming Dynasty, handicraft industry and commodity economy flourished, commercial market towns and capitalism sprouted, and culture and art showed a trend of secularization. According to Records of the Ming Dynasty, the peak population was 71.85 million, but most scholars thought it actually exceeded 100 million, and some scholars pointed out that the population in the late Ming Dynasty was close to 200 million.

The Ming Dynasty was the golden age after the Han and Tang Dynasties. There are no consorts of the Han dynasty, the buffer region of the Tang dynasty, and the old coins of the Song dynasty. The emperor guards the country and the king dies. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty rated Ming Taizu as "Ruling the Tang and Song Dynasties", and The History of Ming Dynasty rated Ming Chengzu as "Yuanmai Han and Tang Dynasties".

2. Characteristics of the Ming Dynasty

The absolute monarchy has been strengthened unprecedentedly; The commodity economy developed unprecedentedly in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The seeds of capitalism have emerged; Political corruption, high concentration of land, continuous peasant uprising and gradual decline. In the ideological field, anti-feudal thoughts, at the same time, the fields of literature and art are bound to have anti-feudal colors.

3. The historical significance of the Ming Dynasty

(1) from the perspective of worldwide influence.

In the early Ming Dynasty, through Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas, countries from Southeast Asia to the Persian Gulf were connected, and China’s influence was enhanced. This should be the last time that China took the initiative to communicate with the West after the Tang Dynasty, which is of great significance.

Then, the Japanese pirates were rampant in the southeast, which led to the implementation of the policy of closing the country to the outside world, which affected the Qing Dynasty and eventually accelerated the demise of the feudal dynasty in China.

(2) from the perspective of economic development

The Ming Dynasty was the seed of capitalism in China, which was also an important stroke in the history of China. Although the germination of capitalism in China was only a flash in the pan, the historical position of the Ming Dynasty could not be denied.

(3) from the territorial theory

The territory area of the Ming Dynasty, though not the largest in China history, is basically the main activity area of Han people now. Although the territory was further expanded after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the territory of the Ming dynasty was also very large.

(4) from the political system.

The Ming Dynasty abolished the prime minister system in China for thousands of years, and the centralization of monarchy was further improved. In addition, the cabinet system of the Ming dynasty and the three provinces and six departments have been used until the Qing dynasty. The political system of the Ming Dynasty is an important part in the history of China.

Fourteen, China Qing Dynasty (1616-1912)

1. Introduction to Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty (1616-1912) was the last feudal dynasty in the history of China, with 12 emperors, totaling 296 years. It was 276 years since the name of the country was changed to Qing Dynasty. It is 268 years since the Qing soldiers entered the customs and established national political power.

After the Opium War, it was invaded by foreign powers, and its sovereignty and territory were seriously lost. It also began the exploration of modernization, and carried out modernization reforms such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898. The Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance’s invasion of China further deepened the national crisis.

In the late Qing Dynasty, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. On February 12, 1912, Yuan Shikai, the minister of Beiyang, induced Pu Yi, the Qing emperor, to abdicate, issued an abdication edict, and realized the Republic of the five ethnic groups, thus ending the Qing Dynasty.

2. Characteristics of the Qing Dynasty

The Qing army carried out shaving and changing clothes politically, and militarily attacked the peasant army and Nanming regimes, and gradually occupied China. Then, after three dynasties in Kang Yong, it developed to Dingfeng. During this period, the unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated, which basically laid the territory of China, and at the same time, the autocratic monarchy reached its peak.

However, in the middle and late period, due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, closed doors and ideological stagnation, it gradually fell behind the world. The Sino-British Opium War broke out in 1840, which was invaded by foreign powers and seriously lost sovereignty.

3. The historical significance of the Qing Dynasty

Kang Yong’s three dynasties reached its peak, during which the traditional society of China made unprecedented development achievements. It was unified and consolidated in a multi-ethnic country, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty unified the Mongolian ministries, incorporated Xinjiang and Tibet into the territory, and implemented the policy of returning land to the southwest. Finally, the modern territory of China was determined, and the integrity of the country’s territorial sovereignty was actively safeguarded.

However, feudal autocracy also reached its peak, and gradually fell behind the west in the middle and late period due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, and closed doors.

Source: China History Network

　　Author: Xie Lunyu (Associate Professor, School of Applied Economics, Renmin University of China, Director of Institute of Peace and Development)

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "if the nation is to be revived, the countryside must be revitalized". The most arduous and arduous task of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is still in the countryside, and the broadest and deepest foundation is still in the countryside. Implementing the rural revitalization strategy is an important historical task to win the victory in building a socialist modern country in an all-round way, and it is also the general grasp of the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers in the new era. We must fully tap the great potential of rural revitalization in stabilizing economic growth, promoting high-quality development and realizing common prosperity from the height of coordinating the "two overall situations".

　　Accurately grasp the great significance of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization

　　Rural revitalization brings new opportunities for promoting high-quality development. Since the reform and opening up, China has rapidly promoted industrialization and urbanization, continuously improved the efficiency of factor allocation, and released the reform dividend, which has played an important role in creating "two miracles". However, compared with the rapid development of urban development, the development of agriculture, rural areas and farmers has lagged behind. The implementation of rural revitalization strategy plays a vital role in supporting the integrated development of urban and rural areas and promoting the construction of new urbanization, and also provides a new opportunity for the transformation of old and new kinetic energy of China’s economic growth.

　　Rural revitalization brings new opportunities to stabilize macroeconomic fluctuations. In the process of rural revitalization, the improvement of agricultural and rural modernization will create high-quality employment and entrepreneurial opportunities, attract rural talents to return, and play a positive role in stabilizing employment and ensuring income. Rural revitalization will promote the transformation and upgrading of agricultural production mode, change the temporal and spatial pattern of agricultural production and trade, and comprehensively enhance the production and supply capacity of agricultural products, which is of great significance to ensuring the safety of agricultural products supply, stabilizing agricultural products prices and preventing inflation.

　　Rural revitalization opens up a new space for promoting pollution control and realizing the goal of "double carbon". Rural areas are rich in natural resources, which is an important support to improve the supply of ecological products and carbon sink capacity. Rural revitalization encourages areas rich in ecological resources to give full play to their green advantages. It is an important content to promote "peak carbon dioxide emissions, carbon neutrality", realize rural sustainable development and promote the construction of ecological civilization in China by linking five major revitalization with ecological revitalization, exploring the establishment of incentive-compatible ecological product supply and value realization mechanism and accelerating the capitalization of natural resources.

　　Rural revitalization provides a new path for promoting fairness and efficiency. China has entered a highly cooperative society. Improving the skills of rural labor force through skills training will effectively improve the cooperation efficiency of the whole society. At the same time, rural revitalization will improve the quality and fairness of rural education, help solve the intergenerational transmission problem of poverty in the long run, and save human capital for economic development.

　　Rural revitalization provides a new guarantee for achieving common prosperity. Rural revitalization puts more emphasis on improving the availability of rural resources and the accumulation level of farmers’ human capital in the process of development, building the sustainable development capacity of rural areas in an all-round way, improving the income-increasing capacity of rural residents, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas and consolidating the foundation of common prosperity, thus providing effective means for achieving common prosperity.

　　In view of the fact that rural industries and infrastructure are relatively weak, and the utilization rate of natural resources, human capital and other factors and labor productivity need to be further improved, in the process of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization, we should focus on accelerating rural infrastructure construction, fully tapping the advantages of natural resources in rural areas and accelerating the accumulation of human capital.

　　Accelerate infrastructure construction and promote high-quality development of agriculture.

　　From the perspective of improving supply quality, with the continuous improvement of China’s rural infrastructure, especially productive supporting facilities, the ability of rural areas to undertake industrial gradient transfer is increasingly enhanced, which not only plays an important role in promoting agricultural and rural technological progress and production mode innovation, but also plays a positive role in optimizing China’s industrial regional layout and smoothing the economic cycle in urban and rural areas. From the perspective of effectively expanding domestic demand, rural revitalization can further play the key role of investment in rural infrastructure and public services in optimizing the supply structure, continuously improve the income level and income-increasing ability of rural residents, release the huge potential demand in rural areas, and promote the expansion and upgrading of rural consumer markets.

　　To strengthen rural infrastructure construction, the key is to make great efforts to build a "new agricultural infrastructure", change the traditional mode of farmers’ "depending on the weather" and promote the transformation and upgrading of agricultural production methods. In practice, it is necessary to strengthen the following basic links: First, continuously standardize the high-standard agricultural production process, speed up the construction of standardized facilities such as greenhouses, and enhance the natural risk prevention ability of crops; Second, according to the regional characteristics and product characteristics, strengthen the construction of agricultural products storage and preservation, cold chain transportation and logistics facilities, extend the sales time or wrong season sales, and realize the preservation and appreciation of products; The third is to speed up the improvement of the rural logistics system at the county, township and village levels, build strong logistics facilities and digital infrastructure, make full use of new marketing methods such as e-commerce platforms and webcasts, and promote the effective matching of high-quality agricultural products with market demand; The fourth is to promote the innovative application of supply chain, carry out the construction of agricultural products supply chain with agricultural and commercial interconnection, and establish orderly and stable links with important regions or national logistics centers; The fifth is to establish and promote the standardization system and product quality certification standard system of agricultural products, build agricultural products brands, surpass the agricultural products standards in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou and Guangzhou, strive for internationally accepted agricultural products certification, and enhance the global competitiveness of products.

　　Tap the advantages of natural resources and promote rural green development.

　　China’s rural areas have vast natural resources such as land and forest land, and the rich green ecological resources in rural areas have the advantage of being late-comer in the construction of ecological civilization.

　　To tap the advantages of natural resources in rural areas, we must first actively promote capital and new technologies to the countryside. On the one hand, support and encourage capital to go to the countryside to improve the utilization rate of rural production factors; On the other hand, actively promote the diffusion and application of new technologies and new products to rural areas, including the continuous improvement of agricultural mechanization and automation technology, and the wide application of new agricultural green technologies and digital technologies in agriculture and rural areas, so as to improve the productivity of rural production factors, thus promoting the transformation of rural production methods and farmers’ lifestyles, realizing the coordinated development of economic growth, farmers’ income increase and carbon emission reduction through clean energy supply and green industrial development, and opening up an effective path for green development in rural areas.

　　Secondly, continuously improve the "realization" ability of ecological capital. In the period of accelerating industrialization, the natural environment used to be an important factor restricting regional development, resulting in the so-called "green poverty" phenomenon of guarding Jinshan Yinshan without food. With the development of economy and society, people’s demand for green environment and ecological products continues to increase, and the economic and social value of green resources continues to increase. It is necessary to activate the sleeping natural resources, overcome the problem of "green water and green mountains are priceless", innovate the green financial service path, explore a new green development path with quantifiable and realizable value of ecological products, and truly transform the green water and green mountains into Jinshan Yinshan with increased income and wealth.

　　Finally, continuously improve the rural production, living and ecological environment. Develop ecological agriculture according to local conditions, implement green production projects, promote the deep integration of agriculture with tourism, education, sports, culture and other industries, and form a complex of nature+production+leisure+recreation; Invest more resource elements and public services in rural areas, strengthen the supporting construction of fire water supply, fire facilities and equipment, and small parking lots, improve water, electricity, communication and network facilities, and improve the modern livable level in the green ecological environment; Focusing on the treatment of rural garbage and sewage and the improvement of village appearance, we will promote the treatment of outstanding problems in rural human settlements in an orderly manner; Strictly observe the "red line" of ecological environment, and make scientific planning and rational development of tourism ecological resources.

　　Accelerate the accumulation of human capital and enhance the endogenous development ability of farmers

　　It is found that human capital is the lasting driving force of economic growth, and the differences of economic growth among countries mainly come from the differences of human capital accumulation and comparative advantages. To promote rural revitalization in an all-round way, we must focus on accelerating the accumulation of rural human capital. Strengthening the accumulation of rural human capital not only focuses on the long term, but also grasps the present. In the long run, in the overall situation of rural revitalization, we should pay more attention to improving the quality of rural education and the balance of resources, focus on blocking the intergenerational transmission of poverty after poverty alleviation, provide living water for rural revitalization of human capital accumulation, continuously improve the sustainable development capacity of rural areas and the income-increasing capacity of rural residents, accelerate the narrowing of the gap between urban and rural areas, and consolidate the foundation of common prosperity. To grasp the present, we should focus on three aspects:

　　First, in the process of rural revitalization, the improvement of agricultural and rural modernization will create more high-quality employment and entrepreneurial opportunities. We should improve the incentive policies, optimize the employment and entrepreneurial environment, attract more rural talents to return, create a large number of "Nong Erdai" successors of family agricultural management, rural cooperatives and leading enterprises, and promote the transformation of rural youth from identity identification to professional identity.

　　Second, in the process of promoting rural revitalization, we should pay attention to cultivating rural practical talent leaders who can lead one party and drive one, and expand the new generation of rural entrepreneurs, e-commerce talents and rural craftsmen in agricultural practice, so that rural human capital can reshape the new kinetic energy of rural development in combination with new technologies, new industries and new models.

　　Third, in the process of promoting rural revitalization, we should promote the transformation of farmers from farming to agricultural workers and local scientists. Through the training of labor skills and knowledge, guide farmers to change their identities from traditional farmers and migrant workers to modern agricultural workers and new agricultural management subjects; Through advanced agricultural means of production, agricultural machinery and equipment use training and technical service training, farmers will be promoted to improve their comprehensive quality of scientific and technological knowledge, management experience and technical skills, and become modern farmers who can effectively master new agricultural technologies, new machinery and new agronomy; By increasing the special financial investment in grass-roots scientific research, we will stimulate the innovation vitality of young agricultural science and technology workers, vigorously cultivate local scientists, and help more farmers change from knowledge users to knowledge creators.

The investigators searched Li Zhaofang’s office.

Zhang Hao/Comics

　　Li Zhaofang, former deputy general manager of Changzhou Wujin Radio and Television Information Network Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Province, was recently sentenced to four years in prison by the court for accepting bribes. So far, through special actions, more than half of the 18 cases of 20-person duty crimes investigated and handled in the field of radio and television networks in Changzhou have been pronounced. Two radio and television network companies in Changzhou City, from the person in charge to the ordinary salesman, have fallen, and the members of the leadership team are "completely annihilated".

　　After investigation, from 2008 to 2013, Changzhou Branch of Jiangsu Radio and Television Cable Information Network Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Changzhou Branch of Jiangsu Radio and Television Company") and Changzhou Wujin Radio and Television Information Network Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Wujin Radio and Television Company"), as well as members of the leadership team, some middle-level cadres and salesmen of Wujin Radio and Television Station, used the market monopoly right of radio and television resources and the administrative management right of radio and television undertakings. Playing politics and taking bribes in the process of investment and construction, attracting investment, equipment procurement, financial management and personnel appointment, the total amount of property involved is nearly 10 million yuan.

　　A small set-top box leads to a big nest case

　　"The key to special investigation is to find the right entry point. The entry point of the case is like the thread of a sweater. If you find the thread, you can untie it with a gentle touch. " Wang Yaming, director of the Anti-Corruption Bureau of Changzhou Procuratorate, said that the set-top box is the key "thread" in the special campaign against corruption in the field of radio and television.

　　Since April 2013, the corruption in Changzhou radio and television network field has entered the sight of Changzhou procuratorate because of reports from the masses. During the investigation, the case-handling personnel heard many complaints from the public about the high quality and low price of TV set-top boxes and the frequent failure of remote controllers. "There must be a cat behind the set-top box!" The investigators are keenly aware of this. With the deepening of the investigation, the fact that set-top box manufacturers, agents and distributors paid bribes to relevant personnel of local radio and television network companies in the form of kickbacks in order to enter Changzhou market or increase sales volume gradually surfaced.

　　The special action to investigate and deal with duty crimes in the field of radio and television networks was immediately launched in the city. Changzhou City Procuratorate has formulated a careful implementation plan, and unified arrangements for initial investigation, unified dispatch of investigation forces, and unified organization of investigation activities. Five grass-roots hospitals and more than 60 investigating police officers conducted an eight-month preliminary investigation according to the plan. Pulling out the radish and bringing out the mud, 18 cases of 20-person duty crimes in the field of radio and television networks in this city were finally solved in one fell swoop.

　　In Changzhou, the actual operator of set-top box is cable TV operator. There are two operators in Changzhou City, namely Changzhou Branch of Jiangsu Radio and Television Company and Wujin Radio and Television Company. The former is responsible for the radio and television networks in Xinbei, Zhonglou, Tianning and Qishuyan, while the latter independently manages the radio and television system in Wujin District. There is no superior-subordinate relationship between the two, and there are also great differences in the nature of enterprises.

　　Although the two companies are different in nature, their functions are almost the same. On the one hand, it is engaged in radio and television network business activities, including the construction, management and maintenance of cable TV transmission networks, providing cable TV access and technical services, purchasing set-top boxes, cables and other equipment, and selling electronic products. On the other hand, it manages the people and property of radio and television stations in townships and towns within its jurisdiction.

　　This semi-commercial and semi-administrative organizational model has many disadvantages, one of which is the high concentration of power-the decision-making power and administrative management power of Changzhou Branch of Jiangsu Radio and Television Company are in the hands of Chairman Zhang Bing, while Wujin Radio and Television Company is in the pocket of Chairman Pan Guoxing.

　　Promote and appoint cronies and hold decision-making power.

　　Zhang Bing, 59, worked as a middle-level cadre in an important department of Changzhou Municipal Committee when he was young, and later transferred to the director of Changzhou Cable Radio Station. After the establishment of Changzhou Radio and Television Company, Changzhou Radio and Television Bureau appointed him as the chairman.

　　From the "top leader" of the administrative unit to the dispatched enterprise, Zhang Bing felt marginalized and often laughed at himself as a "forgotten person". He thinks that since he has been forgotten, it is better to settle down in a corner and set up another mountain. Therefore, Zhang Bing started with the appointment of personnel and firmly controlled the power of Changzhou Radio and Television Company.

　　Sweet-tongued and diligent is Zhang Bing’s way of employing people. Based on this principle, he promoted a trusted team-Wu Yuequan, director of the office and secretary of the Disciplinary Committee, Liang Changan, deputy general manager in charge of engineering and technology, and Li Xiaolin, deputy general manager in charge of finance. The middle-level cadres of the company, especially the heads of major business departments such as development department and technology department, are basically arranged by Zhang Bing. It is also a matter of his word that the company has a new salesman and which stationmaster is appointed by the subordinate township radio and television station. Power gave Zhang Bing a taste of waving a baton.

　　In 2008, Jiangsu Radio and Television Department integrated the cable TV networks of 10 cities and established Jiangsu Radio and Television Company. Changzhou Radio and Television Company was merged and reorganized into Changzhou Branch of Jiangsu Radio and Television Company, and Zhang Bing was appointed as Party Secretary and General Manager.

　　In 2008, the Olympic Games was held in Beijing. In order to ensure that more users can watch this event through digital TV, cable digital TV operators in various regions increased their translation efforts before the Olympics, and the market sales of set-top boxes ushered in a blowout. At that time, there were more than 200 enterprises engaged in the production of set-top boxes in China, and the market competition was fierce.

　　The brand access of set-top boxes in Jiangsu province is unified by the newly established Jiangsu Radio and Television Company, and eight manufacturers who have the right to sell set-top boxes are determined. Which brand is used by each city, and then the branch company chooses from these eight companies, which forms a "trumpet mouth" with strict entry and wide exit. The highly monopolized market model makes it possible for manufacturers to get through the provincial companies, and the future depends on how to pull business with branches in various cities.

　　After bidding, eight companies including Shengjie, Weiqi, Yuanhang and Xutian won the bid. Zhang Bing, who has the right to decide which brand of set-top box to purchase in Changzhou, met Yu Ting, regional manager of Sunan of Shengjie Company. As the two became more and more familiar with each other, Yu Ting began to love her, sending some calligraphy and painting, teapot and so on. Gradually, the big and small things in Zhang Bing’s family were also taken care of by "enthusiastic" Yu Ting: Zhang Bing’s daughter graduated as an intern, and Yu Ting arranged to go to Shengjie Hong Kong head office; The younger daughter wanted to go out for fun, and Yu Ting took out a 60,000 yuan travel card. When she got married, Yu Ting gave tens of thousands of yuan worth of Cartier watches and a pair of gold bracelets … Shengjie Company soon became one of the largest set-top box manufacturers in Changzhou.

　　Facing the collective fall of layers of public relations teams

　　In 2012, set-top boxes faced another major technological innovation, from digital set-top boxes to high-definition set-top boxes. The new round of upgrading has brought about another huge fluctuation of behind-the-scenes interests.

　　Yuanhang Company has always wanted to cooperate with Changzhou Radio and Television Company to carry out business. Gao Weijun, its regional manager, took the opportunity of this large-scale replacement to come to Zhang Bing several times. Cigarettes and shopping cards are common gifts. Considering that there are few manufacturers of new intelligent terminal products in Changzhou, Zhang Bing signed a purchase contract with Yuanhang Company in order to enhance market competition, and the gift brought by Gao Weijun was accepted.

　　Companies such as Weiqi and Xutian, which are engaged in the production of set-top boxes, did the same thing. First, the regional director contacted Zhang Bing and got his approval. Then, he got through with the leaders of companies such as Liang Changan and Li Xiaolin, then the project manager and middle-level leaders dredged up, and finally, the direct salesman docked. So go through customs from top to bottom until the relationship of cooperation and common prosperity is unbreakable.

　　Soon, the set-top box market in Changzhou city was divided up by four companies: Shengjie, Weiqi, Yuanhang and Xutian. The almost zero-competition market makes manufacturers no longer pay attention to the quality of set-top boxes, and most of the funds are used to get through the internal relations of operators, so the price of boxes remains high. The cost of digital set-top boxes is only around 100 yuan, but it has sold for four or five hundred yuan in the market; The cost of high-definition set-top boxes is about 200 yuan, and the market price is as high as seven or eight hundred yuan! The box with high quality and high price makes the people complain.

　　In recent two years, many brands have launched digital TV all-in-one machines, integrating the functions of set-top boxes into televisions. Set-top boxes once again ushered in innovation, and manufacturers who came to Zhang Bing took intensive actions together. Shi Jinjun, the deputy general manager in charge of marketing, is a member of the team parachuted from the head office and has been excluded from the group in Zhang Bing. Shi Jinjun seized the opportunity and, with the acquiescence of Zhang Bing, made a great contribution to the purchase and sale of all-in-one machines, and successfully integrated into the circle of Zhang Bing.

　　In addition to set-top boxes, manufacturers of related peripheral products, including cable, cable broadband equipment, data transmission equipment and other electronic products, also use almost the same way, relying on Zhang Bing and his company to earn a lot of money.

　　After Zhang Bing was put on file for investigation by the procuratorate, investigators found a lot of cash, calligraphy and painting, gold and silver, high-end cameras and lenses when searching his home and office, and there were countless unopened cigarettes, alcohol, shopping cards and red envelopes. In the end, the property that was well documented and recognized by the procuratorate totaled more than 600,000 yuan.

　　Zhang Bing’s cronies have also fallen. In just two months, the number of people involved reached eight, and no member of the leadership team escaped.

　　Financial management chaos, self-enrichment in advertisements

　　The corruption caused by set-top boxes in Wujin Radio and Television Company is exactly the same as that in Changzhou Radio and Television Company. Because of the special situation of radio and television system in Wujin District, there are other forms of corruption.

　　Wujin District Radio and Television Bureau and Wujin District Radio and Television Station are two brands, and the two units are jointly responsible for Wujin Radio and Television Publicity, the development and management of radio and television undertakings, and the operation and management of TV stations and subordinate enterprises.

　　Pan Guoxing is also the director of Wujin Radio and Television Bureau and director of Wujin TV Station. After the establishment of Wujin Radio and Television Company, Pan Guoxing is also the chairman. It can be said that all the people, money and things of Wujin District Radio and Television System are in the hands of Pan Guoxing.

　　With the high concentration of power, Pan Guoxing has amassed wealth without scruple. In addition to taking bribes in the operation of set-top boxes and supporting equipment, another big source of "income" for Pan Guoxing is advertising business.

　　Since 2005, Wujin TV Station has implemented a diversified advertising revenue-generating system, which is a great "contribution" after Pan Guoxing became the director. Taiwan will set a relatively low income-generating target, and the assessment will be divided into rewards for the excess part. Everyone in each department will have a share, and the more advertisements you pull, the richer the commission. For a time, the whole stage was caught in the craze of advertising. Within one or two years after the implementation of the system, the business quota increased from more than 20 million yuan to more than 70 million yuan, almost quadrupling.

　　As the saying goes, support the bold. Wang Zhijian, the deputy director of the station, is also the manager of Changzhou Chaoyue Film and Television Program Production Co., Ltd., which belongs to the tertiary industry of Wujin TV Station and is the backbone of advertising. Wang Zhijian knows very well that the advertising revenue-generating system in Taiwan is actually a gray industry, but with Pan Guoxing on it, he is not only not worried, but also has a bigger appetite. Most of the advertising business brought back by income generation does not follow the normal accounting procedures, and the management is extremely chaotic. Wang Zhijian thinks that it is better to find a way to embezzle the commission from Taiwan. He remitted the advertising fees he received to his personal card without issuing any bills. Over the past few years, Wang Zhijian has embezzled more than 430,000 yuan. Many people in the company also follow this method and take money with both hands.

　　With his own golden idea, the whole company benefited, but as the director, Pan Guoxing could not personally intervene in the operation, and he could only get an administrative death salary, which was somewhat unbalanced in his heart. Pan Guoxing’s resentment was keenly captured by his men. They began to find various reasons to "honor" Pan Guoxing. According to the investigation by the procuratorate, Pan Guoxing took bribes totaling more than 1 million yuan. His downfall involved seven related cases and seven people, and two sets of leading bodies were wiped out.

　　Indiscriminately setting up the supervision of the secretary of the Disciplinary Committee is ineffective.

　　Is such blatant corruption unsupervised?

　　As mentioned earlier, the secretary of the Disciplinary Committee of Changzhou Radio and Television Company is Wu Yuequan, but according to the investigation by the procuratorate, this secretary of the Disciplinary Committee turned out to be "privately established".

　　Wu Yuequan was hand-picked by Zhang Bing. He was originally the director of the office, but the annual salary of the director of the office was only more than 200,000 yuan, and he was only a middle-level cadre and could not enter the inner circle. In order to further strengthen his leading group, Zhang Bing created a post of Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission for Wu Yuequan, who was in charge of personnel management, and his annual salary rose to more than 400,000 yuan. Wu Yuequan has been more dead set on Zhang Bing since then.

　　In this way, there is a secretary of the discipline inspection commission in the company without the discipline inspection department. The secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection is responsible for personnel, regardless of disciplinary inspection. With this secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection, some of Zhang Bing’s property has a seemingly incorruptible place. He sometimes gives alcohol, tobacco, shopping cards and cash to Wu Yuequan, and Wu Yuequan also seems to formally record them one by one. Wu Yuequan has asked Zhang Bing many times what to do with these properties. Zhang Bing sometimes said that the company would take them out when necessary, and sometimes used them to help the poor. But as of the time of the incident, most of this property had been kept by Wu Yuequan except a small part for the company’s official reception.

　　After Zhang Bing was put on file, Wu Yuequan was terrified. He copied the account book that recorded Zhang Bing’s property for three times again until he could no longer reflect the briber and the amount involved. Wu Yuequan destroyed the original account books, which led to the fact that part of Zhang Bing’s bribery was finally unfounded.

　　Wujin Radio and Television Company has not set up a regulatory agency from beginning to end. According to the regulations, the company is controlled by Wujin District Radio and Television Bureau, which has the right to supervise it, but the director of Radio and Television Bureau and the chairman of the company are both Pan Guoxing. How can he supervise himself?

　　(Some people and companies involved are pseudonyms)

　　(Original title: Small set-top box uncovers the corruption case of radio and television. Changzhou, Jiangsu: investigating and handling 18 cases of duty crimes in the field of radio and television networks)

　　Stars who live in the spotlight are not only glamorous on the stage, but also the work arrangement behind the scenes and daily life are the focus of public attention. Recently, a reality show "Me and My Agent" reflecting the living conditions of artists and agents has attracted attention, which has opened a new perspective and revealed the working status of the agent profession and the inside story of the artist’s business image. While satisfying curiosity, the work orientation of "setting people up" has also caused controversy.

　　Question 1. Are the stars’ every move carefully planned by people?

　　Brokerage companies help stars enlarge their strengths and meet market expectations.

　　The program opened the life section of boss Yang Naizhen’s one-hearted entertainment. Zhu Yawen, Yuqi Zhang, White, Chun Xia, Nana Ou-yang and Bridgette joined with their brokers to expose the entertainment circle ecology behind the stars from the perspective of the workplace. From the internal meeting, you will find that the brokerage company has a clear division of labor, some are responsible for business cooperation, some are responsible for fashion, and as for film and television resources, there is also a special department responsible for docking. The daily affairs of stars are inseparable from these partners, and they control the future career direction.

　　Watching the lives of stars and brokers, the most curious thing is, are the so-called people created? It may be unexpected to some viewers that Zhu Yawen, who is loved by fans, is also facing an artificial dilemma. During the meeting, it was discussed whether Zhu Yawen should take the emotional variety "Heartbeat Signal 2". The agent bluntly said that Zhu Yawen’s presence in the program was too weak. Zhu Yawen is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people with the image of "walking hormone" through dramas such as "Red Sorghum", but the agent believes that "it is obviously a sexy person, but how can Zhu Yawen make fans feel excited when his wife and children are hot in Weibo every day?"

　　It can be seen that the people we see must be carefully planned and fired with a clear purpose; Everything a star says and does on the show is designed to serve people as well. This is not a practice, but the rules of the game that the whole industry has long understood.

　　Question 2: The agent closest to the star is not only as simple as having idol benefits?

　　The pressure of continuous rotation is so great that you cry, but you have to give the star a sense of security.

　　What is the life of a broker? In life, apart from changing companies and turning against each other, there are also many examples of stars and brokers becoming friends. Some examples of agents who marry stars encourage girls who have dreams of their idols.

　　White, an actor who became popular with "Soul of the Town", and Qi Zi, an agent, are not sophisticated in communicating with White, even though they are big. For example, to persuade White to broadcast live directly, he said, "I know you won’t agree". Boss Yang Tianzhen directly asked White if he needed to change people. "White, who is in a rising career, needs more experienced brokers, while Qizi, who has been in business for a short time, is not fully qualified." In fact, brokers are not only close to idols, but also need to provide reliable services with enough professionalism.

　　Journalists often deal with stars, and they have to go through the broker’s "pass" first. The "difficult" agent will help the artist to block out many complicated things, and also maintain the image of the star through many requirements. When the star has a public opinion crisis, it is especially a test of the public relations ability of the brokerage team. How to make stars speak at the right time and keep silent at the right time all test professionalism.

　　Question 3: What should the broker do when he meets a star who doesn’t "cooperate"?

　　In addition to crisis public relations to reverse public opinion, we should also persuade stars to "speak less"

　　In the program, Yang Tianzhen and the company’s brokerage team mentioned at the meeting that the biggest problem of Yuqi Zhang, who was riddled with divorce gossip, was that she didn’t play cards according to common sense, which made the brokerage team passive and "created an opportunity and ushered in a dilemma". This directly led to the current business inquiries (that is, business cooperation) in Yuqi Zhang have stopped.

　　People who eat melons should still remember that Yuqi Zhang went to divorce because of her husband’s accusation of domestic violence and the exposure of marital conflicts. The powerful brokerage team miraculously helped her reverse the trend of public opinion by setting up a woman who dares to love and hate. However, news of their remarriage appeared, and the onlookers felt that they had been "fooled". Then spread all kinds of gossip, even marital infidelity, Yuqi Zhang responded in honest and frank, Weibo. The tug-of-war with her ex-husband exhausted the public. Faced with such a repeated public image, it is too difficult for the team to create a convincing person for her.

　　The program faces this topic directly, pointing out that Yuqi Zhang, who is impulsive and always doesn’t play by common sense, is hard to be "restrained". Xiao Yuya, the agent, gets along quite artistically with Yuqi Zhang. She needs to "converge" on such an embarrassing topic when chatting with Yuqi Zhang. She loves to eat, and she chooses to outflank the topic while eating hot pot.

　　The work is the best personal design.

　　After the program was broadcast, some netizens posted a post asking, if it were you, would you like to sign up for such a company? The highest praise reply is very intriguing: "If I am an actor, I won’t. If I am a star, I will."

　　Yang Tianzhen was asked in the program, "Do you have an 800 marketing number?"? Subsequently, the controversy of "leading customers to set up" was triggered, and she shed tears at the company’s 5 th annual meeting. There is also public opinion that this reality show "poison tongue" is Yang Tianzhen’s "whitewashing conference".

　　Last year, Zhu Yawen won the championship in "Coming to the Sound", and the dubbing of "Baby" stunned fans. This year, she was officially declared as a permanent guest of the hit variety "Run". However, in recent years, film and television works have not impressed the audience deeply. Some netizens questioned that spring and summer used to be radiant when they took the film at a young age, but now they are wasted in variety shows and become "mediocre." When positioning artists, we often consider the solidified marketing positioning, but ignore the individuality of artists to some extent. Some netizens bluntly said, "There are good-looking dramas when eating every day, and there are good songs to listen to when walking. I hope to know artists from my works instead of Weibo’s hot search and headlines."

　　The insiders believe that it is not long-term to rely on the establishment of people. It provides artists with staged heat at most. After repeated operations several times, the artist’s freshness is almost squeezed. Marketing this matter is too much. As a profession with great commercial value, the artist’s image naturally needs to be carefully polished, highlighting his personal characteristics, but the design of people should also conform to his own reality, and it is unsustainable to force people to design. There are countless examples of the collapse of the entertainment industry.

　　Yangzi Evening News/Yangyan reporter Zhang Nan