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In the brutal competition in the military market, survival of the fittest is an eternal law. With the passage of time, there are always some old military enterprises that will be eliminated by the times.

Just last year, Harland Wolf Shipyard, which has a shipbuilding history of more than 150 years, was exposed to be on the verge of bankruptcy. Once this news was announced, it quickly caused waves in the military industry.

Speaking of Harland Wolf Shipyard, most people may not know much about it, but when it comes to the famous cruise ship Titanic, almost everyone knows it. This luxurious cruise ship, which exudes romance and sadness, was born in Harland Wolf Shipyard.

After the baptism of two world wars, Harland Wolff Shipyard is second to none not only in the field of civil ships, but also in the manufacture of warships. Since the establishment of the shipyard, more than 170 warships of various types have been produced, and many famous warships such as the "awesome" aircraft carrier and the "Befast" cruiser have been built successively. After World War I, Harland Wolfe Shipyard once became a pillar enterprise of British military industry.

However, since the 1990s, the British navy began to drastically reduce its establishment, the shipyard lost the strong support of the state, and its former glory gradually faded away. In the new century, Harland Wolfe Shipyard has taken the initiative to change, but with little effect, and had to formally announce its farewell to the shipbuilding industry. In this issue, let’s approach Harland Wolf Shipyard and read the story of the rise and fall of this century-old famous enterprise.

From wooden deck to iron deck, the door to success is "bumped" by technological innovation.

Befast, a coastal city in the northeast of Northern Ireland Peninsula, has dozens of kilometers of coastline and the largest local seaport, Befast Port. Its unique geographical advantages once made this ancient city a world shipbuilding center, and the famous Harland Wolf Shipyard is located here.

Toggle the hands of the years, and time goes back to 1858. At that time, Britain took the lead in completing the first industrial revolution, and the fire of technological revolution ignited the passion of countless entrepreneurs. Many people hoped to seize the opportunity to do something. Under this background, Edward James Harland, general manager of a small shipyard, came up with the idea of starting a business. With all his assets, Harland bought a shipyard from his employer, and he believed that with his own ability, he would definitely make a career in the British shipbuilding industry.

However, the reality is far from what he imagined. At that time, British maritime trade entered the golden age of vigorous development, and various domestic shipbuilding enterprises sprang up like mushrooms after rain, and the market competition was unprecedentedly fierce. There are a series of problems in the newly established shipyard, such as chaotic management, lack of talents, aging equipment, etc. Every step of the shipyard is treading on thin ice.

Faced with many difficulties, Harland, who was stubborn by nature, chose to persist and led the shipyard staff to take the pace of innovation. They introduced advanced production lines, formulated strict shipbuilding technology standards, vigorously rectified management order, and sent special personnel to large shipyards for further study.

In 1859, France took the lead in building the world’s first armored ship, ending the centuries-long wooden warship era. This epoch-making creation, like a thunder, opened a breakthrough of technological innovation for Harland Wolff Shipyard.

Influenced by this armored ship, Harland Wolf Shipyard began to study the shipbuilding materials. They found that the ship decks in the market are usually made of wood, which not only has more consumables and less strength, but also affects the hull capacity. Recognizing this problem, Harland Wolff Shipyard immediately put its energy into developing a new deck. After repeated tests, they replaced the original wood materials with iron materials and developed a brand-new iron deck, which greatly improved the deck strength and hull capacity. With good performance, this deck quickly became an "explosive" product in the market, and Harland Wolf Shipyard began to receive a large number of orders one after another, earning the "first bucket of gold" in the fierce market competition.

The increasing orders did not slow down the exploration of Harland Wolf Shipyard. They tried to use iron materials for the whole hull, and soon built an all-iron yacht with a stronger structure-Miranda. This yacht is similar to the first "Warrior" armored ship built in Britain: the hull is made of a large piece of iron plate, which is divided into several watertight compartments and adopts advanced steam power system. These technologies were later successfully applied to the production and manufacture of armored ships, and accumulated the experience and technology of building warships for Harland Wolf Shipyard.

Innovation is the soul of an enterprise and the guarantee of its sustainable development. In the "painful period" of enterprise reform and development, Harland Wolff Shipyard has always regarded the concept of technological innovation and creating excellent products as a guideline, and has taken the lead in developing the first iron deck ship in Britain, won the "admission ticket" for building the future armored ship, and won the first opportunity in the shipbuilding market with strong hands.

An unusual "cross-border" modification, unexpectedly starting a military trip.

On April 10th, 1912, Southampton Port ushered in the busiest day in shipbuilding history. The "Titanic" cruise ship with colorful flags is lying quietly in the harbor, and the dock is crowded with tens of thousands of passengers, family members and staff who are off. At 12 o’clock noon, accompanied by the sound of sirens, the Titanic slowly sailed out of the dock and officially opened its maiden voyage. However, only a few days later, this luxurious "dream ship" unfortunately collided with an iceberg in the depths of the North Atlantic and slept forever at the bottom of the Na Pianhai.

Almost at the same time as Titanic, there were two other 10,000-ton "sister ships"-Olympic and British. The "maiden" of these three sisters were all Harland Wolf Shipyard. Perhaps it is fate. Although these "three sisters" are in the same era, the final outcome is completely different.

In the second year after the sinking of Titanic, World War I broke out, and the war quickly entered a white-hot stage. The British Navy urgently needed large transport ships to meet the demand of the front line. However, under the construction conditions at that time, it took a lot of time to build a new transport ship. In desperation, the British Admiralty came up with a fantastic idea-can the existing civilian ships be modified to support the frontline team?

This idea of "cross-border" modification has made many enterprises "retreat". However, in the view of Harland Wolf Shipyard, although the challenge is arduous, it is an excellent opportunity for enterprises to expand into the military field.

In the process of modification, Harland Wolff Shipyard skillfully transformed the deck public area of "Britain" into a wounded room, installed more than 3,000 beds inside the hull, and equipped with advanced medical equipment, and the whole ship became a medical ship of the British Navy. And its other "sister ship"-"Olympic" was converted into a troop transport ship, the hull was painted with camouflage stripes, and six anti-submarine guns were installed at the bow and stern, which greatly improved the protection performance and successfully completed dozens of troop transport tasks.

The outstanding performance of "Olympics" and "Britain" in the war made the strength of Harland Wolf Shipyard recognized by the British military. On the eve of World War II, countries have stepped up their military expansion to prepare for war. At that time, due to the lack of effective early warning system and fighter protective armor, the defense capability of the British navy aircraft carrier needed to be improved, and it was urgent to develop an aircraft carrier with better performance.

The heavy responsibility once again fell on the shoulders of Harland Wolff Shipyard. After two years of painstaking research and development, in the second half of 1939, the aircraft carrier "Awesome" was successfully launched in the port of Befast. Facing the needs of the military, Harland Wolff Shipyard handed over a nearly perfect answer: in the defense system, the aircraft carrier "Awesome" adopted the most advanced 79 radar in Britain at that time, with a monitoring range of tens of kilometers, and an armored hangar was set up on the aircraft carrier to protect the fighters. Six eight-in-one anti-aircraft guns were installed around the hull, with a maximum range of 6,200 meters. With its excellent performance, the "awesome" aircraft carrier destroyed a German heavy cruiser in its first battle when performing its mission in the Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently, the "awesome" aircraft carrier participated in many naval battles such as air strikes in the Indian Ocean and the Battle of Okinawa, and made great contributions to the British Navy.

Waiting for the country to "transfuse blood" and embark on the road of recession that is difficult to turn back.

"Destiny depends not on chance, but on your choice. Fate is not waiting, but fighting. " The famous saying of British Prime Minister Churchill has inspired countless British people to work hard on the road of starting a business. Extending this wisdom to the field of military industry, its spiritual connotation is equally important to the development of enterprises. In the fierce competition in the military industry market, Harland Wolf Shipyard quickly jumped into the "fast lane" of development with its pioneering and innovative spirit. In its heyday, the shipyard employed about 35,000 workers, and its business scope expanded to the fields of aircraft and tank manufacturing, becoming a well-deserved leader in the industry.

Before and during World War II, the British shipbuilding industry flourished and once occupied half of the global shipbuilding market. The output of Harland Wolff Shipyard is even more amazing. During this period, the shipyard built six aircraft carriers, two cruisers and more than 130 other naval vessels for the British Navy, and the number of various vessels repaired was tens of thousands.

There is a hidden crisis when the wind is smooth. With the change of the situation, the British army was repeatedly defeated in the battlefield at the beginning of World War II, and the German army once regarded the British military factory as a bombing target. In 1941, the German Air Force carried out air raids on Harland Wolff Shipyard and its port of Befast for several days, which caused heavy damage to the shipyard and killed nearly 800 people.

After the war, Harland Wolf Shipyard rallied, hoping to reproduce its former glory. However, after the war, countries began to reduce military spending, warship orders fell sharply, and many shipyards closed down. Harland Wolf Shipyard was doomed, and its performance began to plummet, so it had to spend the "cold winter" of the industry by laying off employees and reducing production.

In the 1970s, with the rapid rise of shipbuilding enterprises in Asian countries, the advantages of European shipyards in infrastructure, industrial scale, production capacity and other aspects were gradually reduced, and the shipbuilding market was once seized by shipbuilding enterprises in Asian countries. The advantages accumulated by Harland Wolff Shipyard for a hundred years have been exhausted, and even it has fallen into the dilemma of not having enough funds to pay workers’ wages.

In desperation, the shipyard submitted a subsidy application to the British government. In 1975, the shipyard was nationalized and began to rely on the military’s "care" orders to make ends meet. However, the good times did not last long. In the 1990s, the British Navy began to drastically reduce its establishment, and the orders for weapons and equipment also decreased, which was undoubtedly another heavy blow to Harland Wolfe Shipyard.

After a hundred years of vicissitudes of life, how can you be willing to sink into the sand? In the new century, Harland Wolff Shipyard began to make great efforts to transform, and devoted itself to the research of renewable energy, offshore wind power generation and tidal power generation construction technology, and the assembled offshore wind turbines also achieved certain sales.

However, a handful of military and civilian orders cannot change the "blood loss" of Harland Wolff Shipyard. With the saturation of the installed capacity of power stations in the British coastal areas, the last "livelihood rice bowl" of Harland Wolf Shipyard was overturned, and it gradually approached the edge of bankruptcy. Carrying a huge foreign debt, long-term arrears of workers’ wages, and massive brain drain … As of last year, there were only 123 employees left in the shipyard. Although the British government tried its best to support this legendary shipyard, all kinds of measures were of no help.

Looking at the development history of Harland Wolff Shipyard, it is not difficult to find that bold innovation and breakthrough are the power source for the rapid development of enterprises, and also the magic weapon to adapt to market changes and gain market opportunities. However, when in danger, Harland Wolf Shipyard never found a solution, but waited for the country to "transfuse blood" and finally embarked on the road of irreversible recession.

Above: A centaur aircraft carrier built by Harland Wolf Shipyard. Information photo

Last year, the algae in Taihu Lake reached the best level since 2007-
Sing the "Taihu Beauty" of Harmonious Symbiosis between People and Water in the New Era

On February 27th, the reporter learned from the new round of news conference on the effectiveness of comprehensive management of Taihu Lake held by the provincial government that in 2023, the water quality and algae situation in Taihu Lake reached the best level since 2007, and it has been safe for 16 consecutive years.

New improvements have been made in water quality.

The provincial party committee and the provincial government regard Taihu Lake governance as a landmark project of ecological civilization construction in Jiangsu, resolutely shoulder the political responsibility of Taihu Lake governance and promote the continuous improvement of water quality in Taihu Lake basin. Last year, our province issued the "Action Plan for Promoting a New Round of Comprehensive Management of Taihu Lake", which detailed and decomposed 100 specific tasks to carry out the work of managing Taihu Lake with greater efforts and higher standards. In 2001, 488 Pacific governance projects were implemented, with an annual investment of 23.8 billion yuan, an increase of about 5 billion yuan over previous years. The provincial finance allocates 2 billion yuan as special guiding funds every year, and issues a total of 34 billion yuan to support about 8,000 projects.

According to the national assessment data, in 2023, the permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen in Taihu Lake remained stable at Class II and Class I, with total phosphorus of 0.052mg/L and total nitrogen of 1.09mg/L, down by 17.5% and 9.9% respectively.

What do these numbers mean? "There are nitrogen and phosphorus indicators in lake eutrophication, in which total phosphorus is the main binding indicator. According to the national standard, the total phosphorus is 0.05mg/L for a good lake. Last year, the total phosphorus in Taihu Lake was 0.052mg/L, which historically approached and returned to a good lake, and relevant indicators should be continuously observed. " Jiang Wei, director of the Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment, explained that last year, the water quality in the eastern lake area of Taihu Lake remained stable at Class III, and the water quality in the central lake area reached Class III for the first time, and the water quality in the western lake area improved greatly. In the first half of the year, the water quality of Taihu Lake reached the good lake standard for the first time, and it can be seen that the water quality of Taihu Lake changed from quantitative to qualitative, but it still takes a long time to achieve fundamental improvement.

Last year, 53 cyanobacteria blooms were found in Taihu Lake, a decrease of 51 times compared with the same period of last year. The average area, maximum area and algae density decreased by 45.7%, 50.8% and 30.3% respectively, and the summer was safe for 16 consecutive years. The proportion of excellent grade III in 206 key sections of the basin was 96.6%, among which the water quality of all river sections reached Grade III and above, and the flux of total phosphorus and total nitrogen into the lake decreased by 2.9% and 25.5% year-on-year. The water quality of 19 lakes and reservoirs in the basin has been continuously improved, and the water quality of Changdang Lake has been upgraded by one grade to reach Class IV.

"Not only physical and chemical indicators, but also biological effects should be observed to further judge the stability and sustainability of Taihu Lake ecosystem." Jiang Wei said that the aquatic biodiversity index of Taihu Lake Basin reached 3.08 last year, which was upgraded from "good" to "excellent". The aquatic vegetation area of the lake reached 200 square kilometers, up 25.8% year-on-year. There are 382 species of birds in the basin, and the national key protected species such as white crane, white-headed crane, black-faced spoonbill and yellow-billed egret have been discovered in recent years.

Continue to strengthen source control and pollution reduction

The problem is in the water, and the root is on the shore. The prominent contradiction of Taihu Lake governance is that the total amount of sewage discharged in the basin exceeds the environmental capacity that Taihu Lake can bear, and controlling sources and reducing pollution is the key measure.

"In 2023, the Taihu Lake Basin added 491,000 tons/day of urban sewage treatment capacity, rebuilt 493 kilometers of urban sewage pipe network, with a total treatment capacity of 9.44 million tons/day, and built a total of 32,000 kilometers of sewage pipe network, handling 2.72 billion tons of sewage throughout the year. We will continue to promote the classified collection and disposal of domestic waste, adding more than 1,600 waste sorting communities and 850 tons/day of kitchen waste treatment capacity. " Chen Haodong, deputy director of the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that it will speed up the construction of township sewage pipe network, eliminate the direct discharge of domestic sewage in towns and blank areas of pipe network, and comprehensively improve the urban sewage collection and treatment capacity. This year, it is planned to increase the urban sewage treatment capacity by 400,000 tons/day, and build and renovate the sewage pipe network by 300 kilometers.

Taihu Lake area has been a famous land of fish and rice since ancient times. Our province has implemented the most stringent effluent discharge standard for pond culture in the first and second protected areas of Taihu Lake, and the standardized transformation of aquaculture ponds above 460,000 mu in the basin has been basically completed. At present, the treatment rate of rural domestic sewage in Taihu Lake Basin has increased to 83.8%, which is about 43 percentage points higher than the national average. "In 2023, the five cities in Taihu Lake controlled a total reduction of 412,000 mu of direct seeding rice, and the mechanized returning area of rice and wheat straw in the three cities along the lake was 3.739 million mu, and the returning rate was over 83.3%. The comprehensive utilization rate of crop straw and livestock manure in Taihu Lake Basin reached more than 95%." Sun Xiang, deputy director of the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said that this year, we will explore the construction of a monitoring and evaluation system for agricultural green development, increase the pilot project of "two systems" of fertilizers and drugs and ecological transformation of irrigation and drainage systems, and promote the full coverage of key counties of straw comprehensive utilization projects in the upper reaches of Taihu Lake and the full coverage of rice machine transplanting in the first and second protected areas, further improving the level of agricultural green development in Taihu Lake.

"In 2023, the gathering area of cyanobacteria was the least since 2007, and there was no flooding in the whole year for the first time." Yu Junjie, deputy director of the Provincial Water Resources Department, said that a system of "blocking, guiding, controlling and fishing" has been gradually established along the lake. Since 2007, a total of 22.7 million tons of cyanobacteria have been salvaged, of which 740,000 tons were salvaged in 2023. The cyanobacteria salvaged ashore were disposed of by making organic fertilizer, burning and generating electricity, etc., to avoid secondary pollution. "Water, land, air and sky" water quality monitoring and monitoring network has been continuously improved, equipped with 437 water quality automatic stations, 2 ships, 14 boats and 1 observation station, covering more than 60 indicators of automatic monitoring capabilities, which can monitor algae every 30 minutes. In order to further reduce the source pollution in the lake and improve the lake habitat, the new round of ecological dredging project in Taihu Lake has completed 6 million cubic meters of dredging, and it is planned to dredge 6.35 million cubic meters this year.

The background color of river basin development is greener

Governance has forced transformation and upgrading, bringing opportunities for green development. Taoge area of Taihu Lake involves Wujin and Jintan, Changzhou, which is an important catchment area in the upper reaches of Taihu Lake and a necessary area for ecological water replenishment of major rivers entering the lake. In 2022, our province issued the Pilot Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Management and Sustainable Development of Water Environment in Taoge Area of Jiangsu Province (2022-2024).

"The pilot has scheduled 51 major projects in nine aspects, including industrial restructuring and industrial pollution control, urban and rural sewage treatment and garbage disposal, and comprehensive improvement of river networks, with a planned total investment of 18.4 billion yuan. By the end of 2023, 46 projects have been started, with a cumulative investment of about 10 billion yuan." Zhou Jingang, the second-level inspector of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, said that Changzhou has also vigorously developed strategic emerging industries, continued to promote the high-quality development of new energy industries, and formed an ecological closed loop of "generating, storing and delivering". The new output value of new energy vehicle manufacturing, power batteries and photovoltaic industries contributed more than 90% to the growth of industrial output value, and industrial agglomeration ranked fourth in the country.

At present, there are 462 new "little giant" enterprises in Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou, accounting for nearly 60% of the province’s total. 166 national green factories, 16 green industrial parks and 498 provincial green factories were established. While promoting the continuous transformation and upgrading of the industry, our province has intensified the rectification of phosphorus-related enterprises, and continued to deepen the rectification of phosphorus-related enterprises in the basin in accordance with the principle of "standardizing and upgrading a batch, entering a batch of parks, shutting down and eliminating a batch", and comprehensively establishing a "phosphorus account book" and a "phosphorus list". By the end of 2023, 8,987 enterprises had completed the "one enterprise, one policy" remediation plan, and 6,970 enterprises had completed standardized remediation.

Taihu Lake Basin, with a land area of 0.4%, has created 10% of the national economic aggregate. Last August, the Land Spatial Planning of Jiangsu Province (2021-2035) was officially approved by the State Council. "The plan identified the’ Taihu Hill Ecological Green Center’ as one of the two ecological green centers supporting Jiangsu’s sustainable development. We guide the relevant cities and counties in Taihu Lake Basin to complete the overall planning of land space, strictly protect agriculture and ecological space, and promote the compact layout and intensive and efficient use of land space. " Sun Weidong, deputy director of the Provincial Department of Natural Resources, said that our province strictly controlled the use of land and space, standardized the review of projects involving the occupation of ecological space, and coordinated the ecological protection and restoration, and completed the ecological restoration of about 15,000 mu of abandoned mines left over from history in the water conservation area of Taihu Lake Basin. We will speed up the implementation of five national pilot projects and two provincial demonstration projects for the comprehensive improvement of land and space in the Taihu Lake Basin, and have completed the improvement of 20,000 mu of agricultural land, 0.7 million mu of construction land and 0.5 million mu of ecological protection and restoration. (Reporter Wang Jing)

Poster of Camouflaged Couple

The autumn Japanese TV series "Camouflaged Couples" starring Yuuki Amami and Itsuki Sawamura finally aired the tenth sentence last week and ushered in the grand finale of the whole drama. In the end, the words got a good rating of 12.8%, and the ratings of the whole drama did not fall below 10%, which once again proved the fact that even though the workload was reduced due to physical reasons, the high popularity of Queen Tianhai in the neon country could not be shaken.

Two online celebrity dramas, Camouflaged Couples, which are juxtaposed with Five to Nine, offer a stunt of "form marriage" to meet the topic of "marrying a monk" on September 9. Yuuki Amami plays Jia Menxun, a 45-year-old librarian who is still alive. Although she always smiles on the surface, she has the attribute of a barrage inside.

Whether it’s family, colleagues or complete strangers, they will be mercilessly whipped by the Queen. Jiamen, who has been studying alone for a lifetime and then died silently, met her ex-boyfriend Yangcun Chaozhi who took her virginity in college and left mercilessly one day. With a smile on his face, Chaozhi kept befriending Jiamen like no one else. Finally, he brazenly proposed marriage. It’s just that this engagement is a scam in every sense. First of all, he did this to comfort his mother who claimed to be terminally ill and was about to die. More importantly, Chaozhi has become an out-and-out gay man and doesn’t love women at all!

Stills of Camouflaged Couple, Itsuki Sawamura and Asuka Kudoh.

The story unfolds slowly on the premise of such a god. After a series of processes, in which the man acted as the master and slave until it seemed to be really straight, and the woman acted as the master and slave until the corner and then returned to straight, Jiamen and Chaozhi finally found that they cared about each other the most, so after they got married and divorced, they solemnly filled in their names on the marriage registration form again.

Stills of "Camouflaged Couple",Itsuki Sawamura and Yuuki Amami.

But in my opinion, The Camouflaged Couple is not 100% unfinished. First of all, Kazuhiko Yukawa, the screenwriter, said in an interview with Japanese media before the broadcast that there was no attempt to discuss "gender issues" in depth. His original intention was to show the other side of his muse Yuuki Amami, who was deeply resentful under his gentle appearance. Whether it is the excavation of the heroine Jiamen’s childhood experience and family relationship, or the climax setting of each episode, it has realized the good intention of Youchuan screenwriter to create scripts for Queen Tianhai.

On the other hand, I also think that behind the seemingly far-fetched turning point, "Camouflaged Couples" still carried out the discussion about marriage to the end.

Under this premise, we urgently need film and television works that can seriously discuss the relationship between men and women and the true meaning of marriage. The completion of "Camouflaged Couples" in this respect is undoubtedly very high. Through the constant changes of the protagonists, the play first reveals the fact that gender roles are largely mobile. In the past two years, it seems that the momentum of both English dramas and American dramas is only "politically correct" to encourage everyone to be brave and "turn from straight to curved". But equally important, everyone may think from a bend or become straight, which is ignored by us intentionally or unintentionally. The final ending of The Camouflaged Couple undoubtedly reminds us of such a possibility.

Stills of "Camouflaged Couple"

Then again, the lack of positive expression of minorities in film and television dramas is indeed a problem that Japan has to look directly at. As a developed country with no religious burden, Japan first passed the so-called "same-sex partner regulations" in Shibuya District at the beginning of this year, which basically has no legal effect. As revealed in "Camouflaged Couples", even in Japan today, there are still citizens who are discriminated against in the workplace because of their sexual orientation. The pink signboard of "Five to Nine", which will be removed soon, still overlooks Shibuya, the most crowded intersection in the world. In Japan, monks can get married long ago, but there is still no legislation on same-sex marriage.

　　2. When did Beijing begin to apply for financial subsidies for household appliances trade-in? What time does it end?

　　The implementation period of the Implementation Measures for Household Appliances Trade-in promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce and other ministries and commissions is from June 1, 2009 to May 31, 2010. According to the requirements of this method, the Municipal Commission of Commerce, together with relevant municipal departments, actively carried out preparatory work, including identifying home appliance recycling enterprises and home appliance sales enterprises in this city through public bidding, and entrusting relevant associations to conduct research on the recycling price of used home appliances. After the preparatory work was basically ready, the home appliance trade-in work was officially started on August 10. Therefore, from August 10th, residents with local hukou or legal entities registered in this city can apply for financial subsidies when they sell old household appliances to the successful home appliance recycling enterprises and buy new ones from the successful home appliance sales enterprises. The subsidy policy will end on May 31st, 2010.

　　3. Can I buy new home appliances before selling old ones?

　　I can’t. According to the national regulations, the process of applying for financial subsidies for household appliances trade-in is: consumers first sell old household appliances to obtain a trade-in certificate, and then use this certificate to buy new household appliances before applying for financial subsidies, so there are strict procedural requirements. Some enterprises in this city are not only home appliance recycling enterprises, but also home appliance sales enterprises. They have the conditions to realize integrated services in the process of recycling old home appliances and selling new home appliances. On the basis of not violating the relevant provisions and requirements of the implementation measures, they encourage sales enterprises to innovate their working methods and provide consumers with more convenient services.

　　4. What are the subsidy targets and subsidy methods for home appliance trade-in?

　　First, give subsidies to buyers who sell old household appliances within the scope of subsidies and buy new ones. The second is to subsidize the transportation costs of recycling old household appliances within the scope of subsidies and sending them to dismantling and processing enterprises. Any legal entity that has registered in this city or registered in this city can enjoy the subsidy of old-for-new funds when selling old household appliances and buying new ones during the policy implementation period. It should be emphasized that the name of the unit and the name of the individual who sells the old household appliances and buys the new household appliances must be the same. In addition, buyers who have enjoyed the subsidy policy of "home appliances going to the countryside" may not repeatedly enjoy the old-for-new subsidy. Household appliance recycling enterprises can apply for freight subsidies when they buy old household appliances within the scope of subsidies from buyers and sell them to designated dismantling treatment during the policy implementation period.

　　5. What is the subsidy standard for each type of household appliances under the old-for-new policy?

　　Eligible buyers will be subsidized by 10% of the sales price of new household appliances when purchasing new household appliances within the scope of subsidy. The upper limit of subsidy for each type of household appliances is: TV 400 yuan/set, refrigerator (including freezer) 300 yuan/set, washing machine 250 yuan/set, air conditioner 350 yuan/set and computer 400 yuan/set. Taking TV sets as an example, buyers who buy TV sets below 4,000 yuan (including 4,000 yuan) are subsidized by 10% of the sales price; The sales price of TV sets is more than 4,000 yuan, and only 400 yuan is subsidized.

　　Recycling enterprises enjoy freight subsidies according to the number of old household appliances sold to dismantling enterprises. Specific subsidy standards are currently being formulated and will be announced separately.

　　6. How to sell old household appliances?

　　Buyers can make an appointment for home purchase by home appliance recycling enterprises through telephone and Internet, or they can transport old household appliances for sale to the nearest recycling site of home appliance recycling enterprises. The contact telephone number and address of recycling enterprises have been announced to the public through the website of the window of the capital, the website of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce, the website of renewable resources recycling and some print media channels.

　　7. What is the procedure for applying for the subsidy for trade-in funds?

　　The buyer must first sell the old household appliances to the household appliance recycling enterprise, obtain the certificate of trade-in of household appliances uniformly printed by the state from the household appliance recycling enterprise, and then buy new household appliances from the household appliance sales enterprise with the recycling certificate. Household appliance sales enterprises audit the buyer’s recycling vouchers and related documents on behalf of the financial department. If it meets the requirements, the payment will be collected according to the sales price of new household appliances minus the subsidy. At the same time, guide the purchaser to fill in the "Application Form for Home Appliances Trade-in (Home Appliances) Subsidy Fund".

　　8. What information should I bring when I receive the subsidy?

　　The information that the purchaser shall provide when declaring the subsidy includes:

　　(1) Trade-in vouchers uniformly printed by the state;

　　(2) the identity certificate of the purchaser or relevant certificates of the legal entity;

　　(3) Application Form of Subsidy Fund for Household Appliances Trade-in (Household Appliances) (this application form is provided by the household appliance seller and filled in at the sales site).

　　9. How are home appliance recycling enterprises and home appliance sales enterprises determined? Will the follow-up increase?

　　Household appliance sales enterprises and household appliance recycling enterprises shall be determined by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce in conjunction with the Municipal Finance Bureau through bidding. There are 16 home appliance recycling enterprises and 15 home appliance sales enterprises determined by the first batch of bidding in our city. Among the 15 recycling enterprises that won the bid, there are 7 production enterprises, 4 sales enterprises, 4 professional recycling companies and 1 dismantling and processing enterprise; Among the 15 home appliance sales enterprises that won the bid, there are 3 home appliance professional chain enterprises, 4 comprehensive large-scale retail enterprises and 8 home appliance production enterprises’ sales organizations, which fully embodies the requirements of the national "Implementation Measures for Trade-in of Home Appliances" for diversified enterprises to participate in recycling and sales. After the start of this work, if the market demand is large, we will supplement it appropriately through bidding.

　　10. How is the reference price for recycling old household appliances in this city determined?

　　Beijing Renewable Resources Recycling and Second-hand Goods Industry Association has made a reference price for recycling old household appliances by investigating renewable resources recycling enterprises, household appliances dismantling and processing enterprises, consumers and the second-hand goods market, taking into account the affordability of recycling enterprises, dismantling enterprises and consumers. The following two factors are taken into account in formulating the reference price: first, the recycled old household appliances can only be sent to dismantling enterprises for dismantling, but not for secondary circulation, so the price of the old household appliances sold is different from that in the flea market; Second, although the price of old household appliances sold by consumers may be slightly lower than the price of old household appliances entering the secondary circulation, consumers can get a 10% price subsidy for new household appliances after selling old household appliances, so it is still very cost-effective.

　　11. In the activities of selling old household appliances and buying new household appliances, which department should be consulted to solve the product quality or service quality problems?

　　The state has high requirements for enterprises participating in this trade-in activity of household appliances. All enterprises involved in recycling and sales are confirmed through bidding, which can be said to be the best among them. These enterprises have made commitments to service quality and commodity quality in participating in bidding activities; The Municipal Commission of Commerce will also sign an agreement with these bid-winning enterprises to clearly stipulate the responsibilities and obligations of the bid-winning enterprises; At the same time, the Municipal Development and Reform Commission will, in accordance with the Price Law and the Provisions on Administrative Penalties for Price Violations, earnestly strengthen price management, standardize the price behavior of enterprises that recycle, sell and dismantle household appliances with old ones for new ones, and announce the supervision and reporting telephone number and be responsible for handling it; The Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce will give full play to the role of the "12315" consumer complaint reporting network, and accept and deal with consumer complaints and reports on home appliance trade-in products according to law; The Municipal Bureau of Quality Supervision is responsible for investigating and dealing with illegal cases of producing fake and inferior products in the name of replacing old appliances with new ones. Through supervision and management in all aspects, we will earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

　　12. How to identify which enterprises are regular home appliance recycling and sales enterprises?

　　Consumers must identify the home appliance recycling enterprises and home appliance sales enterprises determined by government bidding when selling old household appliances and buying new ones. These two types of enterprises can be identified in the following ways: First, the recycling sites of all successful recycling enterprises must be hung with a unified logo of "Beijing Home Appliance Trade-in Recycling Sites", and the sales shops of all successful selling enterprises must be hung with a unified logo of "Beijing Home Appliance Trade-in Sales Stores"; Second, inquiries can be made through the website of the Window of the Capital and the website of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Commerce. The winning recycling enterprises, winning sales enterprises, dismantling enterprises and their recycling sites or sales stores have all been published on the website.

　　13. Can I return the purchased new household appliances if they have quality problems?

　　Consumers’ purchase of home appliances for trade-in products is also protected by relevant national laws and regulations on commodity quality, and enterprises must also abide by national laws and regulations to ensure product quality and safety. Relevant government departments will strengthen the supervision and inspection of the quality of trade-in products to ensure the quality of products.

　　14. Is there any time limit for purchasing new household appliances after selling old household appliances and obtaining recycling vouchers?

　　As long as the financial subsidy is implemented, there is no time limit in principle. However, in order to avoid the loss or damage of household appliances recycling vouchers, consumers are advised to buy new household appliances as soon as possible after selling old ones.

2018 Kirin Chip Media Communication Meeting Site

On September 5th, Huawei released the new mobile phone chip Kirin 980 in Shanghai. Kirin 980 is the world’s first mobile phone chip using TSMC’s 7nm (nanometer) process, and the flagship mobile phone Mate20 series released by Huawei next month will be equipped with this chip.

According to Huawei, Kirin 980 has adopted the most advanced 7-nanometer process and integrated 6.9 billion transistors, and its performance and energy efficiency have been comprehensively improved.

The world’s first 7nm process chip

Kirin 980 chip pushes the competition of mobile phone chips to 7nm, and then the new generation chips of Apple and Qualcomm will adopt 7 nm technology. For mobile phone chips, the technological process directly affects the performance and power consumption performance, and advanced technology is the basis of performance experience and energy efficiency experience.

At present, the 10nm manufacturing process is widely used in the industry. Only TSMC has realized the mass production of 7nm manufacturing process in the world, and Huawei Kirin 980 was also handed over to TSMC.

Last month, TSMC factory was invaded by ransomware, which caused the production line to stop production. TSMC also explained that some customers’ products were affected.

However, Huawei fellow Ai Wei said on September 5 that the TSMC virus incident did not affect Huawei Kirin 980 chip.

According to reports, compared with the 10nm process, the performance of the 7nm process is improved by 20%, the energy efficiency is improved by 40%, and the transistor density is increased by 1.6 times, achieving double improvement of performance and energy efficiency. At the same time of process upgrading and evolution, it is accompanied by the challenge of chip design upgrading, and the design difficulty of 7nm chip is greatly increased. From the point of view of chip technology, 7nm is equivalent to 70 atoms in diameter, which is close to the physical limit of silicon-based semiconductor technology. If Kirin 980 wants to dance on the needle tip, it still needs to overcome the complex semiconductor technology effect and the influence brought by the three-dimensional resistance and capacitance of the transistor itself, and its challenge is beyond imagination.

Ai Wei introduced that Huawei’s chip team started the basic research of 7nm new technology three years ahead of schedule, and integrated the advanced IP and system design capabilities accumulated by the industry and Huawei itself for a long time, effectively solving a series of engineering mass production problems of 7nm.

Based on CPU, GPU, NPU, ISP and DDR, a small Kirin 980 chip designed a heterogeneous architecture with system-wide integration and optimization, and integrated 6.9 billion transistors in less than 1 square centimeter.

Ai Wei said that Kirin 980 invested more than 300 million US dollars in R&D, but the specific amount is not convenient to disclose.

In terms of CPU, Kirin 980 is used by developers based on ARM Cortex-A76 for the first time in the world. Compared with the previous generation, single-core performance is improved by 75% and energy efficiency is improved by 58%. In order to meet the users’ demand for faster and more lasting mobile phone experience, Kirin 980 has designed the Kirin CPU subsystem on the basis of the previous generation multi-core architecture. Besides adapting and optimizing the CPU core for the terminal business, it has also designed the CPU scheduling algorithm, bus design and other details in depth, so as to ensure that the Kirin CPU subsystem can give full play to its performance and energy efficiency advantages from the overall design of SoC.

In terms of GPU, Kirin 980 is the first commercial Mali-G76 GPU in the industry, which improves performance by 46% and energy efficiency by 178% compared with the previous generation. Kirin 980 also innovatively introduces AI FM scheduling technology, which can learn the frame rate, fluency and touch screen input changes in real time, predict the task load of mobile phones, dynamically perceive the performance bottlenecks in the use of mobile phones, and conduct FM scheduling in time. Especially in the game scene, using AI FM scheduling technology to predict the load per frame of the game can improve the prediction accuracy by more than 30% compared with the traditional prediction method.

The fourth generation of self-developed ISP: pixel throughput increased by 46% compared with the previous generation.

As the core function of daily use of mobile phones, the improvement of camera ability has always been the focus of Kirin chip. In order to pursue a more beautiful and clearer imaging world, Kirin 980 adopts a brand-new upgraded fourth-generation self-developed ISP, which improves the pixel throughput by 46% compared with the previous generation and can adjust the image color and gray scale by region. Compared with Kirin 970, it supports more cameras and adapts to multiple cameras to bring a new photo experience. A new HDR color reproduction is introduced, which can adjust the image color in different regions and balance the color and details of photos.

For dark shooting scenes, Kirin 980 adopts a new Multi-pass multiple noise reduction technology to accurately reduce the noise in night photos, and the details are more complete, and the night shooting effect is more transparent and clear. The tracking accuracy is greatly improved in moving scenes. When shooting people in motion, the detection rate of face recognition is improved to 97.4%, and every wonderful moment is clearly captured.

The optimization of taking photos has shifted from static photos to mobile video. Kirin 980 adopts the Pipeline "processing pipeline" technology dedicated for video to improve video clarity, and the video shooting delay is reduced by 33%. In the future, users can easily shoot clear video blockbusters without heavy professional camera equipment.

Artificial Intelligence: Identify 4,500 photos per minute.

Kirin 970 set up a special NPU (Neural Network Processor) and put forward the concept of end-side artificial intelligence for the first time. The NPU of Kirin 980 has become dual-core, which has stronger computing power. In AI scenes such as face recognition, object recognition, object detection, image segmentation, intelligent translation, etc., it adopts a higher precision deep network and has better real-time performance.

According to Huawei, Kirin 980 recognizes 4,500 images per minute, and the recognition speed is 120% higher than that of the previous generation, much higher than the same period of the industry; When people are running fast, Kirin 980 can draw the joints and lines of human body in real time; Powerful object detection ability can accurately identify a variety of objects, and can achieve real-time object tracking for photo preview. Compared with the first artificial smart phone chip Kirin 970, Kirin 980 has achieved a leap from image recognition to object detection.

In addition, Huawei also announced that Kirin 980 supports 5G. Kirin 980 combines with Balong 5000, a 5G chip, to provide a 5G mobile phone solution.

The cumulative shipment of Huawei P20 exceeded 10 million units.

He Gang, president of Huawei’s consumer mobile phone product line, revealed in Shanghai that the cumulative shipment of Huawei P20 has exceeded 10 million units in the five months since its listing. "We hope that the total sales volume of this machine will exceed 20 million units. This is the task given to me by Mr. Yu (CEO of Huawei Consumer Business Yu Chengdong)."

He Gang said that the previous P20 series of gradient colors (aurora color, cherry pink gold) won enthusiastic response from the market once it was launched, and was popular among female users.

On the 5th, Huawei launched a new P20 color model, adding two new colors, namely Aurora Butterfly and Fritillaria, and two P20 Pro leather back covers.

He Gang said that M-series and P-series have made a good distinction between user groups, so they are not worried about the competition between P20 new products and the upcoming Mate 20.

This time, an 8GB version has been added for Huawei P20 Pro, in which the leather limited edition reaches 8GB+256GB, which fully meets the demand of high-end mobile phone users for large storage space and higher performance.

In addition to the new color matching of P20 series, Huawei EMUI 9.0 developed and customized based on Android 9.0 also appeared at the press conference. EMUI 9.0 simplifies 10% of the settings, and optimizes the details in many aspects, such as one-handed operation and gesture navigation, so that the overall sense of operation becomes simple.

Due to the adoption of GPU Turbo2.0 (software processing technology), the user’s game experience can be improved well, and the loading speed and response time become faster. The AI engine has also been updated in EMUI 9.0. At present, HiVision has been able to identify most places of interest and over 10 million famous paintings and artworks around the world. The launch of functions such as email translation and smart schedule also meets the needs of business people.

　　Article source: Cosmetic beauty awards WeChat WeChat official account

　　Original title: Real-life teaching | How to build the hottest Y2K wind this year in two steps?

　　Author: Poney

　　It is said that fashion is a closed loop, and Xiaobian recently found that it is. The fashion of the Millennium 20 years ago is popular again this year, and it is ——Y2K wind.

　　What you are coming to now is

　　Y2K Aesthetics Channel

　　Singers who launched new songs this year have all retro this style in MV modeling. For example, Blackpink, who frequently searched hot before, returned to the shape of new songs this time, which is extremely exaggerated and bold hair color and makeup, as well as sweet and cool clothing style, all of which have the feeling of a Millennium spice girl.

　　Source: Blackpink《How You Like That "

　　All kinds of magazine blockbusters have also followed this trend in unison. The futuristic sci-fi elements such as leather, reflection and laser are not absent from the large-scale modeling. These elements are particularly popular when the development of science and technology in the Millennium is flourishing, representing people’s beautiful expectations for the beginning of the new century.

　　Having said that, you may be confused, so why is this style called "Y2K"? Don’t worry, it’s time for Xiaobian’s fashion science popularization!

　　What is Y2K?

　　Y2K actually refers to "Year 2000 Kilo", Y2K = 2000. Y2K first talked about the bug—— that appeared in computer programs since 2000-"Y2K problem".

　　What is Y2K aesthetics? What are the characteristics?

　　Y2K aesthetics is futurism in the Millennium. At that time, Internet technology was just emerging, and people were full of all kinds of bold and beautiful fantasies about the future. In the fashion world, it is manifested in the future elements such as metallic feeling, reflection, bright colors of candy, irregular design, etc. At that time, this style can be seen in music MV, film and television dramas and the shapes of major shows.

　　Issey Miyake’s Spring/Summer 1996 collection, a series of metallic laser-like translucent coats are also fashionable and classic now.

　　This style is now popular again. Xiao Bian thinks the reason is that it can not only express personality, but also is not so difficult to control!

　　I’m still ready for you todayMake-up teaching and dressing teaching are two parts.! Let’s follow the article to learn!

　　Candy-colored eye makeup

　　Use single items

　　Urban Decay honey dish

　　The most obvious performance of Y2K wind in makeup is all kinds of exaggerated candy-colored eye makeup. The rainbow colors in the eye shadow tray that are rarely used at ordinary times can come in handy here! What you want is to be clear enough and unique enough!

　　Xiaobian has also produced a lot of eye makeup of this candy color before.

　　However, this time, in order to take into account everyone’s practicality, Xiaobian chose the golden system that novices can operate better, using the honey plate of Urban Decay’s family. The powder of this dish is excellent, and it is particularly smudged when applied!

　　Of course, painting Y2K eye makeup is not a scribble. Just like painting eye shadow normally, you should first use matte color to make a base, and then deepen the double eyelids and the end of the eyes. Its finishing touch is to draw an eyeliner at the end of the eye with the brightest color in the eye shadow tray (this tray is made of gold flash)! The whole eye makeup immediately became very special. If you want to exaggerate the makeup effect, you can choose a color with higher saturation in the choice of background color.

　　Sequin embellishment

　　Use single items

　　Black rouge Liquid Eye Shadow #g04+ Flash

　　The essential soul of Y2K eye makeup is to "flash"! Flash enough to attract people!

　　You can apply a little liquid eye shadow to your eyelids and lower eyelids first. Xiaobian used the Korean Black rouge liquid eye shadow #g04 this time, which is purple and polarized, and the eyes are super beautiful! It’s durable and not easy to drop.

　　Then, use glue to touch the larger flash and stick it at the end of eyes and eyebrows. Xiaobian also uses the daily star flash and circular flash. It will flash in the light ~

　　Of course ~ if you are taking pictures! You can also get some bigger and more design-oriented flash ornaments! The effect will be more beautiful! (You can find a lot by going to a treasure to search for face ornaments.)

　　Shuiguang lip makeup

　　Use single items

　　Amore Love Lip Glaze #04

　　Y2K’s lip makeup is generally not exaggerated in color, so as not to steal the limelight of eye makeup ~ but it also needs the watery feeling of Buling Buling ~

　　Xiaobian uses Amore’s love lip glaze No.4 color, which is a bit like watermelon red and very white! After the film is formed, it is a sense of sight.

　　Exaggerated highlight

　　Use single items

　　BOBBI BROWN streaky pork highlights

　　The highlights, don’t be soft! Take out your brightest highlights ~ Put them on your nose, risorius and brow bones ~ Xiaobian uses Barbie Brown’s streaky highlights! The gloss is very strong!

　　Pick hair color

　　hair color

　　Green hanging ear dyeing

　　The last step of dyeing your hair depends on your personal preference ~ Be more "hot girl", of course, you can’t miss the most popular highlights this year ~ Xiaobian dyed a green ear, and this time she rolled it up ~ Finally, let me show you the effect of the whole makeup! Does it feel like a Millennium women’s group?

　　The makeup part is completed here. Let’s learn to wear it with Xiaobian!

　　Bunt jacket+wide-leg pants/flared pants/leg-tied pants

　　Bunt top+wide-leg pants/flared pants/leg-tied pants, which are short on the top and long on the bottom, tight on the top and loose on the bottom, is also a classic shape in the music MV of the Millennium. For example, Britney Spears’ early MV is almost always in this style.

　　This year, Victoria Song went out in the creation camp for many times, and it was also a combination of short tops and wide-leg pants ~ especially youthful and energetic!

　　Xiao Bian feels that this collocation is particularly friendly to pear shape, which has a thin waist, and can make people look more slender visually.

　　Recommended items

　　Metallic luster, gradient laser, sequins.

　　A large part of the Y2K wind depends on one word-flash! Whether it’s metallic luster, gradient laser or sequins, you are fashionable enough to shine.

　　Metallic clothes, you will feel the texture of clothes instantly improved when you wear them ~ super imposing!

　　Graded laser clothes are full of technology, especially cool under the light. If you feel that laser clothing is not everyday, it is also very good to only wear bags and shoes with laser wind ~

　　Among the clothes with flash elements, the flash skirt with suspenders has always been the "big killer" for female stars when attending various ceremonies, and the upper body immediately became 2.8 meters tall.

　　Recommended items

　　see-through blouses

　　Perspective clothes are particularly popular this year. Whether in INS or Little Red Book, you can see that it is also the favorite of many star net reds.

　　Perspective shirts with jeans can be very casual and everyday ~

　　The perspective gauze skirt can also be fluttering ~

　　Recommended items

　　Retro powder

　　I don’t know if you have seen the movie The Fast and the Furious ~ The famous scene of Devon Aoki standing in front of a pink sports car in pink pants impressed Xiaobian deeply ~ It was full of wildness and freedom!

　　Pink is a classic color of Y2K style. Any single product with this retro pink seems to be sweet and cool!

　　Recommended items

　　Daddy sandals

　　Old sandals, once rejected, have become a must-have item in the fashion industry this year under the Y2K trend ~ Xiaobian also likes it! Because it’s really comfortable to wear! Compared with high-heeled sandals, there is a feeling of liberating your feet! It’s also very casual and versatile ~ you can’t make mistakes in how to take it every day.

　　Recommended items

　　Make-up teaching and dressing teaching are all over here ~ Finally, I’ll give you two small eggs:

　　One-click transformation into Y2K wind retouching app

　　Wake up

　　There are many retro stickers.

　　Retro filter

　　Try Y2K Wind’s Dress-up Experience Shop offline.

　　Dress up reloading experience hall

Original chestnuts guoke

People with normal vision read by light. The white paper is brighter and the black words are darker, so the naked eye can distinguish the words between light and dark.

What does the visually impaired read? One is by touch, and there are blind documents to touch. One is hearing. When some books are not translated into Braille, maybe you can find audio books.

If you can’t find a ready-made audio book, how can the blind read an ordinary printed book?

As early as 1913, Edmund Fournier d’Albe, a physicist at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, showed a scanner to help the blind listen to books, named "Optophone" (photoelectric reading device). A few years later, the equipment was transformed into a more practical version by a scientific instrument manufacturer.

In 1920, the magazine reported Scientific American.

When the machine sweeps a line of words from left to right, there will be a sound in the user’s headphones. However, the sound is not speech, but a combination of some notes.

Write the word "write" with notes.

Different note combinations represent different glyphs. For example, the letter T has a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, the horizontal direction is represented by a monosyllabic elongation, and the vertical direction is represented by a chord. The notes used here are the highest to SOH and the lowest to the lowest octave SOH.

The note corresponding to the letter t, Tiffany Chan

The height of the notes reflects the position of the ink on the paper: one horizontal of the T is at the top, just lengthen the highest note SOH, while one vertical of the T has ink from top to bottom, so you can play the five notes of SOH, FAH, MI, ME and DOH at the same time, which is a chord.

Then, when the letter T appears, the earphone should first emit a continuous SOH, with a short chord in the middle, and finally return to the continuous SOH. A letter, a word or a paragraph can be "written" with a string of notes:

The note combination corresponding to the word "Type" is Tiffany Chan.

As long as you are familiar with the correspondence between letters and note strings in advance, the blind can hear the contents of a book.

Translating glyphs into notes is not complicated in terms of rules, but it is only part of the work of this machine. Before that, it must first see what font is printed on the book before it can begin to translate.

Therefore, automatically scanning text is the most important thing.

Selenium can see black and white.

At the beginning, the naked eye can distinguish the words on the paper by light. The light returning from black letters is very weak, not as strong as the reflection of white paper. But how does the machine achieve similar perception?

Scientists thought of selenium, and the resistance of this substance will change with the intensity of light. Connect batteries on both sides of selenium. When the light hits the ink mark and then reflects to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be larger, and the current passing through it will be smaller. When light is reflected from the blank of the paper to the surface of selenium, the resistance of selenium will be smaller, and the current passing through it will be stronger.

The two sides of selenium are connected with a power supply, and the current is different with or without lighting [1]

Different lighting conditions will transform different electrical signals, so selenium can be used as a photodetector. When it sweeps a line of words from left to right, the signal strength will change with the alternation of black and white, which is not difficult to understand. The question is, how does the machine know whether the ink position is high or low, such as whether T is above or below?

Use different beams to scan different positions. If you divide a line of words into five layers, you need five different beams of light to scan it. The so-called different light means that each beam of light hits the surface of selenium to produce a unique electrical signal, which is different from other beams of light. Only in this way can we tell how high the light is calling from.

Divide a line of words into five layers [1]

So how do you divide a beam of light into five different beams?

Here is a porous disk with five holes. When the disc rotates at a speed of 30 revolutions per second, a beam of light is knocked over, and the light passing through the disc is divided into five beams, which are five intermittent (or fast flashing) lights.

Porous disc, Wikimedia Commons, reference [1]

When light is reflected to the surface of selenium intermittently, the current passing through selenium will fluctuate. The current fluctuation caused by these five beams of light is different: because the number of holes in five circles is different, the more holes, the more frequently the light is cut off and the higher the frequency of current fluctuation.

So there were five different beams of light. If they are hit at different positions, we can judge whether the light is reflected from a high place or a low place according to the frequency of current fluctuation. It’s not difficult to tell the difference between a horizontal T and a horizontal T.

The disc divides the light into five different beams.

The notes that users hear are also distributed according to the frequency of current fluctuation.

As for what tools to use to sense the fluctuation of current, the sensor in the telephone receiver can be competent. With the technology at that time, current fluctuations as small as 10-6 amps can be detected.

Is it black or white?

Wit, you may find that according to the principle described above, the strong current signal is the blank, and the weak signal is the ink mark. So, the notes that users hear represent not the ink, but the gaps around the ink?

This was the case with the original products in 1913, and those notes that the user did not hear indicated the location of the ink. When the spaces between words are scanned, all the notes will play together. Therefore, the inventor called it "White-Sounding Optophone".

The combination of notes it plays is so complicated that Mary Jameson, the best user, is trained to read only one word a minute on average. But she still became the first blind person to read ordinary printed books.

In 1918, Barr & Stroud, a manufacturer of scientific instruments, improved the equipment and added a second photosensitive element made of selenium to the photoelectric detector. After the light passes through the disc, part of the light still scans the text and reflects to the first photosensitive element; The other part of the light is directly turned to the second photosensitive element without scanning the text.

Add one more photosensitive element. Popular Science

By combining the signals of the two photosensitive elements, the signal of the blank part can be cancelled. In this way, the notes played by headphones represent ink and letter shapes, while the blank parts are muted. This version is also called "Black-Sounding Optophone".

Of course, its advantage is not only that the combination of notes becomes simple. The structure of the original equipment is fragile. Even if someone walks by heavily, some components may slide to the wrong position, which will affect the normal scanning. The improved equipment is much more stable.

In addition, the improved version also adds the function of adjusting the scanning speed, which can scan a line at the fastest time of 5 seconds and at the slowest time of 5 minutes. Users can choose the speed according to their proficiency in recognizing notes.

Mary jameson is reading Walden Lake.

Mary jameson also used an improved version of this "black voice". Later, her reading speed reached 60 words per minute. Mary became a heavy user of photoelectric reading devices from her school days to her later years.

But for most people, the combination of notes may still sound too complicated. Moreover, some letters with similar shapes, such as "u" and "n", are easily confused. In addition to using the threshold, the price is also prohibitive. 35 pounds in 1920 is about 1,500 pounds (about 13,000 RMB) or more today.

In 1920, the average price of a house in London was about 320 pounds.

In addition, the British Association for the Blind was trying to popularize Braille resources to the whole country, and the photoelectric reading device may pose a threat to the promotion of Braille, and it will not be supported by the association, and the sales volume has been pitiful.

However, commercial failure does not necessarily mean technical failure.

Technology that anyone may need.

In 1949, the engineers of RCA borrowed the principle of photoelectric reading device to create a new reading machine for the blind.

RCA reading machine, which can play the pronunciation of letters, such as "A-"[5]

It also needs to strike the light on the paper and then reflect it on the photoelectric element, thus distinguishing the shapes of letters; It also has a horn, which is responsible for shouting the corresponding sound.

However, the light-emitting device is no longer a lamp with a porous disk, but a cathode ray tube; The photoelectric element is no longer selenium, but photocell; What the trumpet calls out is no longer a note representing a glyph, but a real letter.

Most importantly, there is an additional component in the middle called "electronic analyzer". After receiving the signal from the photoelectric element, it has to pick out the letter that matches the signal from 26 letters before it can command the speaker to read it.

A mainstream view holds that this is the first device in the world that can complete the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) task.

Photo translation AFP

Later, with the development of computer technology, OCR algorithm became more and more sophisticated. Nowadays, artificial intelligence/machine learning has injected a handful of souls into OCR.

Nowadays, OCR serves more than blind people. There may be a moment when everyone needs to copy a large paragraph of text in a picture, or take pictures of foreign characters and throw them directly to translation software. People even think that it is a matter of course to use such technology.

But the first person who made the concept of OCR possible may be Dr Edmund Founier Dalbet, who invented the photoelectric reading device more than 100 years ago.

references

[1] d’Albe, E. E. F. (1924). The Moon-element: An Introduction to the Wonders of Selenium. TF Unwin.

[2] Thomas, E. (2021, June 23). A Century Ago, the Optophone Allowed Blind People to Hear the Printed Word. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/ a-century-ago-the-optophone-allowed-blind-people-to-hear-the-printed-word

[3] d’Albe, E. F. (1914). On a type-reading optophone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 90(619), 373-375.

[4] Jameson, M. (1966). The Optophone: Its beginning and development. Bulletin of prosthetics research, 5, 25.

[5] Mann, M. (1949). Reading machine spells out loud. Popular Science, 154(2), 125-7.

[6] Chan, T., Mills, M., & Sayers, J. (2018). Optophonic reading, prototyping optophones. Amodern, (8).

[7] Cooper, F. S., Gaitenby, J. H., & Nye, P. W. (1984). Evolution of reading machines for the blind: Haskins Laboratories’ research as a case history. Veterans Administration, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rehabilitation R & D Service.

作者：栗子

原标题：《100年前的盲人，怎样读完一本普通印刷书？》

阅读原文

Original Xin Chen Journal of Marriage and Family.

Author: Xin Chen Editor: He Xinyang

Produced by: Journal of Marriage and Family

ID:hunyinyujiating99

In the No.16 courtyard of Beixinqiao in Beijing, behind the swaying bamboo leaves is the mottled shadow of the sun. In front of the window of the north house, a young little man is standing on a pile. This is me more than 40 years ago, smiling and imitating my grandfather’s practice.

My grandfather is a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine surgery and ophthalmology, and also a veteran martial arts lover. He learned a bagua knife and bagua palm from Sun Guangdi, a descendant of Bagua Palm.

One day when I returned to my hometown when I was young, I got up early for a walk and was asked by my grandfather if I wanted to practice something. At that time, I ignored the old man’s intentions and was lazy and laughed it off. Who would have thought that I missed the good relationship of practicing martial arts? Later, I followed the famous Tai Ji Chuan Guan Yongnian to practice Xingyiquan for several years, and gradually entered the healthy jungle, only to know how important guidance and breathing are to the balance of the body.

Also known as the "martial arts", unlike the martial arts novels, which can dominate the martial arts and live forever, Baduanjin is a complete set of guiding highlights and a famous health care method in China. "Eight" can be understood as "Eight Diagrams", which means that the achievement method contains the meaning of China’s ancient philosophy. And "brocade" is because the practicing movements of this method make people feel as soft and beautiful as silk brocade.

According to legend, Baduanjin originated in the Han Dynasty, and a guide map dating back more than 1200 years was found in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, in which five movements were very similar to those of the vertical Baduanjin in later generations. The word "Baduanjin" first appeared in the Biography of Immortals by Ge Hong, a Taoist scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, Baduanjin gradually formed a systematic achievement method, which was spread and developed. The vigorous development of printing in Ming and Qing dynasties provided a material basis for the dissemination of achievement works, and Baduanjin was widely spread.

After the founding of New China, the Party and the government attached great importance to the development of national traditional sports. In 1957, Ba Duan Jin was compiled and published by Tang Hao and Ma Fengge, which provided a good theoretical basis for the public to learn Ba Duan Jin. Since then, the number of people practicing Baduanjin has increased year by year. In the past two years, children born after 1990s and 00 have become more and more interested in Chinese medicine and traditional culture. After the practice video of Ba Duan Jin I shot was posted on the Internet, there were also many comments and praises from young people.

Ba Duan Jin, as its name implies, is divided into eight sections. I won’t go into details about the specific actions here. If you are interested, you can search online for teaching video exercises. According to the practice posture, Baduanjin can be divided into vertical and sitting styles.

Sitting Baduan Brocade focuses on resting the mind, mainly combining breathing and self-massage, focusing on resting, with moderate intensity and small range of movements, and leaning towards body movements above the waist; Vertical Baduanjin refers to the limb movement which is mainly guided by movements, and it "shakes the bones and muscles and moves the limbs", with a large range of movements, which is conducive to the coordinated movement of the whole body.

Practicing Baduanjin can regulate immune function and improve antioxidant capacity. Baduanjin can also improve vascular endothelial function. Medical experiments have proved that after practicing Baduanjin for 24 weeks, patients with essential hypertension can effectively reduce systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and at the same time, the levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitric oxide (NO) are significantly increased.

The effects of each section of Baduanjin are also different. Some can calm the mind, adjust breathing and straighten the body shape, some can smooth the heart and lungs, spleen and stomach, liver and kidney, some can promote blood circulation in the lungs and strengthen the heart, some can affect the abdominal cavity and massage the spleen and stomach, and some can promote blood dredging in the whole body, which is very helpful for relieving fatigue and restoring energy.

Baduanjin is a treasure of Chinese history and culture. Under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theories such as Yin and Yang, meridians and viscera, Baduanjin has played an important role in disease elimination, health care and rehabilitation treatment.

Of course, some people judge the rationality and necessity of China’s guiding and breathing technique from the perspective of so-called "western science". In my opinion, many times, the mystery of Chinese medicine lies in its ease of use and effectiveness, but we don’t need to use scientific parameters and standards to carefully study what is behind it.

We prefer to be "ignorant" and believe that its efficacy is the best gift left by our ancestors for thousands of years.

This article is taken from the magazine Marriage and Family.

The original title is "Every trick is a blind medicine, and Ba Duan Jin is the first choice for health care"

Xin Chen, president of Beijing Yi ‘an Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, was born in three generations of famous Chinese medicine families, the grandson of Beijing famous Chen Shi ‘an, the son of Chen Wenbo, a famous old Chinese medicine doctor, and the founder of the public health platform "I Raise You".

Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. China is a leader of happy family life, focusing on women’s growth and happy marriage, and exploring how to love themselves and their families better. (WeChat/Weibo/Today’s Headline: Marriage and Family Magazine)

Editing and typesetting: Wang Yunfeng

Second instance: Li Jin

Third trial: Zhao Haixu

The pictures in this article come from the Internet. We respect the legitimate rights and interests of copyright owners. If copyright disputes are involved, please let the copyright owners inform us to delete them. Thank you.

Original title: "Health Lecture Hall: Baduanjin is the first choice for health care, and every move is a medicine."

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